Environmentally Constrained Optimal Dispatch Method for Combined Cooling, Heating, and Power Systems Using Two-Stage Optimization
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Problem Statement
- (1)
- MTs used in CCHP systems can operate at their highest capacity for the primary power load;
- (2)
- MTs can operate at optimal efficiency for the simulation period to minimize the proposed objective function.
3. Combined Heat and Power and Emission Output
3.1. Combined Heat and Power System
3.1.1. Microturbines
3.1.2. Absorption Chillers
3.2. Generator and Emission Modeling to Develop Optimization Algorithms
3.2.1. Steam Turbine Generation
- Fi = the fuel input of generating unit i in MBtu/h
- PGi = the net power output of generating unit i in MW
- Ci = total operating costs in USD/h
- fpi = the equivalent fuel price of generating unit i in USD/MBtu
3.2.2. Hydroelectric Unit
- qi = the water discharge of unit i or during interval i in acre-ft/h
- PHi = the hydroelectricity generation of unit i in MW
3.2.3. Emissions Output
3.3. Objective Function
- Wcost = weighting factors of grid generation units
- Wi = weighting factors of objective function i from 0 to 1
3.4. Typically Generation Allocation Algorithms with Lagrange Multiplier
4. Proposed Two-Stage Optimization
4.1. First Stage Optimization
4.2. Second Stage Optimization
5. Case Study
5.1. Case Study A: First Stage Optimization in Georgia
5.1.1. Electric and Thermal Load Profile
5.1.2. Daily Generation Profiles
5.1.3. Weekly Generation Profiles
5.2. Case Study B: Second Stage Optimization in Atlanta
5.2.1. Generation Profile
5.2.2. Electric and Thermal Energy Savings
5.2.3. Emissions Savings
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ABC | absorption chiller |
CHP | combined heat and power |
CCHP | combined cooling heat and power |
GA | genetic algorithm |
GHG | greenhouse gas |
MT | microturbine |
p.u. | per unit |
PV | photovoltaic |
Appendix A
Rating | 65 kW |
---|---|
Electrical efficiency (lower heating value) | 29% |
Combined heat and power efficiency | Up to 90% |
Exhaust temperature | 309 °C (599 °F) |
Compatible fuels | Natural gas, liquid fuels, sour gas, etc. |
Coal | Gas | Nuclear | Hydro | CHP | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
CO2 (kg/kWh) | 8.8800 × 10−1 | 4.9900 × 10−1 | 2.9000 × 10−2 | 0 | 3.0255 × 10−1 |
SO2 (kg/kWh) | 6.0781 × 10−3 | 2.3133 × 10−6 | 0 | 0 | 3.0391 × 10−6 |
NOx (kg/kWh) | 2.5401 × 10−3 | 9.0718 × 10−6 | 0 | 0 | 5.8967 × 10−5 |
Water (gallon/kWh) | 6.7000 × 10−1 | 2.7500 × 10−1 | 6.2000 × 10−1 | 18 | 0 |
Water (L/kWh) | 2.536225 | 1.040988 | 2.346954 | 68 | 0 |
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Type for Electricity | Cost (USD/MWh) |
---|---|
Coal | 45.5 |
Nuclear | 7.8 |
Gas | 24.7 |
Purchased (imported) | 43.3 |
Microturbine | 39.11 |
Solar (community) | 40.14 |
Type for thermal | [USD/MWh] |
Thermal gas price | 48.11 |
Min Only CO2 | Min All Emissions | |
---|---|---|
Operation time per year (hour) | 23 | 8125 |
Utilization rate (%) | 0.26% | 92.75% |
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Jo, H.; Park, J.; Kim, I. Environmentally Constrained Optimal Dispatch Method for Combined Cooling, Heating, and Power Systems Using Two-Stage Optimization. Energies 2021, 14, 4135. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14144135
Jo H, Park J, Kim I. Environmentally Constrained Optimal Dispatch Method for Combined Cooling, Heating, and Power Systems Using Two-Stage Optimization. Energies. 2021; 14(14):4135. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14144135
Chicago/Turabian StyleJo, Haesung, Jaemin Park, and Insu Kim. 2021. "Environmentally Constrained Optimal Dispatch Method for Combined Cooling, Heating, and Power Systems Using Two-Stage Optimization" Energies 14, no. 14: 4135. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14144135