Hybrid Control of Grid-Feeding and Fuzzy Logic Fault Detection in Solving Voltage Dynamic Problem within the Malaysian Distribution Network
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Power Quality (PQ) Compensation Devices | Main Function | Drawbacks |
---|---|---|
Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) |
| |
Static VAr Compensator (SVC) |
|
|
Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) |
| |
Fault Detection Schemes | Drawbacks | |
Data Driven | ||
Process Model |
| |
Conventional Knowledge-Based (fuzzy logic) |
| |
Potential Solution to Drawbacks of PQ Devices and Fault Detection Schemes | ||
Technique | Aim | Advantages |
Hybrid Control of Grid-Feeding Voltage Oriented Control (VOC) and Direct Current (DC) Fuzzy Logic (FL) Fault Detection Scheme | To solve under/overvoltage problem |
|
To solve sag/swell/voltage fluctuation (fault) |
2. Methodology
2.1. Development of the Malaysian Representative Network (RN#1)
- Long distance (10 km) of supply to load—Load Type A
- Commercial load—Load Type B
- Small residential load—Load Type C
- Normal residential load—Load Type D
- PV integrated rooftop residential load—Load Type E
No. | Parameters | Average Value |
---|---|---|
RN#1 | ||
1 | No of 11 kV feeders per 33/11 kV Tx | 5 |
2 | No of 11 kV feeders (unit) for each main intake | - |
3 | 11 kV feeder length per feeder (km/feeder) | 2.6 |
4 | 11 kV Tx nos per 11 kV feeder (nos) | 5 |
5 | LV feeder nos per 11/0.4 KV Tx (nos) | 8 |
6 | Average distance between 11/0.4 kV Tx (per feeder in km) | 0.6 |
7 | 33/11 kV Tx MD (MW/Tx) | 9.6 |
8 | 11 kV Feeder MD per feeder (MW/feeder) | 2.5 |
9 | 11/4 kV Tx capacity (MVA) | 1 |
10 | 11/0.4 kV Tx MD per 11 kV feeder (kW) | 560 |
11 | 11/0.4 kV Tx maximum loading (%) | 65 |
12 | 11 kV Feeder MD per km (MW/km) | 1.3 |
13 | % ratio of number of LV Overhead (OH) lines over total feeder nos | 52 |
14 | % ratio of number of LV Underground (UG) lines over total feeder nos | 48 |
2.2. Grid-Feeding Mode on Weak Bus
2.3. Grid-Feeding Mode and Energy Storage with Fuzzy Logic Direct Current (DC) Fault Detection Scheme on the Weak Bus
3. Results
3.1. L-G Fault
3.2. L-L Fault
3.3. L-L-G Fault
3.4. Three-Phase Fault
3.5. PV Intermittency (Fluctuation)
4. Discussion
- L-G fault is 6 ms
- L-L, L-L-G and three-phase fault are 20 µs
- PV intermittency is 40 ms.
5. Conclusions
- The developed Grid-Feeding mode with Voltage Oriented Control (VOC) is able to solve the undervoltage problem, whereas the designed Fuzzy Logic (FL) control is capable of solving fault (sag) and PV intermittency issues in the grid-interconnected PV-RES. The novel hybrid control could potentially prolong the lifespan of batteries, which eventually lead to cost reductions in future deployment of energy storage.
- A DC fault detection scheme using Fuzzy Logic is introduced for this work, which was proven to be more effective than AC schemes for fault detection. The reason is because AC detection in resolving PV intermittency (fluctuation) is still immature. However, the DC scheme could minimize the computational load and complexity of the system, thus inducing a faster Fault Clearance Time (FCT). In addition, the DC scheme with FL control has outperformed several available technologies in terms of the FCT.
- The enhanced DC fault detection scheme has showed a more accurate computation in fault solving by utilizing the mean current (I_mean) instead of DC-Link current (Idc). By computing the average current in the system, the current ripple exhibited in the DC current can be omitted.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Description | Causes | Effects |
---|---|---|
Interruption |
|
|
Voltage Sag |
|
|
Voltage Swell |
|
|
Voltage Fluctuation |
|
|
Load | Terminal | Voltage Max. (p.u.) | Time Point Max | Voltage Min. (p.u) | Time Point Min. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Type A | Residential A (1) | 1.035 | 1:00:00 PM | 1.01 | 12:00:00 AM |
Residential A (2) | 1.033 | 1:00:00 PM | 1 | 12:00:00 AM | |
Residential A (3) | 1.031 | 1:00:00 PM | 0.99 | 12:00:00 AM | |
Residential A (4) | 1.03 | 1:00:00 PM | 0.99 | 12:00:00 AM | |
Residential A (5) | 1.03 | 1:00:00 PM | 0.99 | 12:00:00 AM | |
Type B | Small Residential (1) | 1.038 | 5:00:00 AM | 1.02 | 12:00:00 AM |
Small Residential (2) | 1.038 | 5:00:00 AM | 1.02 | 12:00:00 AM | |
Small Residential (3) | 1.037 | 5:00:00 AM | 1.02 | 12:00:00 AM | |
Type C | Commercial (1) | 1.037 | 1:00:00 PM | 1.03 | 4:00:00 PM |
Commercial (2) | 1.036 | 1:00:00 PM | 1.03 | 4:00:00 PM | |
Commercial (3) | 1.036 | 1:00:00 PM | 1.02 | 4:00:00 PM | |
Type D | Residential B (1) | 1.037 | 1:00:00 PM | 1.02 | 12:00:00 AM |
Residential B (2) | 1.037 | 1:00:00 PM | 1.02 | 12:00:00 AM | |
Residential B (3) | 1.037 | 1:00:00 PM | 1.01 | 12:00:00 AM | |
Residential B (4) | 1.036 | 1:00:00 PM | 1.01 | 12:00:00 AM | |
Residential B (5) | 1.036 | 1:00:00 PM | 1.01 | 12:00:00 AM | |
Type E | Residential C (1) | 1.05 | 1:00:00 PM | 1.02 | 12:00:00 AM |
Residential C (2) | 1.05 | 1:00:00 PM | 1.02 | 12:00:00 AM | |
Residential C (3) | 1.05 | 1:00:00 PM | 1.02 | 12:00:00 AM | |
Residential C (4) | 1.05 | 1:00:00 PM | 1.02 | 12:00:00 AM | |
Residential C (5) | 1.05 | 1:00:00 PM | 1.01 | 12:00:00 AM |
Components | Parameter | Description | |
---|---|---|---|
Source | Lline | 2 mH | Line impedance |
Rline | 0.05 Ω | ||
Vinput | 400 Vrms (three-phase) | Source | |
LC filter | Lfilter | 1 mH | To remove ripple so that the inverted sinewave output from inverter will be smoother |
Cfilter | 4.7 mF | ||
Load at 4:00 pm | Rload | 243 kW | Load |
Lload | 108 kVAr | ||
Inverter | fs, inv | 2 kHz | Switching frequency |
Rectifier | fs,rect | 2 kHz | Switching frequency |
C,dc-link | 150 μF | DC-Link Rectifier | |
Solar panel | Wmax | 200 kW | Maximum power |
Energy Storage | V | 720 V | DC source |
Case | Weather Condition | PV Generation | Load Condition at 4:00 p.m. | Voltage Dynamic Problem |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Rainy | No | Normal (243 kW) | Undervoltage and Fault |
2 | Cloudy | Intermittency | Normal (243 kW) | Fluctuation |
Ve | VL | VN | VH | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Im | ||||
IL | DISC | N | N | |
IN | N | N | N | |
IH | N | N | C |
L-G Fault | Before Fuzzy Integration | |||
Pre-Fault (VOC Control) | Fault | Post-Fault (VOC Control) | ||
Vdc (V) | 700 | Steep decrease approaching zero ✘ | Steep decrease approaching zero ✘ | |
Vout (Vp) | In Range | Out of Range ✘ | Out of Range ✘ | |
After Fuzzy Integration | ||||
Vdc (V) | 700 | 685 ✔ | 700 ✔ | |
Vout (Vp) | In Range | 534.7 ✔ | 546.7 ✔ | |
L-L, L-L-G and Three-Phase Fault | Before Fuzzy Integration | |||
Pre-Fault (VOC Control) | Fault | Post-Fault (VOC Control) | ||
Vdc (V) | 700 | 0 ✘ | 0 ✘ | |
Vout (Vp) | In Range | Out of Range ✘ | Out of Range ✘ | |
After Fuzzy Integration | ||||
Vdc (V) | 700 | 684.3–684.7 ✔ | 700 ✔ | |
Vout (Vp) | In Range | 533.7–533.8 ✔ | 546.5–546.6 ✔ | |
PV Intermittency | Before Fuzzy Integration | |||
Pre-Fault (VOC Control) | Fault | Post-Fault (VOC Control) | ||
Vdc (V) | 700 | Fluctuate reaching max Vdc at 812.1 ✘ | 700 ✔ | |
Vout (Vp) | In Range | Out of Range ✘ | Out of Range ✘ | |
After Fuzzy Integration | ||||
Vdc (V) | 700 | 720 ✔ | 700 ✔ | |
Vout (Vp) | In Range | 565.5 ✔ | 533.9 ✔ |
Type of Fault/Fluctuation | (a) Fault Start | (b) FCT End | (c) Fault End/Post-Fault Start | (d) Post-Fault End | (e) FCT | (f) VOC Buffer Time | Benchmark (FCT) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
L-G | 1.2 s | 1.206 s | 1.4 s | 1.8 s | 6 ms | 0.4 s | 0.16 s (STAT-COM) |
L-L | 1.2 s | 1.20002 s | 1.4 s | 1.8 s | 20 µs | 0.4 s | - |
L-L-G | 1.2 s | 1.20002 s | 1.4 s | 1.8 s | 20 µs | 0.4 s | - |
Three-Phase | 1.2 s | 1.20002 s | 1.4 s | 1.8 s | 20 µs | 0.4 s | 12 ms (SSTS) |
PV Intermittency | 1.2 s | 1.24 s | 1.4 s | 1.7 s | 40 ms | 0.2 s | - |
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Hoe, O.K.; Ramasamy, A.K.; Yin, L.J.; Verayiah, R.; Marsadek, M.B.; Abdillah, M. Hybrid Control of Grid-Feeding and Fuzzy Logic Fault Detection in Solving Voltage Dynamic Problem within the Malaysian Distribution Network. Energies 2021, 14, 3545. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14123545
Hoe OK, Ramasamy AK, Yin LJ, Verayiah R, Marsadek MB, Abdillah M. Hybrid Control of Grid-Feeding and Fuzzy Logic Fault Detection in Solving Voltage Dynamic Problem within the Malaysian Distribution Network. Energies. 2021; 14(12):3545. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14123545
Chicago/Turabian StyleHoe, Ong Kam, Agileswari K. Ramasamy, Lee Jun Yin, Renuga Verayiah, Marayati Binti Marsadek, and Muhammad Abdillah. 2021. "Hybrid Control of Grid-Feeding and Fuzzy Logic Fault Detection in Solving Voltage Dynamic Problem within the Malaysian Distribution Network" Energies 14, no. 12: 3545. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14123545
APA StyleHoe, O. K., Ramasamy, A. K., Yin, L. J., Verayiah, R., Marsadek, M. B., & Abdillah, M. (2021). Hybrid Control of Grid-Feeding and Fuzzy Logic Fault Detection in Solving Voltage Dynamic Problem within the Malaysian Distribution Network. Energies, 14(12), 3545. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14123545