Investigation of the Multi-Point Injection of Green Hydrogen from Curtailed Renewable Power into a Gas Network
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology and Modelling
2.1. Gas System Modelling
2.2. Variable Gas Composition
2.3. Scenario
- P2H location should be close to source of renewable electricity so that the impact of local electrical network constraints are minimised;
- P2H location should be close to gas pipelines; and,
- injection of hydrogen into pipelines with a high flow rate of the NG will minimise variations in the hydrogen fraction.
2.4. Curtailed Wind and Gas Demand
3. Results and Discussion
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
Nomenclature | |
A | Cross Sectional area of pipe (m) |
D | pipe inner diameter (m) |
E | Energy (J) |
f | friction factor |
f | theoretical friction factor |
g | gravitational acceleration (ms) |
dh | head losses (m) |
i | sender node |
j | receiver node |
set of nodal load (demand, ms) | |
set of pipe from the branch list | |
l | pipe length (m) |
set of natural gas compositions | |
p | nodal pressure (Pa) |
p | basic pressure (Pa) |
p | critical pressure (Pa) |
dp | differential pressure |
p | pressure drop (Pa) |
Q | flow rate (ms) |
R | gas constant ((kJ/kgoK)) |
t | time |
T | Temperature (K) |
T | basic temperature (K) |
T | critical temperature (K) |
V | volume (m) |
W | work (J) |
U | internal energy (J) |
x | pipeline coordinate |
X | volumetric fraction of components (%) |
X | flow rate variable matrix |
z | elevation (m) |
Z | compressibility factor |
inclination (rad) | |
normal density (kg/m) | |
density (kg/m) | |
pipe efficiency | |
shear stress (Pa) | |
T | time span |
velocity (m/s) | |
heat energy (J) |
Technical Acronyms | |
CW | Curtailed Wind |
NG | Natural Gas |
ODE | Ordinary Differential Equation |
P2G | Power-to-Gas |
P2H | Power-to-Hydrogen |
PDE | Partial Differential Equation |
PEM | Polymer electrolyte membrane |
RES | Renewable Energy Source |
Appendix A
Appendix A.1. Figures
Pipe No. | Sender Node | Receiver Node | Diameter, m | Length, km |
---|---|---|---|---|
Pipe 1 | 1 | 19 | 0.76 | 280 |
Pipe 2 | 2 | 10 | 0.6 | 300 |
Pipe 3 | 3 | 9 | 0.6 | 70 |
Pipe 4 | 9 | 6 | 0.6 | 15 |
Pipe 5 | 7 | 6 | 0.6 | 15 |
Pipe 6 | 8 | 7 | 0.6 | 15 |
Pipe 7 | 9 | 8 | 0.6 | 7 |
Pipe 8 | 3 | 5 | 0.6 | 15 |
Pipe 9 | 5 | 14 | 0.6 | 70 |
Pipe 10 | 5 | 11 | 0.6 | 35 |
Pipe 11 | 4 | 5 | 0.6 | 130 |
Pipe 12 | 2 | 4 | 0.6 | 113 |
Pipe 13 | 11 | 12 | 0.6 | 15 |
Pipe 14 | 11 | 13 | 0.6 | 13 |
Pipe 15 | 14 | 16 | 0.6 | 20 |
Pipe 16 | 15 | 17 | 0.6 | 20 |
Pipe 17 | 14 | 15 | 0.6 | 30 |
Pipe 18 | 15 | 6 | 0.6 | 30 |
Pipe 19 | 4 | 18 | 0.6 | 100 |
Pipe 20 | 18 | 10 | 0.6 | 65 |
Pipe 21 | 19 | 10 | 0.6 | 5 |
Pipe 22 | 20 | 19 | 0.6 | 160 |
Pipe 23 | 1 | 20 | 0.6 | 180 |
Pipe 24 | 20 | 21 | 0.6 | 100 |
Pipe 25 | 4 | 22 | 0.6 | 5 |
Pipe 26 | 24 | 5 | 0.6 | 20 |
Pipe 27 | 23 | 4 | 0.6 | 20 |
Pipe 28 | 25 | 20 | 0.6 | 20 |
Node | Type | Demand, MW | H_2% Limit | H_2% at Node | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Max | Mean | Min | ||||
1 | Natural gas source | NaN | - | - | - | - |
2 | Natural gas source | NaN | - | - | - | - |
3 | Natural gas source | NaN | - | - | - | - |
4 | Power generator | 153 | 5 | 11 | 7.8 | 2 |
5 | Power generator | 378 | 5 | 15.8 | 10.8 | 3.5 |
6 | Other devices (CNG/Boilers/Heater/Residential) | 1049 | 2 < x < 20 | 3.5 | <1 | <1 |
7 | Other devices (CNG/Boilers/Heater/Residential) | 298 | 2 < x < 20 | <1 | <1 | <1 |
8 | Other devices (CNG/Boilers/Heater/Residential) | 75 | 2 < x < 20 | <1 | <1 | <1 |
9 | Other devices (CNG/Boilers/Heater/Residential) | 862 | 2 < x < 20 | <1 | <1 | <1 |
10 | Power generator | 2061 | 5 | <1 | <1 | <1 |
11 | Power generator | 64 | 5 | 15.8 | 10.8 | 3.5 |
12 | Other devices (CNG/Boilers/Heater/Residential) | 488 | 2 < x < 20 | 15.8 | 10.8 | 3.5 |
13 | Other devices (CNG/Boilers/Heater/Residential) | 470 | 2 < x < 20 | 15.8 | 10.8 | 3.5 |
14 | Connector | 0 | - | - | - | - |
15 | Connector | 0 | - | - | - | - |
16 | Power generator | 168 | 5 | 15.8 | 10.8 | 3.5 |
17 | Other devices (CNG/Boilers/Heater/Residential) | 186 | 2 < x < 20 | 15.8 | 10.8 | 3.5 |
18 | Other devices (CNG/Boilers/Heater/Residential) | 112 | 2 < x < 20 | 11 | 7.8 | 2 |
19 | Connector | 0 | - | - | - | - |
20 | Power generator | 374 | 5 | 6 | 4.3 | 3 |
21 | Power generator | 180 | 5 | 6 | 4.3 | 3 |
22 | Power generator | 359 | 5 | 11 | 7.8 | 2 |
23 | P2H | NaN | - | - | - | - |
24 | P2H | NaN | - | - | - | - |
25 | P2H | NaN | - | - | - | - |
Pipe No. | Flow Rate before Injecting H2 in Hourly Steps, Sm/s | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
t0 | t1 | t2 | t3 | t4 | t5 | t6 | t7 | t8 | t9 | t10 | t11 | t12 | t13 | t14 | t15 | t16 | t17 | t18 | t19 | t20 | t21 | t22 | t23 | t24 | |
P1 | 38.5 | 39.0 | 39.9 | 40.4 | 40.8 | 42.7 | 43.0 | 43.0 | 42.8 | 42.3 | 42.1 | 41.3 | 40.8 | 40.8 | 40.5 | 40.3 | 40.1 | 40.4 | 40.4 | 39.7 | 39.6 | 39.4 | 39.2 | 38.4 | 38.4 |
P2 | 22.0 | 22.3 | 22.7 | 23.0 | 23.3 | 24.3 | 24.5 | 24.5 | 24.4 | 24.2 | 24.0 | 23.6 | 23.3 | 23.3 | 23.1 | 23.0 | 22.9 | 23.0 | 23.0 | 22.7 | 22.6 | 22.5 | 22.3 | 21.9 | 21.9 |
P3 | 59.9 | 59.6 | 60.1 | 60.9 | 61.7 | 64.9 | 65.6 | 65.8 | 65.9 | 65.0 | 64.5 | 63.3 | 62.1 | 62.1 | 61.7 | 61.6 | 61.4 | 61.5 | 61.5 | 60.9 | 60.8 | 60.5 | 60.0 | 59.5 | 59.5 |
P4 | 19.7 | 19.8 | 20.1 | 20.4 | 20.6 | 21.7 | 21.9 | 21.9 | 21.8 | 21.5 | 21.4 | 21.0 | 20.6 | 20.6 | 20.5 | 20.4 | 20.3 | 20.4 | 20.4 | 20.2 | 20.2 | 20.1 | 20.0 | 19.7 | 19.7 |
P5 | 6.5 | 6.6 | 6.8 | 7.0 | 7.0 | 7.4 | 7.4 | 7.3 | 7.2 | 7.2 | 7.1 | 7.0 | 6.9 | 6.9 | 6.8 | 6.8 | 6.7 | 6.8 | 6.8 | 6.7 | 6.7 | 6.7 | 6.7 | 6.6 | 6.6 |
P6 | 14.7 | 14.7 | 14.9 | 15.2 | 15.3 | 16.1 | 16.2 | 16.3 | 16.3 | 16.0 | 15.9 | 15.6 | 15.4 | 15.3 | 15.2 | 15.2 | 15.1 | 15.2 | 15.2 | 15.0 | 15.0 | 14.9 | 14.8 | 14.7 | 14.7 |
P7 | 16.8 | 16.8 | 17.0 | 17.2 | 17.4 | 18.3 | 18.5 | 18.5 | 18.5 | 18.3 | 18.1 | 17.8 | 17.5 | 17.5 | 17.4 | 17.3 | 17.3 | 17.3 | 17.3 | 17.1 | 17.1 | 17.0 | 16.9 | 16.7 | 16.7 |
P8 | 4.1 | 4.1 | 4.1 | 4.1 | 4.2 | 4.4 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.3 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 4.1 | 4.1 | 4.1 | 4.1 | 4.1 | 4.1 |
P9 | 10.6 | 10.2 | 10.0 | 10.2 | 10.3 | 11.0 | 11.2 | 11.3 | 11.5 | 11.2 | 11.1 | 10.9 | 10.6 | 10.5 | 10.5 | 10.6 | 10.6 | 10.5 | 10.5 | 10.5 | 10.6 | 10.5 | 10.3 | 10.5 | 10.5 |
P10 | 27.4 | 27.1 | 27.3 | 27.6 | 28.0 | 29.5 | 29.8 | 30.0 | 30.1 | 29.6 | 29.4 | 28.8 | 28.2 | 28.2 | 28.0 | 28.1 | 28.0 | 28.0 | 28.0 | 27.7 | 27.7 | 27.6 | 27.3 | 27.2 | 27.2 |
P11 | 44.0 | 43.9 | 44.4 | 45.0 | 45.5 | 47.8 | 48.3 | 48.5 | 48.5 | 47.8 | 47.5 | 46.6 | 45.8 | 45.8 | 45.5 | 45.4 | 45.2 | 45.4 | 45.3 | 44.9 | 44.8 | 44.6 | 44.2 | 43.8 | 43.8 |
P12 | 63.7 | 64.4 | 65.8 | 66.6 | 67.4 | 70.4 | 71.0 | 71.0 | 70.7 | 70.0 | 69.6 | 68.3 | 67.4 | 67.4 | 67.0 | 66.6 | 66.2 | 66.7 | 66.7 | 65.6 | 65.4 | 65.1 | 64.7 | 63.4 | 63.4 |
P13 | 13.1 | 12.9 | 12.9 | 13.1 | 13.3 | 14.0 | 14.2 | 14.3 | 14.3 | 14.1 | 14.0 | 13.7 | 13.4 | 13.4 | 13.3 | 13.4 | 13.3 | 13.3 | 13.3 | 13.2 | 13.2 | 13.1 | 13.0 | 13.0 | 13.0 |
P14 | 12.6 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.6 | 12.8 | 13.5 | 13.7 | 13.7 | 13.8 | 13.6 | 13.4 | 13.2 | 12.9 | 12.9 | 12.8 | 12.9 | 12.8 | 12.8 | 12.8 | 12.7 | 12.7 | 12.6 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 12.5 |
P15 | 4.5 | 4.7 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.1 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 4.9 | 4.8 | 4.9 | 4.9 | 4.8 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.5 | 4.5 |
P16 | 5.0 | 4.9 | 4.9 | 5.0 | 5.1 | 5.3 | 5.4 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.4 | 5.3 | 5.2 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 |
P17 | 6.1 | 5.5 | 5.1 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.8 | 6.0 | 6.1 | 6.4 | 6.1 | 6.0 | 5.9 | 5.6 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.7 | 5.8 | 5.6 | 5.5 | 5.7 | 5.8 | 5.7 | 5.6 | 6.1 | 6.1 |
P18 | 1.1 | 0.6 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 1.1 | 1.1 |
P19 | 5.9 | 6.1 | 6.2 | 6.3 | 6.4 | 6.6 | 6.7 | 6.7 | 6.6 | 6.6 | 6.5 | 6.4 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.2 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.2 | 6.1 | 6.1 | 6.1 | 5.9 | 5.9 |
P20 | 2.9 | 3.1 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 3.4 | 3.4 | 3.4 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 3.1 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 2.9 | 2.9 |
P21 | 58.2 | 58.7 | 59.8 | 60.6 | 61.3 | 64.2 | 64.7 | 64.7 | 64.5 | 63.8 | 63.4 | 62.2 | 61.4 | 61.3 | 61.0 | 60.7 | 60.3 | 60.7 | 60.7 | 59.8 | 59.6 | 59.4 | 59.0 | 57.9 | 57.9 |
P22 | 19.7 | 19.7 | 20.0 | 20.2 | 20.5 | 21.5 | 21.7 | 21.7 | 21.7 | 21.4 | 21.3 | 20.9 | 20.5 | 20.5 | 20.4 | 20.4 | 20.3 | 20.3 | 20.3 | 20.1 | 20.0 | 20.0 | 19.8 | 19.6 | 19.6 |
P23 | 34.5 | 35.3 | 36.3 | 36.7 | 37.2 | 38.7 | 38.9 | 38.8 | 38.5 | 38.2 | 38.0 | 37.3 | 37.0 | 37.0 | 36.7 | 36.4 | 36.1 | 36.5 | 36.5 | 35.8 | 35.6 | 35.5 | 35.3 | 34.4 | 34.4 |
P24 | 4.8 | 5.1 | 5.3 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.6 | 5.6 | 5.5 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.2 | 5.1 | 5.3 | 5.2 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.0 | 4.8 | 4.8 |
P25 | 9.6 | 10.1 | 10.6 | 10.7 | 10.8 | 11.2 | 11.2 | 11.1 | 10.9 | 10.9 | 10.9 | 10.7 | 10.7 | 10.7 | 10.6 | 10.4 | 10.3 | 10.5 | 10.5 | 10.2 | 10.1 | 10.1 | 10.1 | 9.6 | 9.6 |
Pipe No. | Flow Rate after Injecting H2 in Hourly Steps, Sm/s | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
t0 | t1 | t2 | t3 | t4 | t5 | t6 | t7 | t8 | t9 | t10 | t11 | t12 | t13 | t14 | t15 | t16 | t17 | t18 | t19 | t20 | t21 | t22 | t23 | t24 | |
P1 | 38.5 | 39.0 | 39.8 | 40.3 | 40.8 | 42.7 | 43.0 | 43.0 | 42.8 | 42.3 | 42.1 | 41.3 | 40.8 | 40.8 | 40.5 | 40.3 | 40.0 | 40.4 | 40.3 | 39.7 | 39.5 | 39.4 | 39.1 | 38.4 | 38.4 |
P2 | 21.9 | 22.2 | 22.7 | 23.0 | 23.2 | 24.3 | 24.5 | 24.5 | 24.4 | 24.1 | 24.0 | 23.5 | 23.2 | 23.2 | 23.1 | 22.9 | 22.8 | 23.0 | 23.0 | 22.6 | 22.5 | 22.4 | 22.3 | 21.9 | 21.9 |
P3 | 60.3 | 59.9 | 60.4 | 61.2 | 61.9 | 65.1 | 65.8 | 66.1 | 66.3 | 65.3 | 64.9 | 63.7 | 62.5 | 62.4 | 62.1 | 62.0 | 61.8 | 61.9 | 61.8 | 61.2 | 61.1 | 60.8 | 60.2 | 59.8 | 59.8 |
P4 | 20.0 | 20.1 | 20.4 | 20.6 | 20.9 | 21.9 | 22.1 | 22.1 | 22.1 | 21.8 | 21.7 | 21.3 | 21.0 | 20.9 | 20.8 | 20.7 | 20.6 | 20.7 | 20.7 | 20.5 | 20.4 | 20.3 | 20.2 | 19.9 | 19.9 |
P5 | 6.9 | 7.0 | 7.2 | 7.3 | 7.3 | 7.7 | 7.7 | 7.7 | 7.6 | 7.6 | 7.5 | 7.4 | 7.3 | 7.3 | 7.3 | 7.2 | 7.2 | 7.2 | 7.2 | 7.1 | 7.1 | 7.0 | 7.0 | 6.8 | 6.8 |
P6 | 14.9 | 14.9 | 15.1 | 15.3 | 15.5 | 16.2 | 16.4 | 16.4 | 16.4 | 16.2 | 16.1 | 15.8 | 15.5 | 15.5 | 15.4 | 15.4 | 15.3 | 15.4 | 15.4 | 15.2 | 15.1 | 15.1 | 15.0 | 14.8 | 14.8 |
P7 | 16.9 | 16.9 | 17.1 | 17.3 | 17.5 | 18.4 | 18.5 | 18.6 | 18.6 | 18.3 | 18.2 | 17.9 | 17.6 | 17.6 | 17.5 | 17.4 | 17.3 | 17.4 | 17.4 | 17.2 | 17.2 | 17.1 | 16.9 | 16.8 | 16.8 |
P8 | 4.1 | 4.0 | 4.1 | 4.1 | 4.2 | 4.4 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.3 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 4.1 | 4.1 | 4.1 | 4.1 |
P9 | 12.5 | 12.0 | 11.6 | 11.6 | 11.7 | 12.4 | 12.7 | 13.1 | 13.4 | 13.2 | 13.2 | 13.0 | 12.6 | 12.7 | 12.6 | 12.7 | 12.7 | 12.5 | 12.4 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.1 | 11.7 | 11.8 | 11.7 |
P10 | 28.3 | 28.0 | 28.0 | 28.3 | 28.6 | 30.1 | 30.5 | 30.8 | 31.0 | 30.5 | 30.3 | 29.8 | 29.2 | 29.2 | 29.0 | 29.0 | 28.9 | 28.9 | 28.8 | 28.6 | 28.6 | 28.3 | 28.0 | 27.9 | 27.8 |
P11 | 45.2 | 45.1 | 45.3 | 45.8 | 46.4 | 48.7 | 49.3 | 49.6 | 49.7 | 49.1 | 48.8 | 47.9 | 47.1 | 47.1 | 46.8 | 46.7 | 46.5 | 46.6 | 46.5 | 46.0 | 45.9 | 45.5 | 45.0 | 44.6 | 44.5 |
P12 | 63.6 | 64.4 | 65.8 | 66.6 | 67.3 | 70.4 | 71.0 | 71.0 | 70.6 | 69.9 | 69.5 | 68.2 | 67.3 | 67.3 | 66.9 | 66.5 | 66.1 | 66.6 | 66.6 | 65.6 | 65.3 | 65.1 | 64.6 | 63.4 | 63.4 |
P13 | 13.5 | 13.3 | 13.3 | 13.4 | 13.6 | 14.3 | 14.5 | 14.7 | 14.8 | 14.5 | 14.4 | 14.2 | 13.9 | 13.9 | 13.8 | 13.8 | 13.8 | 13.8 | 13.7 | 13.6 | 13.6 | 13.5 | 13.3 | 13.3 | 13.3 |
P14 | 13.0 | 12.8 | 12.8 | 12.9 | 13.1 | 13.8 | 14.0 | 14.1 | 14.2 | 14.0 | 13.9 | 13.7 | 13.4 | 13.3 | 13.3 | 13.3 | 13.3 | 13.2 | 13.2 | 13.1 | 13.1 | 13.0 | 12.8 | 12.8 | 12.8 |
P15 | 4.6 | 4.9 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.2 | 5.3 | 5.4 | 5.3 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.3 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.0 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 4.9 | 4.9 | 4.9 | 4.8 | 4.6 | 4.6 |
P16 | 5.2 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.2 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.6 | 5.6 | 5.6 | 5.5 | 5.4 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 |
P17 | 7.9 | 7.2 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 7.1 | 7.4 | 7.8 | 8.2 | 8.0 | 7.9 | 7.8 | 7.5 | 7.5 | 7.5 | 7.6 | 7.7 | 7.4 | 7.3 | 7.4 | 7.5 | 7.2 | 6.9 | 7.2 | 7.1 |
P18 | 2.7 | 2.1 | 1.4 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.6 | 1.8 | 2.2 | 2.6 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 2.3 | 2.4 | 2.2 | 2.1 | 2.2 | 2.3 | 2.0 | 1.8 | 2.2 | 2.1 |
P19 | 6.3 | 6.4 | 6.5 | 6.6 | 6.6 | 6.9 | 7.0 | 7.0 | 7.0 | 6.9 | 6.9 | 6.8 | 6.7 | 6.7 | 6.7 | 6.6 | 6.6 | 6.6 | 6.6 | 6.5 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 6.3 | 6.1 | 6.1 |
P20 | 3.2 | 3.3 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.6 | 3.6 | 3.6 | 3.6 | 3.6 | 3.6 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.4 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.4 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 3.1 | 3.1 |
P21 | 59.1 | 59.5 | 60.5 | 61.2 | 61.9 | 64.8 | 65.3 | 65.5 | 65.4 | 64.7 | 64.3 | 63.2 | 62.3 | 62.3 | 61.9 | 61.6 | 61.2 | 61.6 | 61.5 | 60.6 | 60.4 | 60.1 | 59.5 | 58.5 | 58.5 |
P22 | 20.5 | 20.5 | 20.6 | 20.8 | 21.1 | 22.1 | 22.4 | 22.5 | 22.6 | 22.3 | 22.2 | 21.8 | 21.5 | 21.5 | 21.4 | 21.3 | 21.2 | 21.3 | 21.2 | 20.9 | 20.9 | 20.7 | 20.4 | 20.2 | 20.1 |
P23 | 34.2 | 35.0 | 36.1 | 36.5 | 36.9 | 38.5 | 38.7 | 38.5 | 38.2 | 37.9 | 37.7 | 37.0 | 36.7 | 36.6 | 36.4 | 36.1 | 35.8 | 36.2 | 36.2 | 35.6 | 35.3 | 35.3 | 35.1 | 34.1 | 34.2 |
P24 | 5.0 | 5.2 | 5.4 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 5.6 | 5.6 | 5.6 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.4 | 5.3 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.3 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 4.9 | 4.9 |
P25 | 9.9 | 10.4 | 10.9 | 11.0 | 11.1 | 11.4 | 11.4 | 11.4 | 11.2 | 11.2 | 11.2 | 11.0 | 11.0 | 11.0 | 10.9 | 10.8 | 10.7 | 10.9 | 10.8 | 10.5 | 10.4 | 10.4 | 10.3 | 9.8 | 9.8 |
P26 | 1.9 | 1.8 | 1.6 | 1.5 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.6 | 1.8 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 2.0 | 1.9 | 1.8 | 1.6 | 1.4 | 1.3 | 1.2 |
P27 | 1.9 | 1.8 | 1.6 | 1.5 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.6 | 1.8 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 2.0 | 1.9 | 1.8 | 1.6 | 1.4 | 1.3 | 1.2 |
P28 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.4 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 1.6 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.7 | 1.6 | 1.5 | 1.4 | 1.2 | 1.1 | 1.0 |
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Composition | Fraction v/v, % | N-Density, kg/m | HHV, MJ/kg |
---|---|---|---|
C | 93.94 | 0.67 | 55.50 |
C | 4.2 | 1.038 | 51.90 |
C | 0.3 | 1.522 | 50.40 |
i-C | 0.03 | 2.50 | 49.10 |
n-C | 0.03 | 2.50 | 49.10 |
N | 1 | 0.966 | - |
CO | 0.5 | 1.977 | - |
Location on the Map | Max. H2% | Min. H2% | Average H2% | Duration, hr 10% < H2% | Duration, hr 5% < H2% < 10% | Duration, hr H2% < 5% |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
West | 11 | 2 | 7.8 | 3 | 20 | 1 |
South | 15.8 | 3.5 | 10.8 | 14 | 9 | 1 |
North | 6 | 3 | 4.3 | 0 | 8 | 16 |
East | 3.5 | 0.3 | 1.8 | 0 | 0 | 24 |
Node | Max Energy Demand | Multiple Injection Points | Single Injection Point | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Node 4 and Node 5 and Node 20 | Node 4 or Node 5 or Node 10 | ||||
MW | Max. H% | Min. H% | Max. H% | B% | |
4 | 2959 | 11 | 5.3 | 16.7 | 11.4 |
5 | 2018 | 15.8 | 3.5 | 23.6 | 16.4 |
10 | 3511 | 0.7 | 0.1 | 14.3 | 9.6 |
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Ekhtiari, A.; Flynn, D.; Syron, E. Investigation of the Multi-Point Injection of Green Hydrogen from Curtailed Renewable Power into a Gas Network. Energies 2020, 13, 6047. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13226047
Ekhtiari A, Flynn D, Syron E. Investigation of the Multi-Point Injection of Green Hydrogen from Curtailed Renewable Power into a Gas Network. Energies. 2020; 13(22):6047. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13226047
Chicago/Turabian StyleEkhtiari, Ali, Damian Flynn, and Eoin Syron. 2020. "Investigation of the Multi-Point Injection of Green Hydrogen from Curtailed Renewable Power into a Gas Network" Energies 13, no. 22: 6047. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13226047