The Necessity of Improving the Standard for Thermal Environment in Korean Public Facilities
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Comparison of the Thermal Environment Standards of Office Facilities in Korea and Other Countries
2.1. The Thermal Environment Standards of Office Facilities in Korea
2.2. The Thermal Environmental Standards for Office Facilities in Other Countires
3. The Analysis of the Thermal Environment of Public Office Facilities in Korea
3.1. The Target Buildings
3.2. The Surveys on the Thermal Environment in Public Office Facilities
3.3. The Measurement and Analysis of PMV of Public Office Facilities in Korea during the Cooling Period
4. Conclusions
4.1. The Study Results
4.2. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Classification | Nation /Association | Environmental Factors (unit) | Criteria | Mandatory (M)/ Recommended (R) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cooling | Heating | ||||
Country | Hong Kong | Temperature (°C) | above 25.5 | R | |
Relative humidity (%) | below 70 | ||||
Region, HK Special Administrative. Guidance notes for the management of indoor air quality in offices and public places. 2003. [11] | |||||
Japan | Temperature (°C) | above 28 | below 20 | R | |
Ministry of the Environment Government of Japan. Warm-Biz, Cool-Biz Campaign. [9] | |||||
China | Temperature (°C) | 22–28 | 16–24 | R | |
Relative humidity (%) | 40–80 | 30–60 | |||
Airflow (m/s) | below 0.3 | below 0.2 | |||
China, S. C. GB/T 18883-2002 Indoor Air Quality Standard. 2002. [19,20]. | |||||
United States | Temperature (°C) | 20–24.4 | R | ||
Relative humidity (%) | 20–60 | ||||
OSHA. OSHA Technical Manual. [12] | |||||
France | Temperature (°C) | Above 26 | below 19 | M | |
Government of the French Republic. Energy Code (Code de l’énergie). 2015. [8] | |||||
United Kingdom | Temperature (°C) | Generally, above 16 | R | ||
Rigorous physical effort, above 13 | |||||
Relative humidity (%) | 40–70 | ||||
The Health and Safety Executive (HSE). Workplace Health, Safety and Welfare 1992. [21] | |||||
Association | AS (Australia) | Temperature (°C) | 21–24 | 19–22 | R |
Standards Australia. AS 1837-1976. [15] | |||||
CSA (Canada) | Temperature (°C) | 23–26 | 20–23.5 | R | |
Relative humidity (%) | 20–50 | ||||
R | |||||
The Canadian Standards Association. CSA Z412-17. [16] | |||||
CEN (EU) | Temperature (°C) | above 26 | below 20 | R | |
CEN, EN15251. 15251, Indoor environmental input parameters for design and assessment of energy performance of buildings addressing indoor air quality, thermal environment, lighting and acoustics. European Committee for Standardization, Brussels, Belgium, 2007. [17] | |||||
CIBSE (UK) | Temperature (°C) | 22–24 (0.7met/0.7clo) | 21–23 (1.2met/0.85clo) | R | |
CIBSE. Environmental design: CIBSE guide A. Building and environment, 2006. [14] | |||||
ASHRAE (US) | Temperature (°C) | 23.3–26.7 | 20.3–24.2 | R | |
Relative humidity (%) | 50–60 | 20–30 | |||
STANDARD, ASHRAE. Standard 55-2010, Thermal environmental conditions for human occupancy. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers, 2010. [13] ASHRAE, A. ASHRAE Handbook-HVAC Applications. In: American Society of. 2011. [18] |
Bldg No. | Year of Completion (Year) | Number of Stories (Ground/Und-erground) | Total Floor Area (m2) | Measurement and Survey Date (Date) | Outdoor Environment (1st Day/2nd Day) | Indoor Environment (During Measurement) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1991 | 8/2 | 14,400 | 2018.08.06., 2018.08.07. | Temperature (°C) | Precipitation (mm) | Avg. temperature (°C) | Avg. humid (%) | ||
Avg. | Max. | Min. | ||||||||
24.0/26.6 | 28.7/30.3 | 19.5/22.6 | -/- | 28.1 | 59.6 | |||||
2 | 1988 | 8/2 | 7800 | 2018.08.08., 2018.08.09. | Temperature (°C) | Precipitation (mm) | Avg. temperature (°C) | Avg. humid (%) | ||
Avg. | Max. | Min. | ||||||||
27.4/27.0 | 30.3/29.9 | 25.1/24.8 | -/- | 25.8 | 57.5 | |||||
3 | 1992 | 3/1 | 5300 | 2018.08.13., 2018.08.14. | Temperature (°C) | Precipitation (mm) | Avg. temperature (°C) | Avg. humid (%) | ||
Avg. | Max. | Min. | ||||||||
29.1/30.2 | 34.1/35.2 | 25.7/25.6 | -/- | 27.4 | 53.2 | |||||
4 | 1993 | 5/1 | 6800 | 2018.08.15., 2018.08.16. | Temperature (°C) | Precipitation (mm) | Avg. temperature (°C) | Avg. humid(%) | ||
Avg. | Max. | Min. | ||||||||
31.2/31.2 | 37.1/37.3 | 26.1/26.8 | -/- | 27.3 | 54.0 | |||||
5 | 1979 | 5/1 | 8300 | 2018.08.20., 2018.08.21. | Temperature (°C) | Precipitation (mm) | Avg. temperature (°C) | Avg. humid (%) | ||
Avg. | Max. | Min. | ||||||||
30.7/31.2 | 38.1/37.9 | 23.1/23.8 | -/- | 26.0 | 50.2 | |||||
6 | 1989 | 2/0 | 700 | 2018.08.22., 2018.08.23. | Temperature (°C) | Precipitation (mm) | Avg. temperature (°C) | Avg. humid (%) | ||
Avg. | Max. | Min. | ||||||||
28.9/29.2 | 38.1/37.9 | 23.1/23.8 | -/- | 26.0 | 50.2 | |||||
7 | 1995 | 6/1 | 8600 | 2018.08.27., 2018.08.28 | Temperature (°C) | Precipitation (mm) | Avg. temperature (°C) | Avg. humid (%) | ||
Avg. | Max. | Min. | ||||||||
29.7/27.9 | 35.3/34.2 | 26.2/24.5 | -/12.8 | 29.6 | 49.1 | |||||
8 | 1988 | 5/1 | 1900 | 2018.08.30., 2018.08.31. | Temperature (°C) | Precipitation (mm) | Avg. temperature (°C) | Avg. humid (%) | ||
Avg. | Max. | Min. | ||||||||
29.6/28.2 | 35.1/34.3 | 25.6/25.3 | -/9.3 | 25.8 | 48.2 | |||||
9 | 1989 | 3/1 | 400 | 2018.09.03., 2018.09.04. | Temperature (°C) | Precipitation (mm) | Avg. temperature (°C) | Avg. humid (%) | ||
Avg. | Max. | Min. | ||||||||
24.4/25.2 | 26.3/29.3 | 23.2/22.7 | -/- | 26.0 | 62.0 |
Survey Question | Criterion | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Satisfaction (all seasons/winter/summer) | Very satisfied | Satisfied | A little satisfied | Average | A little dissatisfied | Dissatisfied | Very dissatisfied |
Thermal sensation (all seasons/winter/summer) | Hot | Warm | Slightly warm | Neutral | Slightly cool | Cool | Cold |
Dissatisfactory seasonal priority | Spring | ||||||
Summer | |||||||
Autumn | |||||||
Winter | |||||||
Dissatisfactory cause of winter | Indoor air is cold. | ||||||
Indoor air is dry. | |||||||
Cold air flows in from outside. | |||||||
Sunlight is not enough. | |||||||
Heating time is insufficient. | |||||||
ETC (free opinion). | |||||||
Dissatisfactory cause of summer | Indoor air is hot. | ||||||
Indoor air is humid. | |||||||
Hot air flows in from outside. | |||||||
Too much sunlight enters. | |||||||
Cooling time is insufficient. | |||||||
ETC (free opinion). |
Bldg No. | Measuring Location | Measuring Instrument |
---|---|---|
1 | 4th floor, 5th floor | TESTO 480 |
2 | 1st floor, 6th floor_1, 6th floor_2 | |
3 | 1st floor, 3rd floor | |
4 | 5th floor_1, 5th floor_2 | |
5 | 2nd floor_1, 2nd floor_2 | |
6 | 1st floor, 2nd floor | |
7 | 3rd floor_1, 3rd floor_2 | |
8 | 1st floor, 2nd floor | |
9 | 1st floor, 2nd floor |
Uncomfortable Time Ratio of Thermal Environment in Office Facilities | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Bldg No. | Measuring Location | Compliance With Criteria | ||
#N_1 (%) | #N_2 (%) | #N_3 (%) | ||
1 | 37.71 | 67.49 | - | O |
2 | 0.74 | 57.12 | 17.19 | X |
3 | 4.06 | 31.18 | - | △ * |
4 | 13.10 | 21.77 | - | △ ** |
5 | 3.35 | 85.49 | - | X |
6 | 84.13 | 100 | - | O |
7 | 83.03 | 100 | - | O |
8 | 9.59 | 94.28 | - | X |
9 | 75.09 | 77.31 | - | △ ** |
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Jun, Y.-J.; Yoon, J.-H.; Kim, S.; Song, Y.-H.; Park, K.-S. The Necessity of Improving the Standard for Thermal Environment in Korean Public Facilities. Energies 2020, 13, 523. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13030523
Jun Y-J, Yoon J-H, Kim S, Song Y-H, Park K-S. The Necessity of Improving the Standard for Thermal Environment in Korean Public Facilities. Energies. 2020; 13(3):523. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13030523
Chicago/Turabian StyleJun, Yong-Joon, Jin-Ha Yoon, Shin Kim, Young-Hak Song, and Kyung-Soon Park. 2020. "The Necessity of Improving the Standard for Thermal Environment in Korean Public Facilities" Energies 13, no. 3: 523. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13030523