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Article

A-Site Cation Engineering for Efficient Blue-Emissive Perovskite Light-Emitting Diodes

by
Jong Hyun Park
1,
Chung Hyeon Jang
1,
Eui Dae Jung
1,
Seungjin Lee
2,*,
Myoung Hoon Song
1,* and
Bo Ram Lee
3,*
1
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Korea
2
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G4, Canada
3
Department of Physics, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Energies 2020, 13(24), 6689; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13246689
Submission received: 25 November 2020 / Revised: 13 December 2020 / Accepted: 15 December 2020 / Published: 18 December 2020
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photovoltaic Performance of Dye-Sensitized and Perovskite Solar Cells)
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Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Metal halide perovskites have been investigated for the next-generation light-emitting materials because of their advantages such as high photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY), excellent color purity, and facile color tunability. Recently, red- and green-emissive perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs) have shown an external quantum efficiency (EQE) of over 20%, whereas there is still room for improvement for blue emissive PeLEDs. By controlling the halide compositions of chloride (Cl−) and bromide (Br−), the bandgap of perovskites can be easily tuned for blue emission. However, halide segregation easily occurrs in the mixed-halide perovskite under light irradiation and LED operation because of poor phase stability. Here, we explore the effect of A-site cation engineering on the phase stability of the mixed-halide perovskites and find that a judicious selection of low dipole moment A cation (formamidinium or cesium) suppresses the halide segregation. This enables efficient bandgap tuning and electroluminescence stability for sky blue emissive PeLEDs over the current density of 15 mA/cm2.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

Metal halide perovskites (MHPs) are composed of three elements with ABX3 structures, where the A-site is typically occupied by an organic cation such as methylammonium (MA+), formamidinium (FA+) or an inorganic cation cesium (Cs+); the B-site is occupied by a lead (Pb2+) or tin (Sn2+) ion; and the X-site is occupied by a halide anion such as chloride (Cl−), bromide (Br−), iodide (I−) or a mix of the three. In terms of light emitting devices, the most attractive property of perovskite is the easily tunable nature of the bandgap, and thus the emission wavelength, by adjusting the halide composition; wavelengths across the electromagnetic spectrum from deep-blue to infrared range have been reported. MHPs have excellent luminescence properties including high color purity (full width at half-maximum (FWHM) ≤ 20 nm) and a high photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of over 90% [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8]. In this aspect, intensive investigation of the perovskites-based light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs) has been conducted for the next-generation display and solid-state lighting since first room temperature PeLEDs were demonstrated [1]. Recently, red- and green-emissive PeLEDs achieved high external quantum efficiencies (EQEs) of over 20% and showed great potential for display applications [7,9,10], whereas blue-emissive PeLEDs have shown much lower EQEs of ~12% [11,12,13]; this poor performance of blue-emissive PeLEDs is still considered to be one of the most challenging barriers to their device applications.
In general, the emission wavelength could be tuned in multiple ways to make blue-emissive PeLEDs: size control of perovskite nanocrystals; various doping and ion substitution; and control of (mixed) halide composition. The first approach relies on the quantum confinement effect, which is evidenced when the nanocrystal size approaches the exciton Bohr radius, achieving blue emission [12]. The second approach relies on lattice strain and electronic band structure modification [14]. However, the challenges involved in the precise control of the nanocrystal size and difficulty of achieving deep-blue emission usually favor the second approach, where the required emission wavelength is obtained by controlling the composition of Br and Cl in a mixed-halide system. The band gap of mixed-halide perovskite is known to increase with the Cl content, thereby resulting in a more blue-shifted emission [15,16]. However, mixed-halide perovskites are known to suffer from photo- and current-induced halide segregation upon device operation [17,18], which is detrimental to achieving a stable emission wavelength. Various reports suggest the different origin of light-induced halide segregation: Ginsberg et al. [19,20] and Gao et al. [21] suggest local strain upon polaron formation and localization, whereas Herz et al. [8] and McGehee et al. [22,23] point at surface and inner defects trapping the charge carriers, resulting in an internal electric field to induce halide segregation. As the magnitude of this strain also depends on the intrinsic properties of ions in the perovskite structure, a judicious choice of A-site organic/inorganic cations could mitigate the occurrence of halide segregation.
Many properties of metal halide perovskite such as band gap, crystal stability, and optical properties are also highly dependent on the nature of A-site cations. First, ionic radiuses are different such as: FA = 2.79 Å, MA = 2.70 Å, Cs = 1.81 Å [24]. Furthermore, unlike the spherical Cs, the organic molecules FA and MA have a dipole moment of 0.21 and 2.29 Debye, respectively [25]. Following this idea of A-site cation engineering, we report the device performances of sky blue-emissive quasi-2D perovskite PeLEDs of composition PMA2A2Pb3Br8Cl2 (PMA = Phenylmethylammonium) with varying A-site cations (MA+, FA+ and Cs+). We explore the effect of A-site cation engineering on the bandgap tunability and the phase stability of mixed-halide perovskites containing Br and Cl. PeLEDs show luminances of 1560, 280 and 790 cd/m2, EQEs of 1.41, 0.88 and 0.42%, and a wavelength of 509, 494, 488 nm for the A-site cations FA, MA and Cs, respectively. Moreover, PeLEDs using FA and Cs cations show highly improved electroluminescence (EL) spectrum stability compared to those using MA during device operation, which indicates substantially reduced halide segregation in FA and Cs-based PeLEDs. As a result, we demonstrate negligible EL spectrum changes under high current density of more than 15 mA/cm2 with FA, Cs-based quasi-2D PeLEDs.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Materials and Chemicals

Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrenesulfonate (PEDOT:PSS, AI 4083, Clevios, Heraeus, Leverkusen, Germany), formamidinium bromide (FABr, Tokyo Chemical Industry, Tokyo, Japan), methylammonium bromide (MABr, GreatCell Energy, Queanbeyan, Australia), cesium bromide (CsBr, SigmaAldrich, Seoul, Korea), phenylmethylammonium chloride (PMACl, Tokyo Chemical Industry, Tokyo, Japan), and 2,2′,2″-(1,3,5-benzinetriyl)-tris(1-phenyl-1H-benzimidazole) (TPBi, OSM, Seoul, Korea) were used without any further purification. N,N-Dimethylformamide (DMF), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and chlorobenzene were purchased from SigmaAldrich (Seoul, Korea).

2.2. Perovskite Precursor Preparation

The precursor solution (qausi-2D PMA2FA2Pb2Br8Cl2) was prepared by mixing 110.1 mg PbBr2, 28.9 mg PMACl, and 25.1 mg FABr in a DMF/DMSO co-solvent ratio of 7:3 (v:v). The precursor solution (quasi-2D PMA2MA2Pb2Br8Cl2) was prepared by mixing 110.1 mg PbBr2, 28.9 mg PMACl, and 22.5 mg MABr in a DMF/DMSO co-solvent ratio of 7:3 (v:v). The precursor solution (quasi-2D PMA2Cs2Pb2Br8Cl2) was prepared by mixing 110.1 mg PbBr2, 28.9 mg PMACl, and 42.8 mg CsBr in a DMSO solvent (0.3 M)

2.3. Device Fabrication

A patterned indium tin oxide (ITO)-coated glass substrate was ultraviolet-ozone treated for 30 min. The PEDOT:PSS was prepared using spin-coating at 5000 rpm for 45 s. The samples were transferred into the glovebox and annealed at 135 °C for 10 min. A 0.45 µm hydrophilic filter were used for the perovskite precursor solutions filtration. Filtered perovskite precursor solutions were spin-coated at 3000 rpm for 50 s. The antisolvent, chlorobenzene (300 µL), was dropped after 30 s, as described elsewhere [26]. TPBi, lithium fluoride (LiF), and aluminum (Al) electrodes were evaporated using a thermal evaporator.

2.4. Device Characterization

The measurements of the current (J), voltage (V), luminance (L) and device efficiencies of the devices were performed in air with encapsulation. J-V data were measured using a computer-controlled Keithley 2400 source meter (Tektronix, Beaverton, OR, USA), and a Konica Minolta spectroradiometer (CS-2000, Toyko, Japan) was used to measure the luminance of the device.

2.5. Steady-State Photoluminescence (PL) Measurements

Steady-State PL was recorded using a time-correlated single-photon counting (TCSPC) setup (FluoTime 300, Berlin, Germany). The samples were photoexcited using a 375 nm pulsed (~70 ps) diode laser coupled to a PDL 820 laser drive. A PicoHarp TCSPC module (Berlin, Germany) with a photomultiplier tube (PMA-C 182-N-M, Berlin, Germany) was used to detect the photons emitted from the perovskite films.

2.6. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) Measurements

Perovskite films with FA, MA, and Cs-based quasi-2D composition were measured using a Nanonova 230 FEI SEM (accelerating voltage of 10 kV). A sputter coater (Emitech K575x, Tescan, Brno, Czech Republic) was used to deposit a 5 nm platinum layer to prevent charging effects.

2.7. X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) Measurements

The XRD patterns of FA, MA, and Cs-based quasi-2D perovskite films were obtained using a D/MAX2500V/PC (Rigaku, Toyko, Japan) with a Cu Kα radiation (λ = 1.5405 Å).

3. Results and Discussion

The sky-blue emissive PeLEDs were constructed with the following structures: ITO as anodes; PEDOT:PSS as hole transporting layers; quasi-2D mixed-halide perovskite films as the emissive layer; TPBi as the electron transporting layer; LiF/Al as the cathode (Figure 1a). The incorporation of bulky organic cations such as PMA into the perovskite structure results in a layered perovskite structure with chemical formula PMA2An−1PbnX3n+1 (n = 2, 3, 4, 5…, where n is the number of perovskite layers) [27], which is shown schematically in Figure 1b. To investigate the effect of cations on the properties of mixed-halide quasi-2D perovskite, we fabricated perovskite films with three different A-site cations (FA, MA, Cs) (Figure 1c), which are the most widely used cations for metal halide perovskite structures.
XRD patterns were obtained to investigate the crystal structures of mixed-halide quasi-2D perovskite (Figure 2a). XRD patterns show peaks below 10° that correspond to the small n quasi-2D perovskite structures [28,29,30] (FA = 5.20°, MA = 5.20°, Cs = 5.26°) and peaks corresponding to the 3D-like perovskite layer in the quasi-2D perovskite structure (FA = 15.36°, MA = 14.94°, Cs = 14.82°). Compared to the other cations-based perovskite, Cs-based quasi-2D perovskite films show a more dominant peak below 10°, corresponding with the small n quasi-2D perovskite structures. These results indicate that either more quasi-2D perovskite structures were formed, or that Cs-based quasi-2D perovskite structures have higher crystallinity. SEM images were obtained to observe the morphology of quasi-2D perovskite (Figure S1). All the perovskite films with different cations show uniform and pinhole-free surface morphologies.
To study the optical properties of quasi-2D perovskite films with different A-site cations, PL and absorption spectra were obtained for each sample (Figure 2b,c). The absorption spectra of quasi-2D perovskite films shows multiple higher energy absorption peaks, which clearly indicates the formation of multi-dimensional domains in the films (n = 1, 2, 3,...). Although FA-based quasi-2d perovskite films show one dominant peak at wavelength of 375 nm, Cs and MA-based quasi-2D perovskite films show multiple peaks. These results indicate the formation of more dispersive multi-dimensional domains in the Cs and MA-based quasi-2D perovskite films compared to the FA-based quasi-2D perovskite films. Although same molar ratio of halide (Br:Cl = 8:2) and bulky cations were introduced, quasi-2D perovskite films show a different maximum PL wavelength (FA: 518 nm MA: 506 nm Cs: 493 nm). This trend is well matched with the absorption onset of quasi-2D perovskite films shown in Figure 2b. The differences in emission wavelengths arises from the differences in ion sizes between the MA, FA, and Cs cations [31], with the smaller cations forming the larger-bandgap perovskites for more blue-shifted emission.
The characteristics of PeLEDs fabricated using quasi-2D mixed-halide PMA2A2Pb3Br8Cl2 (A = FA, MA, Cs) films as an emitting layer are shown in Figure 3 and Table 1. The J-V and L-V data of PeLEDs are shown in Figure 3a,b. FA, MA, and Cs-based PeLEDs each showed a maximum luminance of 1560 at 6.4 V, 280 at 8.2 V, and 790 cd/m2, respectively, at 10.8 V. The EQE and luminance efficiency of PeLEDs are shown in Figure 3c,d. The FA-based PeLED showed a maximum EQE of 1.41% and luminance efficiency of 4.10 cd/A at 5.0 V, whereas the MA-based PeLEDs showed a maximum EQE of 0.88% at 5.6 V and luminance efficiency of 1.80 cd/A at 6.0 V. Finally, the Cs-based PeLED showed a maximum EQE of 0.42% at 9.8 V and luminance efficiency of 0.76 cd/A at 10.0 V.
Halide segregation-induced EL peak instability has been widely reported in mixed-halide PeLEDs. To investigate the cation-dependent EL stability, EL spectra with different current densities were measured with different cation (MA, FA, Cs) based quasi-2D PeLEDs (Figure 4a–d). The applied current density was increased from 0.1 to 20 mA/cm2. Although substantial amounts of chloride (Br:Cl = 8:2) were introduced, we observed stable EL spectra stability with negligible peak shifts and FWHM. However, MA-based quasi-2D PeLEDs shows clear EL spectra instability with 18 nm of EL peak shifts and 4 nm of FWHM broadening induced by halide segregation. The photographs and videos of FA, MA, and Cs-based quasi-2D PeLEDs lighting at constant current density of 5.2 mA/cm2 are shown in Figure S2 and Video S1. As the MA cations (2.29 Debye) have much higher dipole moment compared to the FA (0.21 Debye), and Cs (0 Debye) cations [25], we postulate that instability in the EL spectrum and halide segregation of MA-based PeLEDs originate from the polaronic effect due to the large dipole moment of MA.

4. Conclusions

We studied the effect of A-site cations on the color tunability and EL spectrum stability of mixed-halide quasi-2D PeLEDs containing Br and Cl. The formation of a quasi-2D perovskite structure was confirmed with a bulky PMACl ligand using XRD and absorption spectrum measurements. Our PeLEDs with FA, MA, and Cs A-site cations showed luminances of 1560, 280 and 790 cd/m2, EQEs of 1.41, 0.88 and 0.42% and wavelengths of 509, 494, 488 nm, respectively. Our results show that the stability of the EL spectrum is highly dependent on the nature of A-site cations. Although FA and Cs-based PeLEDs show negligible EL spectrum changes under high current density at more than 15 mA/cm2, MA-based PeLEDs show severe EL spectrum changes at the same current density. Therefore, we postulate that instability in the EL spectrum of MA-based PeLEDs originates from the large dipole moment of MA cations; our work suggests that a judicious choice of A-site cation is crucial to achieve efficient and stable blue-emissive PeLEDs.

Supplementary Materials

The following are available online at https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/13/24/6689/s1, Figure S1: Top-view SEM images of quasi-2D perovskite films, Figure S2: Photo of FA, MA, and Cs-based PeLEDs lighting at constant current density. Video S1: Video of FA, MA, and Cs-based PeLEDs lighting at constant current density.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, C.H.J. and S.L.; device fabrication, C.H.J. and S.L.; validation, J.H.P. and C.H.J.; formal analysis, J.H.P., S.L. and B.R.L.; investigation, J.H.P., C.H.J. and E.D.J.; data curation, S.L., B.R.L. and M.H.S.; writing—original draft preparation, J.H.P., C.H.J. and B.R.L.; writing—review and editing, S.L., B.R.L. and M.H.S.; supervision, B.R.L. and M.H.S.; project administration, B.R.L. and M.H.S.; funding acquisition, B.R.L. and M.H.S.; J.H.P. and C.H.J. contributed equally to this work. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the National Research Foundation (NRF) of Korea (NRF-2018R1C1B6005778, NRF-2020R1A4A1018163, NRF-2018R1A2B2006198) and the Materials Innovation Project (NRF-2020M3H4A3081793) funded by the National Research Foundation of Korea. This work was supported by the Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning (KETEP) and the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy (MOTIE) of Korea (No, 20163010012450).

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Figure 1. (a) Schematic illustration of quasi-2D perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs) architecture. (b) Schematic illustration of quasi-2D PMA2A2Pb3Br8Cl2 (A = FA, MA, Cs) perovskite structure. (c) Schematic illustration of different cation structures.
Figure 1. (a) Schematic illustration of quasi-2D perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs) architecture. (b) Schematic illustration of quasi-2D PMA2A2Pb3Br8Cl2 (A = FA, MA, Cs) perovskite structure. (c) Schematic illustration of different cation structures.
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Figure 2. (a) X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of FA, MA, and Cs-based quasi-2D perovskite films. (b) Absorption, and (c) photoluminescence (PL) spectra of FA, MA, and Cs-based quasi-2D perovskite films.
Figure 2. (a) X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of FA, MA, and Cs-based quasi-2D perovskite films. (b) Absorption, and (c) photoluminescence (PL) spectra of FA, MA, and Cs-based quasi-2D perovskite films.
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Figure 3. (a) Current density–voltage curves, (b) luminance–voltage curves, (c) EQE–voltage curves and (d) luminance efficiency–voltage curves of FA, MA, and Cs-based quasi-2D PeLEDs.
Figure 3. (a) Current density–voltage curves, (b) luminance–voltage curves, (c) EQE–voltage curves and (d) luminance efficiency–voltage curves of FA, MA, and Cs-based quasi-2D PeLEDs.
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Figure 4. Electroluminescence (EL) spectrum of (a) FA-based, (b) MA-based, (c) and Cs-based quasi-2D PeLEDs at various applied voltages. (d) Changes in the EL wavelength and full width at half-maximum (FWHM) of FA, MA, and Cs-based quasi-2D PeLEDs.
Figure 4. Electroluminescence (EL) spectrum of (a) FA-based, (b) MA-based, (c) and Cs-based quasi-2D PeLEDs at various applied voltages. (d) Changes in the EL wavelength and full width at half-maximum (FWHM) of FA, MA, and Cs-based quasi-2D PeLEDs.
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Table
Table 1. Device performance of FA, MA, and Cs-based quasi-2D PeLEDs.
Table 1. Device performance of FA, MA, and Cs-based quasi-2D PeLEDs.
Device ConfigurationL max [cd/m2]
@ Bias (V)		LE max [cd/A]
@ Bias (V)		EQE max [%]
@ Bias (V)		Turn-on
Voltage [V]
[0.1 cd/m2]		Peak Wavelength [nm]
FA1560 (6.4 V)4.10 (5.0 V)1.41 (5.0 V)3.6 V509
MA280 (8.2 V)1.80 (6.0 V)0.88 (5.6 V)3.8 V494
Cs790 (10.8 V)0.76 (10.0 V)0.42 (9.8 V)6.2 V488
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Park, J.H.; Jang, C.H.; Jung, E.D.; Lee, S.; Song, M.H.; Lee, B.R. A-Site Cation Engineering for Efficient Blue-Emissive Perovskite Light-Emitting Diodes. Energies 2020, 13, 6689. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13246689

AMA Style

Park JH, Jang CH, Jung ED, Lee S, Song MH, Lee BR. A-Site Cation Engineering for Efficient Blue-Emissive Perovskite Light-Emitting Diodes. Energies. 2020; 13(24):6689. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13246689

Chicago/Turabian Style

Park, Jong Hyun, Chung Hyeon Jang, Eui Dae Jung, Seungjin Lee, Myoung Hoon Song, and Bo Ram Lee. 2020. "A-Site Cation Engineering for Efficient Blue-Emissive Perovskite Light-Emitting Diodes" Energies 13, no. 24: 6689. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13246689

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