Life Cycle Assessment of the Use of Phase Change Material in an Evacuated Solar Tube Collector
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Life Cycle Assessment Data
2.2. Data Inventory
2.3. Impact Assessment of Heat Production by the Evacuated Solar Tube Collector
- Damage factors for the pollutants or resource uses are calculated for different impact categories.
- Normalization of the damage factors on the level of damage categories. Normalization data is calculated on a European level, mostly based on 1993 as a base year, with updates for the most important emissions.
- Weighting for the three damage categories and calculation of weighted Eco-indicator 99 damage factors. In this method, weighting is performed at damage category level (endpoint level in ISO). A panel performed weighting of the three damage categories. For each perspective, a specific weighting set is available. The average result of the panel assessment is available as weighting set. The impact category indicators that refer to the same endpoint are all defined in such a way that the unit of the indicator result is the same. This allows addition of the indicator results by group. The Hierarchist version of Eco-indicator 99 with average weighting is chosen as default. In general, value choices made in the Hierarchist version are scientifically and politically accepted.
- Damage to human health, expressed as the number of year life lost and the number of years lived disabled. These are combined as Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs), an index that is also used by the World Bank and the WHO. Human health, as expressed with the Disability Adjusted Life Years unit adopted, unify the results of measuring human health impact by individual impact categories, such as climate changes, ozone layer depletion, carcinogenicity, the effects of respiratory disorders, and ionizing radiation, per kg of emission causing a respective harm. The DALY scale was developed for the WHO. It is calculated using three quantities: the number of years lost due to a premature death or the number of years lived with a given disease, the weight of the disease, and the number of cases in a year.
- Damage to ecosystem quality, expressed as the loss of species over an certain area, during a certain time. Ecosystem quality, defining either a depletion or disturbance in a given ecosystem, determined using the following impact categories: ecotoxicity, acidification/eutrophication, utilization and transformation of the land surface. An adopted unit that characterizes the magnitude of harm in an ecosystem is PDF (Potentially Disappeared Fraction, i.e., a fraction potentially endangered with extinction).
- Damage to resources, expressed as the surplus energy needed for future extractions of minerals and fossil fuels. Natural resources, expressed as an excess of energy needed for the re-extraction of the unit (kg or m3) of a given mineral raw material or fossil fuel.
3. Results and Discussion
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Nomenclature
PCM | phase change material |
ETC | evacuated tube collector |
LCA | life cycle assessment |
ETC/S-PCM | phase change material with the evacuated tube collector |
LCI | data collection for analysis |
LCIA | assessment of the environmental impact of the technology |
DHW | domestic hot water |
Pt | value of eco-indicator points |
P1, P2, P3 | methods of material production |
sA, sB | scenarios of waste management |
V1, V2, V3 | analyzed variants |
NREL | National Renewable Energy Laboratory |
ELCD | European Platform on Life Cycle Assessment |
USLCI | US Life Cycle Inventory Database |
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Collector ETC | Collector ETC/S-PCM | |
---|---|---|
The amount of material (kg) | ||
Aluminum | 6.800 | 5.747 |
Copper | 51.005 | 43.103 |
Glass | 138.055 | 116.666 |
Steel | 13.602 | 11.494 |
Insulation | 20.130 | 17.011 |
Paraffin | – | 113.821 |
Emissions to the atmosphere (kg GJ−1) | ||
CO2 | 3.770 | 3.1600 |
CO | 0.0024 | 0.0020 |
NOx | 0.0084 | 0.0071 |
SO2 | 0.0535 | 0.0449 |
Dust | 0.0288 | 0.0241 |
Electricity consumption GJel/GJc | 0.06 | 0.06 |
Solar energy (without/with paraffin) GJsol/GJc | 0.39 | 0.46 |
Scenario | Production Method | Value of the Ecomarker (Pt) | |
---|---|---|---|
Without Paraffin | With Paraffin | ||
Aluminum | |||
P1 | Primary, at plant | 8.5 | 7.2 |
P2 | Alloy AlMg3, at plant | 3.1 | 2.7 |
P3 | Secondary, from new scrap, at plant | 0.8 | 0.7 |
Copper | |||
P1 | Primary, at regional storage | 444.0 | 375.2 |
P2 | Primary, at refinery | 281.0 | 237.5 |
P3 | Secondary, from electronic and electric scrap recycling, at refinery | 0.3 | 0.3 |
Glass | |||
P1 | Solar collector glass tube, with silver mirror, at plant | 76.5 | 64.7 |
P2 | Glass tube borosilicate, at plant | 34.2 | 28.9 |
P3 | White glass, at plant | 14.8 | 12.5 |
Insulation | |||
P1 | Tube insulation, elastomer, at plant | 11.9 | 10.0 |
P2 | Rock wool, at plant | 4.4 | 3.7 |
P3 | Rock wool, fleece, production mix, at plant | 1.5 | 1.2 |
Steel | |||
P1 | Chromium steel, at plant | 19.2 | 16.2 |
P2 | Stainless steel hot-rolled coil, production mix | 3.6 | 3.1 |
P3 | Hot-rolled coil, blast furnace route, production mix, at plant | 0.7 | 0.6 |
Without PCM | PCM as a Product | PCM as Waste | Method Producing the Most Burden | Method indirectly Burdening | Method Producing the Least Burden | 50% Recycling | 90% Recycling | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
V1-P1-sA | X | X | X | |||||
V1-P2-sA | X | X | X | |||||
V1-P3-sA | X | X | X | |||||
V1-P1-sB | X | X | X | |||||
V1-P2-sB | X | X | X | |||||
V1-P3-sB | X | X | X | |||||
V2-P1-sA | X | X | X | |||||
V2-P2-sA | X | X | X | |||||
V2-P3-sA | X | X | X | |||||
V2-P1-sB | X | X | X | |||||
V2-P2-sB | X | X | X | |||||
V2-P3-sB | X | X | X | |||||
V3-P1-sA | X | X | X | |||||
V3-P2-sA | X | X | X | |||||
V3-P3-sA | X | X | X | |||||
V3-P1-sB | X | X | X | |||||
V3-P2-sB | X | X | X | |||||
V3-P3-sB | X | X | X |
Analyzed Variant | Analyzed Options, Disposal Scenarios | Eco-Indicator (Pt) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Resources | Ecosystem Quality | Human Health | Final Value | ||
Variant1 Basic | P1, sA | 89 | 98 | 407 | 594 |
P2, sA | 88 | 73 | 202 | 363 | |
P3, sA | 35 | 18 | 156 | 209 | |
P1, sB | 72 | 31 | 248 | 351 | |
P2, sB | 70 | 6 | 43 | 119 | |
P3, sB | 34 | 18 | 155 | 207 | |
Variant2 PCM | P1, sA | 101 | 86 | 368 | 555 |
P2, sA | 100 | 65 | 195 | 360 | |
P3, sA | 57 | 19 | 158 | 234 | |
P1, sB | 87 | 29 | 234 | 350 | |
P2, sB | 85 | 8 | 61 | 154 | |
P3, sB | 56 | 19 | 158 | 233 | |
Variant3 PCM | P1, sA | 55 | 84 | 354 | 493 |
P2, sA | 53 | 63 | 181 | 297 | |
P3, sA | 10 | 16 | 144 | 170 | |
P1, sB | 40 | 27 | 220 | 287 | |
P2, sB | 39 | 6 | 46 | 91 | |
P3, sB | 9 | 16 | 143 | 168 |
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Jachura, A.; Sekret, R. Life Cycle Assessment of the Use of Phase Change Material in an Evacuated Solar Tube Collector. Energies 2021, 14, 4146. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14144146
Jachura A, Sekret R. Life Cycle Assessment of the Use of Phase Change Material in an Evacuated Solar Tube Collector. Energies. 2021; 14(14):4146. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14144146
Chicago/Turabian StyleJachura, Agnieszka, and Robert Sekret. 2021. "Life Cycle Assessment of the Use of Phase Change Material in an Evacuated Solar Tube Collector" Energies 14, no. 14: 4146. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14144146