Application of Simultaneous Oil Extraction and Transesterification in Biodiesel Fuel Synthesis: A Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Raw Materials and Their Preparation Methods
3. Chemical Catalysis for Simultaneous Oil Extraction and Transesterification
3.1. Influence of Alcohols/Solvents on Process Efficiency
3.2. Chemical Catalysts Used for Simultaneous Oil Extraction and Transesterification
3.3. Temperature of Simultaneous Oil Extraction and Transesterification
3.4. Duration of Simultaneous Oil Extraction and Transesterification
4. Enzymatic Simultaneous Oil Extraction and Transesterification Method
4.1. Catalysts for Enzymatic In Situ Transesterification
4.2. Alcohols and Solvents Used for Enzymatic In Situ Transesterification
4.3. Temperature of Enzymatic In Situ Transesterification
4.4. Duration of Enzymatic In Situ Transesterification
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Raw Material | Alcohol Solvent | Reaction Conditions | Fatty Acid Esters Yield (%) | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Jatropha. curcas L. seeds | Methanol/hexane | Catalyst H2SO4—15 wt% of seed, 60 °C, 24 h, methanol to seed ratio—7.5 mL/g, hexane -10 vol% of solvent. | 99.8 | [18] |
Chlorella sp. | Methanol | Catalyst H2SO4 lipid molar ratio 0.35:1, 60 °C, 19 h, methanol to seed molar ratio—600:1. | 92 ± 2 | [48] |
Chlorella vulgaris | Methanol | 200 powdered microalgae, catalyst H2SO4 (at 80.8 mol/mol of H+ to esterifiable lipid), 60 °C, 120 min. | 94.6 | [53] |
Nannochloropsis | Methanol | Catalyst H2SO4 lipid molar ratio 0.35:1, 60 °C, 19 h, methanol to seed molar ratio—600:1. | 73 ± 5 | [48] |
Microalgae lipids | Methanol | Microalgae lipids—15 mL, catalyst H2SO4—0.04 mL, 23 °C, 8 h, methanol—60 mL. | 91.3 | [37] |
Dry water microalgae | Methanol | Catalyst H2SO4—3.361%, w/w, methanol/algae ratio—8:1, w/w, 50 °C, 60.4 min. | 89.58 | [57] |
Rice bran | Methanol | Rice bran—50 g, catalyst H2SO4—7.5 mL, 65 °C, 1 h, alcohol– 200 mL. | 85.8 | [55] |
Rice bran | Ethanol (96%) | Rice bran—50 g, catalyst H2SO4—7.5 mL, 78 °C, 1 h, alcohol—200 mL. | 76.4 | [55] |
Rice bran | Ethanol (99.1%) | Rice bran—50 g, catalyst H2SO4—7.5 mL, 78 °C, 1 h, alcohol—200 mL. | 78.3 | [55] |
Rice bran | Isopropanol | Rice bran—50 g, catalyst H2SO4—7.5 mL, 82 °C, 1 h, alcohol—200 mL. | 69.7 | [55] |
Rice bran | n-Propanol | Rice bran—50 g, catalyst H2SO4—7.5 mL, 97 °C, 1 h, alcohol—200 mL. | 74.8 | [55] |
Rice bran | n-Butanol | Rice bran—50 g, catalyst H2SO4—7.5 mL, 117 °C, 1 h, alcohol—200 mL. | 68 | [55] |
Primary municipal sludge | Methanol | Catalyst H2SO4—5% (v/v) of seed, 75 °C, methanol to seed ratio—12:1 | 14.5 | [31] |
Secondary municipal sludge | Methanol | Catalyst H2SO4—5% (v/v) of seed, 75 °C, methanol to seed ratio—12:1 | 2.5 | [31] |
Raw Material | Alcohol Solvent | Reaction Conditions | Fatty Acid Esters Yield (%) | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Soybeans | Methanol | Catalyst NaOH, methanol/acylglycerols/NaOH molar ratio 543:1:2.0, 23 °C, 8 h. | 84 | [15] |
Distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) | Methanol | Catalyst NaOH—0.4 N, 35 °C, 1.2 h, methanol to seed molar ratio—655:1. | 91.1 | [32] |
Meat and bone meal (MBM) | Methanol | Catalyst NaOH—2.0 N, 35 °C, 0.2 h, methanol to seed molar ratio—550:1. | 9.3 | [32] |
Jatropha seeds | Methanol/hexane | Catalyst KOH—0,075 mol/l in methanol, 60 °C, 4 h, methanol to seed molar ratio—6:1. | 87 | [20] |
Rapeseed | Methanol | Catalyst NaOH—0.1 mol/l in methanol, 60 °C, 1 h, methanol to seed molar ratio—475:1. | 88.8 ± 0.1 | [10] |
Cottonseed meal | Methanol | Catalyst NaOH—0.1 mol/l in methanol, 40 °C, 3 h, methanol to seed molar ratio—135:1. | 98 | [17] |
Chlorella sp | Methanol | Catalyst NaOH and lipid molar ratio 0.35:1, 60 °C, 19 h, methanol to seed molar ratio—600:1. | 79 ± 2 | [47] |
Jatropha curcas | Methanol/ethanol mix | Catalyst NaOH—0.02 N, 60 °C, 1 h, methanol to seed molar ratio—512:1. | 87 | [56] |
Chlorella sp | Methanol | Catalyst CH3ONa to lipid molar ratio 0.35:1, 60 °C, 19 h, methanol to seed molar ratio—600:1. | 90 ± 2 | [47] |
Dry water microalgae | Methanol | Catalyst NaOH—3.499%, w/w, methanol/algae ratio—8:1, w/w, 50 °C, 73.64 min. | 87.42 | [57] |
Raw Material | Alcohol Solvent | Reaction Conditions | Fatty Acid Esters Yield (%) | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Castor seeds (Ricinus communis L. red) | Ethanol | Seeds—20 g, catalyst H2SO4—1.0 wt%, 60 °C, 1 h, ethanol to oil molar ratio—40:1. After 1 h, catalyst KOH—1.0 wt%, 60 °C, 1 h, ethanol to oil molar ratio—20:1. | 95.3 | [22] |
Castor seeds (BRS-149 nordestina) | Ethanol | Seeds—20 g, catalyst H2SO4—1.0 wt%, 60 °C, 1 h, ethanol to oil molar ratio—40:1. After 1 h, catalyst KOH—1.0 wt%, 60 °C, 1 h, ethanol to oil molar ratio—20:1. | 98.0 | [22] |
Castor seeds (Ricinus communis L. red) | Ethanol/hexane | Seeds—20 g, catalyst H2SO4—1.0 wt%, 60 °C, 1 h, hexane 20% v/v, ethanol to oil molar ratio—40:1, After 1 h, catalyst KOH—1.0 wt%, 60 °C, 1 h, hexane 20% v/v, ethanol to oil molar ratio—20:1. | 95.6 | [22] |
Castor seeds (BRS-149 nordestina) | Ethanol/hexane | Seeds—20 g, catalyst H2SO4—1.0 wt%, 60 °C, 1 h, hexane 20% v/v, ethanol to oil molar ratio—40:1, After 1 h, catalyst KOH—1.0 wt%, 60 °C, 1 h, hexane 20% v/v, ethanol to oil molar ratio—20:1. | 97.4 | [22] |
Rice bran | Methanol/petroleum ether | I STEP Rice bran 50 g (18.6% oil content). Catalyst H2SO4—0.75 g, 3 h, methanol—75 mL, petroleum ether—150 mL. II STEP Catalyst NaOH—0.71 g, 3 h, methanol—75 mL, petroleum ether—150 mL. | 95.16 | [1] |
Raw Material | Alcohol Solvent | Reaction Conditions | Fatty Acid Esters Yield (%) | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Nannochloropsis sp. | Methanol/ methylene dichloride | Catalyst Mg–Zr—10 wt%, 65 °C, 4 h, 45 mL mixed 2:1(v/v) solvent /1 g dried microalgae powder | 2.6 | [34] |
Nannochloropsis sp. | Methanol/ methylene dichloride | I STEP Catalyst Mg–Zr—10 wt%, 65 °C, 4 h, 45 mL mixed 2:1(v/v) solvent /1 g dried microalgae powderII STEP Catalyst Mg–Zr—10 wt%, 65 °C, 4 h, methanol to lipid molar ratio—10:1. | 22.2 | [34] |
Nannochloropsis sp. | Methanol/ methylene dichloride | Catalyst Mg–Zr—10 65 °C, 4 h, 45 mL mixed 3:1(v/v) solvent /1 g dried microalgae powder | 28 | [34] |
Jatropha curcas L. | Methanol | Catalyst—Na2ZrO3 —5 wt%, 65 °C, 8 h, 1:65M ratio of oil/methanol | 99.9 | [62] |
Microalgae mixed culture (dry) | Methanol | Magnetic nano catalyst Fe2O3–Al2O3—4 wt%, 65 °C, 6 h, 12 mL/g of methanol-to-dry biomass | 95.6 | [63] |
Raw Material | Alcohol Solvent | Reaction Conditions | Fatty Acid Esters Yield (%) | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Jatropha curcas L. seed | Dimethyl carbonate | Catalyst Novozym 435—10 wt%, 50 °C, 24 h, dimethyl carbonate to oil ratio—10:1 | 95.5 | [66] |
Jatropha curcas L. seed | Diethyl carbonate | Catalyst Novozym 435—10 wt%, 50 °C, 24 h, diethyl carbonate to oil ratio—10:1 | 94.5 | [66] |
Pistacia chinensis Bunge seed | Dimethyl carbonate | Catalyst Novozym 435—10 wt%, 50 °C, 24 h, dimethyl carbonate to oil ratio—10:1 | 89.6 | [68] |
Pistacia chinensis Bunge seed | Diethyl carbonate | Catalyst Novozym 435—10 wt% of seed, reaction temperature –50 °C, reaction duration—24 h, diethyl carbonate to oil ratio—10:1 | 90.7 | [66] |
Microalgae Chlorella vulgaris ESP-31 | Methanol/ hexane | Catalyst Burkholderia lipase—1203.11 U/g, lipase was immobilized on alkyl-grafted nanocomposites (Fe3O4–SiO2), 40 °C, water content—71.39 wt%, 48 h, methanol to oil molar ratio—67.93:1, hexane content –80.57 wt%. | 97.3 | [52] |
Greasy sewage sludge | Methanol | Catalyst Novozym ® 435—10% in mass fraction of sludge (wet weight base), 40 °C, 24 h, methanol to sludge ratio—4 mL/g | 52 | [29] |
Waste activated bleaching earth | Methanol | Catalyst Candida cylindracea—10 wt%, 37 °C, 96 h, methanol to oil ratio—4:1 | 55 | [67] |
Waste activated bleaching earth | Methanol/ hexane | Catalyst Candida cylindracea—10 wt%, 37 °C, 7 h, methanol to oil ratio—4:1, FAME content in sample 10% (w/w) | 100 | [67] |
Waste activated bleaching earth | Methanol/ mineral diesel | Catalyst Candida cylindracea—10 wt%, 37 °C, 2–3 h, methanol to oil ratio—4:1, FAME content in sample 10% (w/w) | 100 | [67] |
Rapeseeds | Butanol/mineral diesel | Catalyst Lipozyme RMIM—5.2 wt%, mineral diesel to oil ratio (w/w)—9:1, 40 °C, 19.6 h, butanol to oil ratio—31:1 | 97.6 | [8] |
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Makareviciene, V.; Sendzikiene, E.; Gumbyte, M. Application of Simultaneous Oil Extraction and Transesterification in Biodiesel Fuel Synthesis: A Review. Energies 2020, 13, 2204. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13092204
Makareviciene V, Sendzikiene E, Gumbyte M. Application of Simultaneous Oil Extraction and Transesterification in Biodiesel Fuel Synthesis: A Review. Energies. 2020; 13(9):2204. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13092204
Chicago/Turabian StyleMakareviciene, Violeta, Egle Sendzikiene, and Milda Gumbyte. 2020. "Application of Simultaneous Oil Extraction and Transesterification in Biodiesel Fuel Synthesis: A Review" Energies 13, no. 9: 2204. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13092204