From Firm Solar Power Forecasts to Firm Solar Power Generation an Effective Path to Ultra-High Renewable Penetration a New York Case Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. New York Independent System Operator (NYISO) Case Study
2.2. Firm Power Forecasts
- The capital costs of PV and storage. We consider two scenarios: (1) a present/near-future scenario with PV at $1000/kWptc and storage at $200/kWh and, (2) a future scenario at the 20 years horizon with PV at $400/kWptc and storage at $50/kWh [37].
- The round-trip efficiency of storage. We assume 90%.
- Whether storage can be recharged at night during off-hours. We make this assumption here, whereby storage can be recharged at night at a conservatively ‘generic’ cost of $0.15/kWh.
- The amount of flexibility allowed by the TSOs to deem forecasts firm. We consider two scenarios: (1) 0% flexibility, i.e., the output seen by the grid must be equal to the forecast; (2) 2.5% flexibility, i.e., the output seen by the grid may differ from the forecast by an amount exceeding at most 25 Watts per installed kW; (3) 5% flexibility, where differences between actual and predicted generation must be below 50 Watts per installed PV kW.
2.3. Firm Power Generation
- The target output is not the forecast, but the [regional] NYISO load.
- Since the objective is to supply the demand 24/7 at high-penetration, there is no external battery recharge possibility at night or in off-hours. Storage can only be recharged when renewable production exceeds demand.
- We also consider flexibility defined not in terms of forecast guaranties, but in terms of the fraction of energy allowed from external, non-renewable sources. This external source could be supply-side, e.g., from legacy or new natural gas units, and/or demand-side from load management. We consider flexibility levels of 0%, 2.5% and 5%.
- Unlike for forecasts where the target load (i.e., the forecast production) is largely independent of PV configuration, meeting a target load shape depends on PV configuration. We selected a fixed 30° tilt south-facing array geometry.
2.4. Evolving Penetration Strategy
2.5. Key Performance Indicators
- Optimum storage requirements—quantified in terms of installed PV capacity-hours.
- Optimum overbuilding—quantified as a percentage above unconstrained PV capacity needed to meet energy requirements without curtailment.
- Additional CapEx from storage and overbuild requirements—quantified in $/kW.
- “Bottom line” LCOE of optimally configured PV—quantified in cents per [firm] kWh.
3. Results
3.1. Firm Forecasts
3.2. Firm Power Generation
3.3. Evolving Penetration
3.4. Regional and Fleet Configuration Trends
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
1 h Forecasts | Current Technology Cost: PV @ $1000/kW, Storage @ $200/kWh | Future Technology Cost: PV @ $400/kW, Storage @ $50/kWh | |||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No Flexibility | 2.5% Flexibility | 5% Flexibility | No Flexibility | 2.5% Flexibility | 5% Flexibility | ||||||||||||||||||||
Electrical Region | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | |
homogeneously dispersed fleets | Entire NYISO | 201 | 0.61 | 4% | 5.22 | 140 | 0.41 | 4% | 4.96 | 92 | 0.38 | 0% | 4.75 | 75 | 0.92 | 1% | 2.07 | 53 | 0.47 | 3% | 1.97 | 35 | 0.31 | 2% | 1.89 |
Region A | 226 | 0.73 | 4% | 5.33 | 188 | 0.60 | 4% | 5.17 | 134 | 0.56 | −2% | 4.93 | 94 | 0.73 | 4% | 2.15 | 71 | 0.64 | 4% | 2.05 | 60 | 0.64 | 3% | 2.00 | |
Region B | 236 | 0.84 | 3% | 5.37 | 194 | 0.71 | 3% | 5.20 | 161 | 0.67 | −2% | 5.05 | 91 | 0.84 | 3% | 2.14 | 70 | 0.71 | 3% | 2.05 | 60 | 0.78 | 1% | 2.00 | |
Region C | 259 | 0.75 | 6% | 5.48 | 194 | 0.61 | 5% | 5.20 | 154 | 0.59 | 0% | 5.02 | 93 | 1.09 | 2% | 2.14 | 70 | 0.83 | 2% | 2.04 | 56 | 0.64 | 2% | 1.98 | |
Region D | 228 | 0.60 | 6% | 5.34 | 156 | 0.47 | 4% | 5.03 | 119 | 0.42 | 2% | 4.87 | 87 | 1.16 | 1% | 2.12 | 60 | 0.53 | 3% | 2.00 | 44 | 0.42 | 2% | 1.93 | |
Region E | 224 | 0.65 | 5% | 5.32 | 165 | 0.42 | 6% | 5.07 | 117 | 0.38 | 2% | 4.86 | 81 | 1.03 | 1% | 2.09 | 62 | 0.68 | 2% | 2.01 | 47 | 0.38 | 2% | 1.94 | |
Region F | 228 | 0.36 | 10% | 5.34 | 169 | 0.39 | 5% | 5.09 | 110 | 0.34 | 1% | 4.83 | 100 | 1.20 | 2% | 2.18 | 71 | 0.53 | 5% | 2.05 | 51 | 0.29 | 3% | 1.96 | |
Region G | 208 | 0.42 | 7% | 5.26 | 155 | 0.39 | 5% | 5.03 | 113 | 0.36 | 0% | 4.84 | 86 | 0.71 | 3% | 2.11 | 67 | 0.39 | 5% | 2.03 | 56 | 0.56 | 2% | 1.98 | |
Region H | 300 | 0.77 | 3% | 5.65 | 249 | 0.66 | 3% | 5.43 | 197 | 0.61 | 0% | 5.21 | 106 | 1.29 | 2% | 2.20 | 97 | 1.00 | 4% | 2.16 | 87 | 0.71 | 6% | 2.12 | |
Region I | 261 | 0.87 | 4% | 5.49 | 225 | 0.76 | 3% | 5.33 | 200 | 0.72 | 2% | 5.22 | 107 | 0.87 | 4% | 2.20 | 91 | 0.71 | 5% | 2.13 | 80 | 0.74 | 4% | 2.09 | |
Region J | 225 | 0.69 | 4% | 5.33 | 189 | 0.58 | 3% | 5.17 | 156 | 0.50 | 3% | 5.03 | 96 | 0.69 | 4% | 2.16 | 80 | 0.53 | 5% | 2.09 | 61 | 0.59 | 2% | 2.01 | |
Region K | 229 | 0.66 | 5% | 5.35 | 194 | 0.46 | 4% | 5.19 | 148 | 0.44 | 0% | 4.99 | 97 | 0.77 | 4% | 2.16 | 84 | 0.72 | 5% | 2.11 | 66 | 0.77 | 2% | 2.03 | |
Individual locations | Region A | 291 | 0.88 | 6% | 5.62 | 251 | 0.77 | 6% | 5.44 | 224 | 0.70 | 2% | 5.32 | 124 | 0.88 | 6% | 2.28 | 100 | 0.88 | 5% | 2.17 | 89 | 0.78 | 5% | 2.13 |
Region B | 280 | 0.89 | 5% | 5.57 | 245 | 0.73 | 5% | 5.41 | 216 | 0.63 | 5% | 5.29 | 113 | 0.98 | 4% | 2.23 | 104 | 0.69 | 7% | 2.19 | 91 | 0.88 | 2% | 2.14 | |
Region C | 279 | 0.76 | 7% | 5.56 | 252 | 0.72 | 7% | 5.45 | 235 | 0.62 | 8% | 5.37 | 117 | 0.97 | 5% | 2.25 | 98 | 1.16 | 3% | 2.17 | 87 | 0.89 | 4% | 2.12 | |
Region D | 265 | 0.92 | 4% | 5.50 | 234 | 0.88 | 3% | 5.37 | 201 | 0.72 | 3% | 5.22 | 101 | 1.03 | 3% | 2.18 | 84 | 0.88 | 3% | 2.11 | 74 | 0.72 | 3% | 2.06 | |
Region E | 305 | 0.75 | 9% | 5.68 | 276 | 0.83 | 7% | 5.55 | 246 | 0.84 | 0% | 5.42 | 114 | 1.39 | 2% | 2.24 | 104 | 1.05 | 4% | 2.19 | 97 | 0.75 | 7% | 2.16 | |
Region F | 277 | 0.82 | 6% | 5.55 | 259 | 0.56 | 5% | 5.48 | 227 | 0.58 | 2% | 5.34 | 115 | 0.90 | 5% | 2.24 | 102 | 0.93 | 5% | 2.18 | 96 | 0.82 | 6% | 2.16 | |
Region G | 291 | 0.95 | 5% | 5.62 | 272 | 0.68 | 4% | 5.53 | 226 | 0.64 | 0% | 5.33 | 116 | 1.26 | 3% | 2.24 | 104 | 1.09 | 4% | 2.19 | 104 | 0.86 | 7% | 2.19 | |
Region H | 326 | 0.92 | 8% | 5.77 | 280 | 0.76 | 3% | 5.57 | 230 | 0.70 | 0% | 5.35 | 116 | 1.45 | 2% | 2.25 | 105 | 1.27 | 3% | 2.20 | 97 | 1.19 | 3% | 2.16 | |
Region I | 291 | 1.02 | 4% | 5.62 | 254 | 0.78 | 6% | 5.45 | 230 | 0.70 | 5% | 5.35 | 114 | 1.22 | 3% | 2.24 | 100 | 0.87 | 5% | 2.18 | 89 | 0.87 | 4% | 2.13 | |
Region J | 270 | 0.99 | 2% | 5.52 | 234 | 0.74 | 5% | 5.37 | 203 | 0.72 | 2% | 5.23 | 104 | 1.01 | 3% | 2.19 | 92 | 0.84 | 4% | 2.14 | 74 | 0.83 | 2% | 2.06 | |
Region K | 289 | 0.70 | 9% | 5.61 | 248 | 0.83 | 5% | 5.43 | 229 | 0.67 | 4% | 5.34 | 108 | 1.19 | 3% | 2.21 | 94 | 0.83 | 5% | 2.15 | 87 | 0.82 | 5% | 2.12 |
1 h Forecasts | Current Technology Cost: PV @ $1000/kW, Storage @ $200/kWh | Future Technology Cost: PV @ $400/kW, Storage @ $50/kWh | |||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No Flexibility | 2.5% flexibIlity | 5% Flexibility | No Flexibility | 2.5% Flexibility | 5% Flexibility | ||||||||||||||||||||
Electrical Region | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | |
homogeneously dispersed fleets | Entire NYISO | 585 | 0.88 | 27% | 6.89 | 472 | 0.74 | 23% | 6.40 | 383 | 0.58 | 21% | 6.02 | 278 | 2.01 | 26% | 2.95 | 210 | 1.39 | 23% | 2.65 | 164 | 0.63 | 25% | 2.45 |
Region A | 733 | 1.62 | 15% | 7.54 | 616 | 1.58 | 8% | 7.03 | 512 | 1.51 | 3% | 6.58 | 368 | 1.53 | 29% | 3.34 | 292 | 3.93 | 12% | 3.01 | 220 | 2.45 | 14% | 2.70 | |
Region B | 737 | 1.54 | 16% | 7.55 | 616 | 1.55 | 6% | 7.03 | 511 | 1.50 | 1% | 6.57 | 383 | 1.38 | 29% | 3.41 | 308 | 2.12 | 29% | 3.08 | 246 | 2.22 | 20% | 2.81 | |
Region C | 690 | 1.14 | 25% | 7.35 | 577 | 1.11 | 19% | 6.86 | 480 | 1.05 | 15% | 6.44 | 343 | 1.79 | 28% | 3.23 | 270 | 1.53 | 26% | 2.92 | 220 | 1.13 | 28% | 2.70 | |
Region D | 1164 | 3.19 | 28% | 9.41 | 1016 | 3.01 | 21% | 8.77 | 883 | 2.87 | 13% | 8.19 | 472 | 6.27 | 23% | 3.79 | 417 | 5.60 | 22% | 3.55 | 356 | 2.48 | 28% | 3.29 | |
Region E | 757 | 1.37 | 29% | 7.64 | 620 | 1.01 | 29% | 7.05 | 517 | 0.87 | 25% | 6.60 | 338 | 2.73 | 26% | 3.21 | 277 | 1.77 | 29% | 2.94 | 229 | 1.89 | 21% | 2.74 | |
Region F | 808 | 1.62 | 29% | 7.86 | 692 | 1.62 | 17% | 7.36 | 584 | 1.54 | 11% | 6.89 | 388 | 4.04 | 29% | 3.43 | 317 | 1.43 | 29% | 3.12 | 265 | 1.28 | 29% | 2.89 | |
Region G | 794 | 1.94 | 24% | 7.80 | 683 | 1.92 | 18% | 7.32 | 604 | 1.75 | 17% | 6.98 | 321 | 2.56 | 29% | 3.13 | 270 | 1.95 | 29% | 2.92 | 233 | 1.60 | 25% | 2.75 | |
Region H | 681 | 2.16 | 17% | 7.31 | 612 | 1.85 | 17% | 7.01 | 558 | 1.57 | 19% | 6.78 | 252 | 2.20 | 18% | 2.84 | 228 | 1.76 | 21% | 2.73 | 207 | 1.48 | 22% | 2.64 | |
Region I | 663 | 2.03 | 15% | 7.23 | 572 | 1.70 | 16% | 6.84 | 510 | 1.34 | 19% | 6.57 | 246 | 2.36 | 15% | 2.81 | 217 | 1.78 | 18% | 2.68 | 194 | 1.67 | 15% | 2.59 | |
Region J | 720 | 1.61 | 19% | 7.48 | 631 | 1.47 | 17% | 7.09 | 551 | 1.43 | 12% | 6.75 | 242 | 3.19 | 10% | 2.79 | 214 | 2.74 | 11% | 2.67 | 207 | 2.41 | 14% | 2.64 | |
Region K | 672 | 2.03 | 21% | 7.27 | 590 | 1.82 | 19% | 6.92 | 518 | 1.66 | 16% | 6.60 | 240 | 2.35 | 18% | 2.78 | 201 | 2.39 | 13% | 2.61 | 173 | 1.66 | 16% | 2.49 | |
Individual locations | Region A | 1056 | 2.71 | 29% | 8.94 | 977 | 2.52 | 29% | 8.60 | 903 | 2.32 | 29% | 8.28 | 421 | 4.93 | 23% | 3.57 | 361 | 3.41 | 29% | 3.31 | 342 | 3.34 | 29% | 3.23 |
Region B | 935 | 2.43 | 16% | 8.42 | 827 | 2.23 | 16% | 7.95 | 738 | 2.04 | 16% | 7.56 | 453 | 3.83 | 27% | 3.71 | 376 | 3.41 | 24% | 3.38 | 327 | 3.34 | 23% | 3.16 | |
Region C | 972 | 2.41 | 18% | 8.58 | 838 | 2.34 | 7% | 8.00 | 712 | 2.24 | 0% | 7.45 | 426 | 3.69 | 29% | 3.59 | 350 | 3.72 | 20% | 3.26 | 305 | 3.18 | 20% | 3.07 | |
Region D | 1425 | 3.82 | 29% | 10.55 | 1276 | 3.48 | 29% | 9.90 | 1145 | 3.29 | 24% | 9.33 | 594 | 8.43 | 29% | 4.32 | 543 | 7.86 | 29% | 4.10 | 486 | 7.03 | 27% | 3.85 | |
Region E | 829 | 1.83 | 27% | 7.95 | 737 | 1.59 | 29% | 7.56 | 671 | 1.40 | 29% | 7.27 | 389 | 1.87 | 28% | 3.43 | 323 | 1.75 | 28% | 3.14 | 280 | 1.54 | 29% | 2.96 | |
Region F | 1027 | 2.47 | 28% | 8.82 | 930 | 2.25 | 29% | 8.40 | 846 | 2.26 | 20% | 8.03 | 378 | 4.03 | 29% | 3.38 | 326 | 3.26 | 29% | 3.16 | 300 | 2.84 | 27% | 3.05 | |
Region G | 983 | 3.14 | 10% | 8.63 | 887 | 2.96 | 15% | 8.21 | 827 | 2.75 | 19% | 7.95 | 381 | 3.85 | 26% | 3.40 | 330 | 3.12 | 27% | 3.18 | 290 | 2.76 | 25% | 3.00 | |
Region H | 805 | 2.49 | 14% | 7.85 | 705 | 2.20 | 20% | 7.41 | 658 | 2.02 | 20% | 7.21 | 285 | 2.78 | 19% | 2.98 | 250 | 2.20 | 21% | 2.83 | 232 | 1.98 | 22% | 2.75 | |
Region I | 705 | 2.15 | 15% | 7.42 | 635 | 1.87 | 16% | 7.11 | 580 | 1.59 | 18% | 6.87 | 268 | 2.90 | 15% | 2.91 | 242 | 2.47 | 17% | 2.79 | 223 | 2.08 | 19% | 2.71 | |
Region J | 819 | 3.18 | 13% | 7.91 | 739 | 2.12 | 10% | 7.56 | 660 | 2.10 | 1% | 7.22 | 264 | 3.18 | 13% | 2.89 | 250 | 2.94 | 15% | 2.83 | 238 | 2.68 | 17% | 2.78 | |
Region K | 1129 | 3.37 | 22% | 9.26 | 1024 | 3.14 | 19% | 8.80 | 925 | 3.03 | 11% | 8.37 | 476 | 3.20 | 29% | 3.81 | 425 | 2.89 | 29% | 3.59 | 381 | 2.59 | 29% | 3.40 |
1 Hour Forecasts | Current Technology Cost: PV @ $1000/kW, Storage @ $200/kWh | Future Technology Cost: PV @ $400/kW, Storage @ $50/kWh | |||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No Flexibility | 2.5% Flexibility | 5% Flexibility | No Flexibility | 2.5% Flexibility | 5% Flexibility | ||||||||||||||||||||
Electrical Region | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | |
homogeneously dispersed fleets | Entire NYISO | 522 | 1.22 | 7% | 6.62 | 382 | 1.12 | 1% | 6.01 | 274 | 1.00 | 0% | 5.54 | 275 | 1.00 | 21% | 2.93 | 193 | 0.95 | 12% | 2.58 | 132 | 0.93 | 3% | 2.31 |
Region A | 640 | 1.61 | 4% | 7.13 | 492 | 1.44 | 0% | 6.49 | 368 | 1.22 | 0% | 5.95 | 339 | 1.38 | 24% | 3.22 | 257 | 1.25 | 15% | 2.86 | 189 | 1.13 | 6% | 2.56 | |
Region B | 629 | 1.60 | 5% | 7.09 | 485 | 1.44 | 0% | 6.46 | 363 | 1.22 | 0% | 5.93 | 337 | 1.45 | 19% | 3.21 | 252 | 1.29 | 13% | 2.84 | 186 | 1.15 | 5% | 2.55 | |
Region C | 612 | 1.44 | 6% | 7.01 | 472 | 1.34 | 0% | 6.40 | 356 | 1.17 | 0% | 5.90 | 330 | 1.16 | 27% | 3.18 | 250 | 1.12 | 15% | 2.83 | 185 | 1.06 | 6% | 2.55 | |
Region D | 749 | 1.59 | 25% | 7.61 | 604 | 1.65 | 12% | 6.98 | 479 | 1.69 | 0% | 6.43 | 349 | 2.77 | 27% | 3.26 | 278 | 2.24 | 25% | 2.95 | 212 | 1.34 | 13% | 2.66 | |
Region E | 609 | 1.45 | 6% | 7.00 | 464 | 1.36 | 0% | 6.37 | 350 | 1.21 | 0% | 5.87 | 325 | 1.24 | 21% | 3.16 | 239 | 1.15 | 14% | 2.78 | 173 | 1.11 | 5% | 2.49 | |
Region F | 587 | 1.11 | 16% | 6.91 | 454 | 0.96 | 12% | 6.33 | 344 | 0.86 | 7% | 5.84 | 321 | 1.04 | 23% | 3.14 | 237 | 0.92 | 14% | 2.77 | 173 | 0.76 | 10% | 2.49 | |
Region G | 624 | 1.61 | 12% | 7.06 | 502 | 1.44 | 7% | 6.53 | 393 | 1.37 | 0% | 6.06 | 304 | 1.46 | 21% | 3.06 | 237 | 1.31 | 15% | 2.77 | 185 | 1.27 | 4% | 2.54 | |
Region H | 697 | 2.41 | 2% | 7.38 | 593 | 2.21 | 0% | 6.93 | 508 | 2.01 | 0% | 6.56 | 302 | 2.40 | 12% | 3.06 | 249 | 2.15 | 9% | 2.82 | 210 | 1.89 | 7% | 2.65 | |
Region I | 693 | 2.20 | 10% | 7.37 | 594 | 2.17 | 0% | 6.93 | 506 | 1.94 | 0% | 6.55 | 298 | 2.30 | 13% | 3.04 | 245 | 1.92 | 15% | 2.81 | 214 | 1.69 | 16% | 2.67 | |
Region J | 585 | 1.79 | 4% | 6.89 | 465 | 1.63 | 0% | 6.37 | 375 | 1.40 | 0% | 5.98 | 253 | 1.92 | 15% | 2.84 | 211 | 1.56 | 17% | 2.66 | 172 | 1.36 | 3% | 2.49 | |
Region K | 579 | 1.51 | 19% | 6.87 | 479 | 1.62 | 2% | 6.44 | 382 | 1.48 | 0% | 6.01 | 233 | 2.36 | 10% | 2.75 | 186 | 1.83 | 12% | 2.55 | 156 | 1.24 | 10% | 2.42 | |
Individual locations | Region A | 768 | 1.77 | 8% | 7.69 | 633 | 1.57 | 6% | 7.10 | 516 | 1.43 | 0% | 6.59 | 428 | 4.62 | 27% | 3.60 | 352 | 1.42 | 20% | 3.27 | 283 | 1.30 | 12% | 2.97 |
Region B | 755 | 1.97 | 7% | 7.64 | 626 | 1.80 | 4% | 7.07 | 512 | 1.69 | 0% | 6.58 | 404 | 1.54 | 23% | 3.50 | 325 | 1.45 | 17% | 3.15 | 258 | 1.36 | 11% | 2.86 | |
Region C | 786 | 1.87 | 10% | 7.77 | 653 | 1.65 | 8% | 7.19 | 532 | 1.64 | 0% | 6.66 | 418 | 1.97 | 25% | 3.56 | 339 | 1.93 | 14% | 3.21 | 273 | 1.77 | 10% | 2.93 | |
Region D | 791 | 1.85 | 20% | 7.79 | 676 | 1.85 | 7% | 7.29 | 570 | 1.84 | 0% | 6.83 | 365 | 2.21 | 29% | 3.33 | 302 | 1.63 | 29% | 3.06 | 256 | 1.87 | 29% | 2.85 | |
Region E | 671 | 1.46 | 7% | 7.27 | 554 | 1.42 | 1% | 6.76 | 450 | 1.31 | 0% | 6.31 | 400 | 1.32 | 18% | 3.48 | 317 | 1.39 | 12% | 3.12 | 254 | 1.26 | 12% | 2.84 | |
Region F | 732 | 1.90 | 10% | 7.53 | 603 | 1.82 | 1% | 6.97 | 482 | 1.63 | 0% | 6.45 | 372 | 1.52 | 27% | 3.36 | 304 | 1.38 | 21% | 3.06 | 245 | 1.67 | 4% | 2.81 | |
Region G | 684 | 1.71 | 7% | 7.33 | 565 | 1.51 | 4% | 6.81 | 454 | 1.40 | 0% | 6.33 | 330 | 3.33 | 13% | 3.18 | 274 | 2.64 | 14% | 2.93 | 228 | 1.92 | 16% | 2.73 | |
Region H | 749 | 2.20 | 8% | 7.61 | 640 | 2.13 | −2% | 7.13 | 540 | 1.91 | 0% | 6.70 | 317 | 2.71 | 16% | 3.12 | 276 | 3.17 | 10% | 2.94 | 237 | 2.74 | 10% | 2.77 | |
Region I | 700 | 2.38 | 9% | 7.39 | 627 | 2.31 | 0% | 7.08 | 542 | 2.09 | 0% | 6.71 | 283 | 2.54 | 11% | 2.97 | 237 | 2.12 | 12% | 2.77 | 209 | 2.19 | 10% | 2.65 | |
Region J | 600 | 1.81 | 1% | 6.96 | 483 | 1.61 | 0% | 6.45 | 394 | 1.39 | 0% | 6.06 | 275 | 2.20 | 15% | 2.94 | 231 | 1.86 | 16% | 2.74 | 194 | 1.35 | 3% | 2.58 | |
Region K | 686 | 2.17 | 9% | 7.33 | 604 | 1.94 | 9% | 6.98 | 532 | 1.91 | 0% | 6.66 | 303 | 2.53 | 15% | 3.06 | 255 | 1.87 | 14% | 2.85 | 219 | 1.70 | 10% | 2.69 |
3 h Forecasts | Current Technology Cost: PV @ $1000/kW, Storage @ $200/kWh | Future Technology Cost: PV @ $400/kW, Storage @ $50/kWh | |||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No Flexibility | 2.5% Flexibility | 5% Flexibility | No Flexibility | 2.5% Flexibility | 5% Flexibility | ||||||||||||||||||||
Electrical Region | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | |
homogeneously dispersed fleets | Entire NYISO | 486 | 1.90 | 3% | 6.46 | 435 | 1.73 | 3% | 6.24 | 386 | 1.56 | 3% | 6.03 | 182 | 2.09 | 2% | 2.53 | 156 | 1.73 | 3% | 2.42 | 134 | 1.56 | 3% | 1.90 |
Region A | 584 | 2.30 | 4% | 6.89 | 566 | 2.13 | 7% | 6.81 | 538 | 2.11 | 0% | 6.69 | 209 | 2.39 | 3% | 2.65 | 184 | 2.61 | 1% | 2.54 | 169 | 2.64 | 0% | 1.71 | |
Region B | 618 | 2.66 | 2% | 7.04 | 589 | 2.51 | 3% | 6.91 | 564 | 2.38 | 4% | 6.80 | 208 | 2.66 | 2% | 2.64 | 195 | 2.51 | 3% | 2.59 | 183 | 2.38 | 4% | 1.97 | |
Region C | 676 | 2.78 | 4% | 7.29 | 632 | 2.27 | 10% | 7.10 | 597 | 2.09 | 12% | 6.95 | 230 | 2.89 | 3% | 2.74 | 213 | 2.70 | 4% | 2.67 | 198 | 2.67 | 4% | 1.99 | |
Region D | 578 | 2.55 | 1% | 6.86 | 496 | 2.12 | 2% | 6.51 | 429 | 1.84 | 2% | 6.22 | 184 | 2.69 | 0% | 2.54 | 166 | 2.12 | 2% | 2.46 | 142 | 1.84 | 2% | 1.91 | |
Region E | 581 | 2.64 | 0% | 6.88 | 490 | 2.08 | 2% | 6.48 | 429 | 1.83 | 2% | 6.21 | 184 | 2.87 | −1% | 2.54 | 163 | 2.77 | −2% | 2.45 | 142 | 1.83 | 2% | 1.92 | |
Region F | 540 | 1.86 | 7% | 6.70 | 477 | 1.65 | 7% | 6.42 | 420 | 1.51 | 6% | 6.18 | 195 | 2.38 | 2% | 2.59 | 173 | 2.17 | 2% | 2.49 | 153 | 1.78 | 3% | 1.93 | |
Region G | 496 | 1.52 | 8% | 6.51 | 434 | 1.33 | 8% | 6.24 | 381 | 1.16 | 7% | 6.01 | 211 | 2.81 | 1% | 2.66 | 182 | 2.42 | 1% | 2.53 | 152 | 2.17 | 0% | 1.71 | |
Region H | 598 | 1.56 | 15% | 6.95 | 558 | 1.69 | 12% | 6.78 | 508 | 1.78 | 8% | 6.56 | 247 | 3.40 | 2% | 2.81 | 214 | 2.96 | 2% | 2.67 | 183 | 2.72 | 1% | 1.71 | |
Region I | 595 | 2.25 | 5% | 6.94 | 560 | 2.10 | 6% | 6.79 | 523 | 1.99 | 6% | 6.62 | 227 | 2.25 | 5% | 2.73 | 196 | 2.61 | 2% | 2.59 | 173 | 2.35 | 2% | 1.71 | |
Region J | 511 | 1.66 | 7% | 6.57 | 469 | 1.56 | 7% | 6.39 | 444 | 1.52 | 7% | 6.28 | 215 | 1.76 | 6% | 2.68 | 190 | 2.03 | 4% | 2.57 | 171 | 1.91 | 4% | 1.71 | |
Region K | 555 | 2.08 | 5% | 6.77 | 486 | 1.63 | 8% | 6.46 | 417 | 1.50 | 6% | 6.16 | 205 | 2.39 | 3% | 2.63 | 181 | 2.03 | 4% | 2.53 | 153 | 1.58 | 5% | 1.71 | |
Individual locations | Region A | 708 | 2.93 | 4% | 7.43 | 666 | 2.67 | 6% | 7.25 | 640 | 2.24 | 12% | 7.14 | 240 | 3.05 | 3% | 2.78 | 228 | 2.92 | 4% | 2.73 | 218 | 2.60 | 7% | 1.71 |
Region B | 649 | 2.54 | 5% | 7.17 | 602 | 2.31 | 6% | 6.97 | 563 | 2.19 | 6% | 6.80 | 238 | 3.64 | 0% | 2.78 | 219 | 2.47 | 5% | 2.69 | 197 | 2.30 | 5% | 1.71 | |
Region C | 669 | 2.75 | 4% | 7.26 | 642 | 2.55 | 6% | 7.14 | 625 | 2.47 | 7% | 7.07 | 233 | 2.75 | 4% | 2.75 | 223 | 2.55 | 6% | 2.71 | 212 | 2.47 | 7% | 1.71 | |
Region D | 623 | 2.45 | 5% | 7.06 | 575 | 2.28 | 5% | 6.85 | 521 | 2.12 | 4% | 6.62 | 224 | 2.60 | 4% | 2.72 | 200 | 2.38 | 4% | 2.61 | 179 | 2.12 | 4% | 1.71 | |
Region E | 666 | 2.96 | 1% | 7.25 | 614 | 2.67 | 2% | 7.02 | 563 | 2.33 | 4% | 6.80 | 214 | 3.18 | 0% | 2.67 | 201 | 2.67 | 2% | 2.61 | 187 | 2.43 | 3% | 1.71 | |
Region F | 532 | 1.84 | 6% | 6.66 | 482 | 1.74 | 5% | 6.45 | 430 | 1.61 | 4% | 6.22 | 204 | 2.36 | 2% | 2.63 | 182 | 2.10 | 2% | 2.53 | 158 | 1.77 | 2% | 1.94 | |
Region G | 594 | 1.86 | 10% | 6.94 | 539 | 1.69 | 10% | 6.69 | 506 | 1.56 | 11% | 6.55 | 251 | 2.08 | 8% | 2.83 | 225 | 1.69 | 10% | 2.72 | 205 | 3.28 | −1% | 2.00 | |
Region H | 779 | 1.92 | 7% | 7.74 | 693 | 1.85 | 3% | 7.36 | 611 | 1.75 | 2% | 7.01 | 293 | 5.14 | −1% | 3.02 | 269 | 4.74 | −1% | 2.91 | 238 | 4.05 | 0% | 2.05 | |
Region I | 624 | 2.24 | 7% | 7.06 | 575 | 2.18 | 6% | 6.85 | 548 | 1.99 | 8% | 6.73 | 246 | 2.24 | 7% | 2.81 | 212 | 2.18 | 6% | 2.66 | 201 | 2.11 | 7% | 2.00 | |
Region J | 576 | 2.06 | 6% | 6.85 | 538 | 1.96 | 5% | 6.69 | 499 | 1.85 | 5% | 6.52 | 231 | 2.06 | 6% | 2.75 | 210 | 2.04 | 6% | 2.65 | 189 | 1.82 | 7% | 1.71 | |
Region K | 768 | 1.68 | 28% | 7.69 | 748 | 2.64 | 13% | 7.60 | 668 | 1.91 | −2% | 7.26 | 268 | 3.13 | 6% | 2.90 | 254 | 3.08 | 7% | 2.84 | 242 | 2.85 | 9% | 2.06 |
3 h Forecasts | Current Technology Cost: PV @ $1000/kW, Storage @ $200/kWh | Future Technology Cost: PV @ $400/kW, Storage @ $50/kWh | |||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No Flexibility | 2.5% Flexibility | 5% Flexibility | No Flexibility | 2.5% Flexibility | 5% Flexibility | ||||||||||||||||||||
Electrical Region | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | |
homogeneously dispersed fleets | Entire NYISO | 564 | 0.73 | 29% | 6.81 | 462 | 0.56 | 27% | 6.36 | 379 | 0.45 | 24% | 6.00 | 271 | 1.74 | 28% | 2.92 | 204 | 1.17 | 25% | 2.63 | 160 | 0.50 | 26% | 1.94 |
Region A | 787 | 1.83 | 20% | 7.77 | 665 | 1.70 | 15% | 7.24 | 557 | 1.64 | 7% | 6.77 | 379 | 1.67 | 28% | 3.39 | 302 | 1.53 | 24% | 3.06 | 230 | 2.55 | 15% | 1.71 | |
Region B | 819 | 1.92 | 19% | 7.91 | 700 | 1.80 | 15% | 7.40 | 593 | 1.83 | 4% | 6.93 | 391 | 2.32 | 29% | 3.44 | 311 | 2.10 | 29% | 3.09 | 248 | 2.18 | 21% | 2.07 | |
Region C | 751 | 1.60 | 22% | 7.62 | 644 | 1.53 | 18% | 7.15 | 545 | 1.64 | 3% | 6.72 | 344 | 1.89 | 29% | 3.24 | 271 | 1.43 | 29% | 2.92 | 224 | 1.26 | 28% | 2.03 | |
Region D | 1150 | 3.09 | 29% | 9.35 | 1005 | 2.92 | 22% | 8.72 | 870 | 2.80 | 13% | 8.13 | 467 | 6.12 | 24% | 3.77 | 411 | 5.52 | 22% | 3.53 | 354 | 2.43 | 27% | 2.22 | |
Region E | 751 | 1.36 | 29% | 7.62 | 615 | 1.00 | 29% | 7.03 | 512 | 0.82 | 26% | 6.58 | 329 | 2.68 | 26% | 3.17 | 272 | 1.83 | 28% | 2.92 | 226 | 1.69 | 23% | 2.03 | |
Region F | 802 | 1.59 | 29% | 7.84 | 690 | 1.53 | 21% | 7.35 | 586 | 1.51 | 12% | 6.90 | 389 | 1.61 | 29% | 3.43 | 315 | 1.38 | 29% | 3.11 | 262 | 1.21 | 29% | 2.09 | |
Region G | 818 | 1.97 | 26% | 7.91 | 705 | 2.00 | 18% | 7.42 | 627 | 1.74 | 20% | 7.08 | 336 | 2.71 | 29% | 3.20 | 286 | 1.99 | 29% | 2.98 | 244 | 1.57 | 26% | 1.71 | |
Region H | 828 | 2.37 | 15% | 7.95 | 722 | 2.09 | 15% | 7.49 | 636 | 1.93 | 11% | 7.12 | 291 | 3.05 | 19% | 3.01 | 261 | 2.50 | 21% | 2.87 | 234 | 2.00 | 23% | 1.71 | |
Region I | 735 | 2.46 | 15% | 7.55 | 650 | 2.10 | 12% | 7.18 | 576 | 1.80 | 11% | 6.86 | 265 | 2.65 | 17% | 2.89 | 238 | 2.11 | 20% | 2.77 | 216 | 1.78 | 21% | 1.71 | |
Region J | 758 | 1.88 | 14% | 7.65 | 667 | 1.81 | 9% | 7.25 | 582 | 1.78 | 2% | 6.88 | 258 | 3.24 | 13% | 2.86 | 231 | 2.92 | 13% | 2.74 | 220 | 2.53 | 16% | 1.71 | |
Region K | 693 | 2.27 | 19% | 7.36 | 613 | 2.05 | 17% | 7.02 | 559 | 1.77 | 18% | 6.78 | 239 | 2.27 | 19% | 2.78 | 200 | 2.22 | 15% | 2.61 | 184 | 1.86 | 17% | 1.71 | |
Individual locations | Region A | 1063 | 2.71 | 29% | 8.97 | 982 | 2.52 | 29% | 8.62 | 910 | 2.32 | 29% | 8.31 | 418 | 4.32 | 28% | 3.56 | 371 | 3.68 | 29% | 3.35 | 347 | 3.47 | 29% | 1.71 |
Region B | 977 | 2.66 | 15% | 8.60 | 871 | 2.42 | 17% | 8.14 | 785 | 2.17 | 20% | 7.76 | 464 | 3.90 | 29% | 3.76 | 383 | 3.41 | 26% | 3.40 | 328 | 3.33 | 26% | 1.71 | |
Region C | 996 | 2.61 | 12% | 8.68 | 863 | 2.40 | 8% | 8.10 | 738 | 2.30 | 0% | 7.56 | 447 | 4.59 | 26% | 3.69 | 382 | 4.42 | 20% | 3.40 | 338 | 3.90 | 20% | 1.71 | |
Region D | 1440 | 3.86 | 29% | 10.61 | 1296 | 3.53 | 29% | 9.99 | 1164 | 3.19 | 29% | 9.41 | 592 | 8.19 | 29% | 4.31 | 531 | 7.38 | 29% | 4.05 | 478 | 6.70 | 29% | 1.71 | |
Region E | 826 | 1.83 | 28% | 7.94 | 738 | 1.62 | 29% | 7.56 | 673 | 1.40 | 29% | 7.28 | 376 | 2.01 | 29% | 3.38 | 316 | 1.86 | 29% | 3.11 | 285 | 1.66 | 29% | 1.71 | |
Region F | 1021 | 2.52 | 29% | 8.79 | 932 | 2.38 | 29% | 8.40 | 872 | 2.24 | 29% | 8.14 | 388 | 3.43 | 29% | 3.43 | 345 | 3.01 | 29% | 3.24 | 317 | 3.00 | 29% | 2.16 | |
Region G | 988 | 3.08 | 14% | 8.65 | 893 | 2.90 | 15% | 8.23 | 832 | 2.72 | 17% | 7.97 | 398 | 3.93 | 29% | 3.47 | 350 | 3.35 | 29% | 3.26 | 308 | 2.80 | 29% | 2.15 | |
Region H | 831 | 2.50 | 15% | 7.97 | 727 | 2.22 | 20% | 7.51 | 684 | 1.95 | 25% | 7.33 | 299 | 2.89 | 22% | 3.04 | 261 | 2.14 | 25% | 2.87 | 242 | 1.95 | 25% | 2.06 | |
Region I | 772 | 2.06 | 15% | 7.71 | 681 | 1.78 | 16% | 7.31 | 608 | 1.60 | 14% | 6.99 | 286 | 3.13 | 17% | 2.98 | 263 | 2.65 | 20% | 2.88 | 251 | 2.51 | 21% | 2.07 | |
Region J | 842 | 2.25 | 13% | 8.01 | 758 | 2.08 | 12% | 7.65 | 675 | 2.06 | 0% | 7.28 | 276 | 3.44 | 14% | 2.94 | 260 | 3.00 | 17% | 2.87 | 247 | 2.70 | 19% | 1.71 | |
Region K | 1153 | 3.30 | 28% | 9.36 | 1049 | 3.14 | 22% | 8.91 | 946 | 3.04 | 14% | 8.47 | 488 | 3.28 | 29% | 3.86 | 434 | 2.97 | 29% | 3.63 | 389 | 2.67 | 29% | 2.27 |
3 h Forecasts | Current Technology Cost: PV @ $1000/kW, Storage @ $200/kWh | Future Technology Cost: PV @ $400/kW, Storage @ $50/kWh | |||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No Flexibility | 2.5% Flexibility | 5% Flexibility | No Flexibility | 2.5% Flexibility | 5% Flexibility | ||||||||||||||||||||
Electrical Region | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | |
homogeneously dispersed fleets | Entire NYISO | 501 | 0.96 | 15% | 6.53 | 367 | 0.83 | 10% | 5.95 | 257 | 0.89 | 0% | 5.47 | 265 | 0.85 | 21% | 2.89 | 182 | 0.75 | 13% | 2.53 | 122 | 0.70 | 6% | 1.89 |
Region A | 641 | 1.62 | 3% | 7.14 | 493 | 1.44 | 0% | 6.49 | 370 | 1.22 | 0% | 5.96 | 340 | 1.37 | 25% | 3.22 | 259 | 1.24 | 16% | 2.87 | 191 | 1.12 | 7% | 1.71 | |
Region B | 631 | 1.61 | 4% | 7.09 | 487 | 1.44 | 0% | 6.47 | 366 | 1.22 | 0% | 5.94 | 339 | 1.43 | 21% | 3.21 | 255 | 1.30 | 12% | 2.85 | 188 | 1.14 | 6% | 1.98 | |
Region C | 593 | 1.43 | 3% | 6.93 | 447 | 1.25 | 0% | 6.29 | 326 | 1.01 | 0% | 5.77 | 325 | 1.16 | 24% | 3.16 | 243 | 1.04 | 14% | 2.80 | 178 | 0.92 | 6% | 1.97 | |
Region D | 759 | 1.78 | 20% | 7.65 | 615 | 1.76 | 10% | 7.03 | 490 | 1.74 | 0% | 6.48 | 334 | 2.55 | 26% | 3.19 | 265 | 2.25 | 22% | 2.89 | 212 | 1.97 | 16% | 2.01 | |
Region E | 563 | 0.86 | 21% | 6.80 | 423 | 0.90 | 10% | 6.19 | 306 | 0.90 | 1% | 5.68 | 307 | 0.83 | 22% | 3.07 | 222 | 0.75 | 15% | 2.71 | 157 | 0.70 | 8% | 1.94 | |
Region F | 577 | 0.94 | 21% | 6.86 | 450 | 0.89 | 14% | 6.31 | 342 | 0.88 | 6% | 5.84 | 310 | 0.91 | 22% | 3.09 | 230 | 0.73 | 19% | 2.74 | 168 | 0.69 | 12% | 1.95 | |
Region G | 620 | 1.65 | 11% | 7.05 | 498 | 1.46 | 6% | 6.52 | 389 | 1.37 | 0% | 6.04 | 303 | 1.57 | 16% | 3.06 | 234 | 1.33 | 14% | 2.76 | 183 | 1.24 | 6% | 1.71 | |
Region H | 705 | 2.38 | 4% | 7.42 | 602 | 2.23 | −2% | 6.97 | 512 | 2.01 | 0% | 6.58 | 304 | 2.76 | 14% | 3.06 | 252 | 2.21 | 14% | 2.84 | 217 | 1.78 | 14% | 1.71 | |
Region I | 693 | 2.13 | 14% | 7.37 | 588 | 2.16 | 0% | 6.91 | 497 | 1.94 | 0% | 6.51 | 286 | 2.20 | 14% | 2.99 | 239 | 2.10 | 13% | 2.78 | 210 | 1.87 | 14% | 1.71 | |
Region J | 575 | 1.76 | 4% | 6.85 | 464 | 1.60 | 0% | 6.37 | 373 | 1.38 | 0% | 5.97 | 252 | 2.12 | 14% | 2.83 | 211 | 1.47 | 10% | 2.66 | 172 | 1.32 | 6% | 1.71 | |
Region K | 584 | 1.49 | 20% | 6.89 | 480 | 1.62 | 2% | 6.44 | 383 | 1.48 | 0% | 6.02 | 231 | 2.49 | 9% | 2.74 | 181 | 1.94 | 10% | 2.53 | 155 | 1.56 | 12% | 1.71 | |
Individual locations | Region A | 762 | 1.83 | 3% | 7.66 | 621 | 1.61 | 1% | 7.05 | 503 | 1.40 | 0% | 6.54 | 423 | 4.65 | 26% | 3.58 | 353 | 1.40 | 23% | 3.27 | 285 | 1.29 | 13% | 1.71 |
Region B | 733 | 1.86 | 8% | 7.54 | 608 | 1.71 | 4% | 7.00 | 495 | 1.55 | 1% | 6.51 | 397 | 1.51 | 21% | 3.47 | 319 | 1.42 | 15% | 3.13 | 254 | 1.31 | 10% | 1.71 | |
Region C | 782 | 1.71 | 19% | 7.75 | 666 | 1.64 | 11% | 7.25 | 549 | 1.66 | 0% | 6.74 | 410 | 1.52 | 26% | 3.53 | 333 | 1.51 | 21% | 3.19 | 272 | 1.69 | 11% | 1.71 | |
Region D | 785 | 1.81 | 22% | 7.76 | 672 | 1.85 | 7% | 7.27 | 562 | 1.77 | 0% | 6.79 | 367 | 2.52 | 29% | 3.34 | 295 | 1.97 | 29% | 3.02 | 250 | 1.76 | 29% | 1.71 | |
Region E | 672 | 1.57 | 3% | 7.27 | 545 | 1.43 | 0% | 6.72 | 440 | 1.29 | 0% | 6.27 | 398 | 1.33 | 22% | 3.47 | 314 | 1.22 | 14% | 3.11 | 246 | 1.12 | 8% | 1.71 | |
Region F | 672 | 1.63 | 6% | 7.27 | 544 | 1.52 | −2% | 6.72 | 430 | 1.31 | 0% | 6.22 | 358 | 1.77 | 29% | 3.30 | 291 | 1.39 | 26% | 3.01 | 229 | 1.24 | 6% | 2.04 | |
Region G | 664 | 1.67 | 6% | 7.24 | 546 | 1.61 | 0% | 6.73 | 449 | 1.42 | 0% | 6.30 | 329 | 3.37 | 13% | 3.17 | 271 | 2.63 | 14% | 2.92 | 227 | 2.02 | 15% | 2.04 | |
Region H | 741 | 2.16 | 10% | 7.58 | 636 | 2.10 | 0% | 7.11 | 536 | 1.91 | 0% | 6.68 | 310 | 2.80 | 15% | 3.09 | 272 | 2.73 | 14% | 2.93 | 245 | 2.43 | 15% | 2.06 | |
Region I | 701 | 2.35 | 10% | 7.40 | 624 | 2.31 | 0% | 7.06 | 536 | 2.09 | 0% | 6.68 | 274 | 2.57 | 10% | 2.93 | 236 | 2.41 | 10% | 2.77 | 209 | 2.14 | 11% | 2.01 | |
Region J | 590 | 1.78 | 1% | 6.92 | 477 | 1.60 | 0% | 6.42 | 387 | 1.37 | 0% | 6.03 | 271 | 2.22 | 15% | 2.92 | 230 | 1.91 | 16% | 2.74 | 189 | 1.33 | 3% | 1.71 | |
Region K | 695 | 2.13 | 11% | 7.37 | 613 | 1.90 | 12% | 7.02 | 533 | 1.91 | 0% | 6.67 | 307 | 2.82 | 17% | 3.08 | 256 | 1.90 | 12% | 2.85 | 220 | 1.69 | 13% | 2.03 |
24 h Forecasts | Current Technology Cost: PV @ $1000/kW, Storage @ $200/kWh | Future Technology Cost: PV @ $400/kW, Storage @ $50/kWh | |||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No Flexibility | 2.5% Flexibility | 5% Flexibility | No Flexibility | 2.5% Flexibility | 5% Flexibility | ||||||||||||||||||||
Electrical Region | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | |
homogeneously dispersed fleets | Entire NYISO | 1190 | 2.76 | 29% | 9.53 | 1027 | 2.71 | 20% | 8.82 | 884 | 2.71 | 10% | 8.20 | 448 | 7.52 | 1% | 3.69 | 386 | 6.51 | 1% | 3.42 | 336 | 5.51 | 2% | 2.01 |
Region A | 1483 | 4.35 | 13% | 10.80 | 1314 | 4.23 | 5% | 10.06 | 1155 | 4.09 | 0% | 4.35 | 516 | 8.72 | 1% | 3.98 | 473 | 7.90 | 2% | 3.80 | 432 | 7.30 | 2% | 1.72 | |
Region B | 1494 | 4.48 | 9% | 10.85 | 1319 | 4.37 | 0% | 10.09 | 1159 | 4.11 | 0% | 9.39 | 494 | 8.42 | 1% | 3.89 | 462 | 7.77 | 2% | 3.75 | 435 | 7.06 | 4% | 2.09 | |
Region C | 1448 | 4.13 | 16% | 10.65 | 1267 | 4.06 | 4% | 9.86 | 1106 | 3.88 | 0% | 9.16 | 482 | 8.26 | 1% | 3.84 | 445 | 7.46 | 2% | 3.67 | 409 | 6.72 | 3% | 2.07 | |
Region D | 1390 | 3.62 | 24% | 10.40 | 1221 | 3.51 | 16% | 9.66 | 1066 | 3.41 | 8% | 8.99 | 475 | 6.15 | 10% | 3.81 | 396 | 5.50 | 7% | 3.46 | 330 | 4.93 | 4% | 2.00 | |
Region E | 1350 | 3.67 | 27% | 10.22 | 1180 | 3.65 | 14% | 9.48 | 1028 | 3.54 | 6% | 8.82 | 458 | 7.50 | 2% | 3.73 | 391 | 6.40 | 2% | 3.44 | 338 | 5.50 | 2% | 2.01 | |
Region F | 1269 | 2.93 | 29% | 9.87 | 1104 | 2.68 | 26% | 9.15 | 950 | 2.86 | 7% | 8.48 | 449 | 8.02 | −1% | 3.69 | 395 | 6.89 | 0% | 3.46 | 345 | 5.86 | 1% | 2.02 | |
Region G | 1287 | 3.19 | 10% | 9.95 | 1109 | 2.98 | 6% | 9.17 | 948 | 2.73 | 4% | 4.35 | 445 | 7.40 | 1% | 3.68 | 396 | 6.08 | 4% | 3.46 | 346 | 4.84 | 7% | 1.72 | |
Region H | 1400 | 4.82 | 24% | 10.44 | 1229 | 4.35 | 21% | 9.70 | 1068 | 4.01 | 16% | 4.35 | 461 | 7.20 | 3% | 3.74 | 400 | 6.20 | 4% | 3.48 | 353 | 5.00 | 7% | 1.72 | |
Region I | 1381 | 4.66 | 25% | 10.36 | 1221 | 4.15 | 22% | 9.66 | 1064 | 3.86 | 18% | 4.35 | 486 | 8.50 | 0% | 3.85 | 414 | 6.90 | 2% | 3.54 | 355 | 5.05 | 7% | 1.72 | |
Region J | 1412 | 3.59 | 1% | 10.49 | 1232 | 3.33 | 0% | 9.71 | 1064 | 3.02 | 0% | 4.35 | 501 | 9.16 | −1% | 3.92 | 451 | 7.46 | 3% | 3.70 | 401 | 5.65 | 9% | 1.72 | |
Region K | 1527 | 3.99 | 14% | 10.99 | 1351 | 3.85 | 6% | 10.23 | 1190 | 3.67 | 0% | 4.35 | 532 | 9.31 | 1% | 4.05 | 455 | 8.15 | 1% | 3.72 | 392 | 6.91 | 2% | 1.72 | |
Individual locations | Region A | 1555 | 4.58 | 10% | 11.11 | 1393 | 4.42 | 4% | 10.41 | 1238 | 4.26 | 0% | 4.35 | 570 | 9.78 | 1% | 4.22 | 525 | 8.87 | 2% | 4.02 | 482 | 8.03 | 3% | 1.72 |
Region B | 1602 | 4.70 | 7% | 11.32 | 1430 | 4.59 | 0% | 10.57 | 1268 | 4.29 | 0% | 4.35 | 515 | 8.77 | 1% | 3.98 | 493 | 8.01 | 3% | 3.88 | 462 | 7.36 | 4% | 1.72 | |
Region C | 1601 | 4.88 | 3% | 11.31 | 1429 | 4.67 | 0% | 10.56 | 1271 | 4.36 | 0% | 4.35 | 529 | 9.24 | 0% | 4.04 | 502 | 8.35 | 2% | 3.93 | 478 | 7.65 | 4% | 1.72 | |
Region D | 1542 | 4.38 | 1% | 11.06 | 1377 | 4.10 | 3% | 10.34 | 1215 | 3.94 | 0% | 4.35 | 545 | 7.57 | 10% | 4.11 | 476 | 7.05 | 7% | 3.81 | 414 | 6.53 | 4% | 1.72 | |
Region E | 1338 | 3.50 | 15% | 10.17 | 1177 | 3.54 | 2% | 9.47 | 1025 | 3.34 | 0% | 4.35 | 471 | 8.39 | −1% | 3.79 | 438 | 7.61 | 0% | 3.64 | 405 | 6.87 | 1% | 1.72 | |
Region F | 1450 | 3.54 | 23% | 10.66 | 1284 | 3.39 | 15% | 9.94 | 1125 | 3.26 | 6% | 9.24 | 461 | 8.09 | −1% | 3.75 | 418 | 7.17 | 0% | 3.56 | 375 | 6.12 | 2% | 2.04 | |
Region G | 1329 | 3.63 | 22% | 10.13 | 1183 | 3.38 | 20% | 9.49 | 1047 | 3.16 | 15% | 8.90 | 412 | 6.85 | 0% | 3.53 | 365 | 6.00 | 1% | 3.33 | 329 | 5.14 | 3% | 2.00 | |
Region H | 1313 | 3.32 | 2% | 10.06 | 1154 | 3.03 | 3% | 9.37 | 1007 | 2.73 | 4% | 8.73 | 464 | 7.80 | 1% | 3.76 | 413 | 6.69 | 3% | 3.54 | 362 | 5.56 | 5% | 2.03 | |
Region I | 1337 | 3.32 | 4% | 10.16 | 1172 | 3.13 | 0% | 9.45 | 1017 | 2.86 | 0% | 8.77 | 489 | 8.26 | 1% | 3.87 | 419 | 7.00 | 2% | 3.56 | 355 | 5.37 | 5% | 2.03 | |
Region J | 1417 | 3.67 | 3% | 10.51 | 1244 | 3.44 | 0% | 9.76 | 1082 | 3.14 | 0% | 4.35 | 513 | 8.78 | 1% | 3.97 | 430 | 7.76 | 0% | 3.61 | 364 | 6.44 | 1% | 1.72 | |
Region K | 1433 | 3.65 | 2% | 10.59 | 1270 | 3.43 | 0% | 9.87 | 1114 | 3.15 | 0% | 9.20 | 515 | 9.33 | 0% | 3.98 | 449 | 7.84 | 2% | 3.69 | 392 | 6.69 | 3% | 2.06 |
24 h Forecasts | Current Technology Cost: PV @ $1000/kW, Storage @ $200/kWh | Future Technology Cost: PV @ $400/kW, Storage @ $50/kWh | |||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No Flexibility | 2.5% Flexibility | 5% Flexibility | NO Flexibility | 2.5% flexibility | 5% Flexibility | ||||||||||||||||||||
Electrical Region | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | |
homogeneously dispersed fleets | Entire NYISO | 584 | 1.13 | 20% | 6.89 | 467 | 0.99 | 12% | 6.38 | 356 | 0.83 | 9% | 5.90 | 284 | 1.51 | 29% | 2.97 | 214 | 0.94 | 21% | 2.67 | 164 | 0.82 | 18% | 1.86 |
Region A | 811 | 2.02 | 13% | 7.88 | 671 | 1.84 | 9% | 7.27 | 552 | 1.66 | 5% | 4.35 | 411 | 1.69 | 27% | 3.53 | 328 | 1.43 | 26% | 3.17 | 252 | 3.49 | 7% | 1.72 | |
Region B | 758 | 1.66 | 17% | 7.65 | 625 | 1.63 | 8% | 7.07 | 510 | 1.40 | 8% | 6.57 | 395 | 1.41 | 29% | 3.46 | 315 | 1.34 | 22% | 3.11 | 248 | 1.29 | 15% | 1.93 | |
Region C | 770 | 1.90 | 18% | 7.70 | 644 | 1.70 | 17% | 7.15 | 547 | 1.49 | 17% | 6.73 | 368 | 2.19 | 28% | 3.34 | 284 | 1.70 | 20% | 2.97 | 221 | 1.49 | 17% | 1.91 | |
Region D | 825 | 1.56 | 28% | 7.94 | 723 | 1.64 | 18% | 7.50 | 615 | 1.61 | 10% | 7.02 | 384 | 2.23 | 29% | 3.41 | 319 | 2.09 | 29% | 3.13 | 263 | 2.07 | 25% | 1.95 | |
Region E | 707 | 1.41 | 24% | 7.42 | 604 | 1.10 | 27% | 6.98 | 509 | 1.32 | 10% | 6.56 | 341 | 1.40 | 29% | 3.23 | 270 | 1.29 | 24% | 2.91 | 209 | 1.40 | 19% | 1.90 | |
Region F | 731 | 1.22 | 29% | 7.53 | 622 | 1.10 | 26% | 7.06 | 526 | 1.12 | 15% | 6.64 | 363 | 2.22 | 29% | 3.32 | 291 | 1.74 | 29% | 3.01 | 237 | 1.36 | 26% | 1.92 | |
Region G | 964 | 2.97 | 21% | 8.54 | 852 | 2.77 | 17% | 8.06 | 758 | 2.67 | 10% | 4.35 | 379 | 3.15 | 29% | 3.39 | 320 | 3.00 | 23% | 3.13 | 276 | 2.32 | 24% | 1.72 | |
Region H | 961 | 3.56 | 16% | 8.53 | 883 | 3.26 | 14% | 8.19 | 815 | 2.92 | 15% | 4.35 | 332 | 3.56 | 16% | 3.18 | 303 | 3.24 | 17% | 3.06 | 280 | 2.84 | 19% | 1.72 | |
Region I | 900 | 3.40 | 13% | 8.26 | 823 | 3.05 | 13% | 7.93 | 752 | 2.71 | 13% | 4.35 | 307 | 3.87 | 10% | 3.08 | 281 | 3.21 | 13% | 2.96 | 259 | 2.66 | 16% | 1.72 | |
Region J | 889 | 2.98 | 21% | 8.22 | 785 | 2.17 | 15% | 7.77 | 692 | 2.01 | 12% | 4.35 | 314 | 3.03 | 20% | 3.10 | 279 | 2.63 | 21% | 2.95 | 248 | 2.36 | 20% | 1.72 | |
Region K | 812 | 2.91 | 16% | 7.88 | 719 | 2.48 | 17% | 7.48 | 644 | 2.06 | 19% | 4.35 | 279 | 2.91 | 16% | 2.95 | 246 | 2.48 | 17% | 2.81 | 220 | 2.14 | 18% | 1.72 | |
Individual locations | Region A | 1097 | 3.20 | 21% | 9.12 | 1002 | 2.92 | 24% | 8.71 | 919 | 2.62 | 26% | 4.35 | 448 | 5.38 | 19% | 3.69 | 371 | 3.58 | 25% | 3.35 | 331 | 2.82 | 28% | 1.72 |
Region B | 904 | 2.32 | 7% | 8.28 | 786 | 2.11 | 9% | 7.77 | 693 | 1.87 | 14% | 4.35 | 485 | 1.92 | 29% | 3.85 | 400 | 2.26 | 21% | 3.48 | 322 | 3.37 | 11% | 1.72 | |
Region C | 981 | 2.54 | 10% | 8.62 | 856 | 2.37 | 7% | 8.07 | 745 | 2.30 | −2% | 4.35 | 452 | 3.21 | 29% | 3.70 | 374 | 3.10 | 28% | 3.36 | 299 | 3.08 | 17% | 1.72 | |
Region D | 1271 | 3.36 | 23% | 9.88 | 1152 | 3.29 | 14% | 9.36 | 1041 | 3.20 | 7% | 4.35 | 482 | 4.16 | 29% | 3.84 | 419 | 3.87 | 29% | 3.56 | 368 | 3.59 | 29% | 1.72 | |
Region E | 887 | 1.75 | 29% | 8.21 | 790 | 1.56 | 29% | 7.79 | 707 | 1.37 | 29% | 4.35 | 398 | 2.51 | 29% | 3.47 | 346 | 2.07 | 29% | 3.25 | 306 | 1.72 | 29% | 1.72 | |
Region F | 1091 | 2.76 | 27% | 9.09 | 975 | 2.56 | 21% | 8.59 | 876 | 2.40 | 14% | 8.16 | 437 | 3.75 | 29% | 3.64 | 391 | 3.53 | 29% | 3.44 | 352 | 3.17 | 29% | 2.02 | |
Region G | 996 | 2.93 | 13% | 8.68 | 880 | 2.69 | 13% | 8.18 | 802 | 2.46 | 17% | 7.84 | 395 | 3.73 | 25% | 3.46 | 342 | 3.06 | 25% | 3.23 | 303 | 2.40 | 27% | 1.98 | |
Region H | 995 | 3.68 | 15% | 8.68 | 909 | 3.38 | 13% | 8.30 | 847 | 3.06 | 13% | 8.03 | 343 | 3.72 | 17% | 3.23 | 310 | 3.28 | 18% | 3.09 | 290 | 2.94 | 20% | 1.97 | |
Region I | 937 | 3.34 | 17% | 8.43 | 848 | 3.12 | 15% | 8.04 | 793 | 2.80 | 17% | 7.80 | 318 | 3.71 | 12% | 3.12 | 290 | 3.12 | 15% | 3.00 | 271 | 2.80 | 17% | 1.95 | |
Region J | 959 | 2.22 | 28% | 8.52 | 858 | 1.97 | 28% | 8.08 | 773 | 1.77 | 27% | 4.35 | 356 | 3.27 | 25% | 3.29 | 313 | 2.84 | 25% | 3.10 | 279 | 2.53 | 24% | 1.72 | |
Region K | 1167 | 3.39 | 22% | 9.43 | 1061 | 3.13 | 20% | 8.97 | 960 | 3.00 | 13% | 8.53 | 512 | 3.21 | 29% | 3.97 | 456 | 2.91 | 29% | 3.73 | 408 | 2.60 | 29% | 2.07 |
24 h Forecasts | Current Technology Cost: PV @ $1000/kW, Storage @ $200/kWh | Future Technology Cost: PV @ $400/kW, Storage @ $50/kWh | |||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No Flexibility | 2.5% Flexibility | 5% Flexibility | No Flexibility | 2.5% Flexibility | 5% Flexibility | ||||||||||||||||||||
Electrical Region | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | |
homogeneously dispersed fleets | Entire NYISO | 576 | 1.28 | 12% | 6.85 | 437 | 1.22 | 4% | 6.25 | 317 | 1.12 | 0% | 5.73 | 295 | 1.00 | 26% | 3.02 | 215 | 0.98 | 16% | 2.67 | 151 | 0.94 | 7% | 1.85 |
Region A | 754 | 1.96 | 12% | 7.63 | 612 | 1.82 | 7% | 7.01 | 498 | 1.67 | 4% | 4.35 | 377 | 1.95 | 24% | 3.38 | 285 | 1.73 | 17% | 2.98 | 211 | 1.44 | 14% | 1.72 | |
Region B | 725 | 1.86 | 14% | 7.50 | 589 | 1.79 | 7% | 6.91 | 488 | 1.59 | 6% | 6.47 | 353 | 1.56 | 26% | 3.27 | 266 | 1.46 | 20% | 2.90 | 203 | 1.39 | 14% | 1.89 | |
Region C | 661 | 1.50 | 7% | 7.22 | 520 | 1.37 | 1% | 6.61 | 392 | 1.20 | 0% | 6.05 | 355 | 1.86 | 29% | 3.29 | 271 | 1.60 | 18% | 2.92 | 210 | 1.00 | 10% | 1.90 | |
Region D | 720 | 1.76 | 9% | 7.48 | 577 | 1.66 | 2% | 6.86 | 451 | 1.50 | 0% | 6.31 | 366 | 3.54 | 21% | 3.33 | 292 | 1.38 | 18% | 3.01 | 225 | 1.30 | 10% | 1.91 | |
Region E | 668 | 1.64 | 8% | 7.26 | 526 | 1.53 | 2% | 6.64 | 402 | 1.38 | 0% | 6.10 | 345 | 1.28 | 28% | 3.24 | 263 | 1.26 | 17% | 2.89 | 196 | 1.20 | 8% | 1.89 | |
Region F | 633 | 1.35 | 7% | 7.10 | 484 | 1.17 | 3% | 6.46 | 361 | 1.00 | 0% | 5.92 | 348 | 1.16 | 29% | 3.26 | 269 | 1.03 | 20% | 2.91 | 203 | 0.92 | 10% | 1.89 | |
Region G | 700 | 1.89 | 13% | 7.39 | 589 | 1.85 | 4% | 6.91 | 486 | 1.77 | 0% | 4.35 | 312 | 1.77 | 27% | 3.10 | 257 | 1.45 | 26% | 2.86 | 212 | 1.46 | 17% | 1.72 | |
Region H | 715 | 2.19 | 15% | 7.46 | 640 | 2.14 | 3% | 7.14 | 545 | 1.98 | 0% | 4.35 | 293 | 2.21 | 17% | 3.02 | 253 | 1.88 | 19% | 2.84 | 223 | 1.71 | 19% | 1.72 | |
Region I | 634 | 1.77 | 6% | 7.11 | 540 | 1.57 | 5% | 6.70 | 458 | 1.59 | 0% | 4.35 | 289 | 1.66 | 20% | 3.00 | 249 | 1.42 | 22% | 2.82 | 222 | 1.20 | 24% | 1.72 | |
Region J | 663 | 2.04 | 6% | 7.23 | 570 | 1.96 | 0% | 6.83 | 489 | 1.80 | 0% | 4.35 | 265 | 2.04 | 17% | 2.89 | 224 | 1.66 | 19% | 2.72 | 196 | 1.47 | 19% | 1.72 | |
Region K | 729 | 2.61 | 13% | 7.52 | 663 | 2.48 | 7% | 7.23 | 590 | 2.44 | 0% | 4.35 | 257 | 2.59 | 14% | 2.86 | 222 | 2.35 | 15% | 2.70 | 198 | 2.17 | 15% | 1.72 | |
Individual locations | Region A | 916 | 2.48 | 10% | 8.33 | 786 | 2.18 | 11% | 7.77 | 672 | 2.04 | 7% | 4.35 | 457 | 4.12 | 26% | 3.73 | 375 | 3.03 | 27% | 3.37 | 310 | 2.09 | 18% | 1.72 |
Region B | 819 | 2.17 | 3% | 7.91 | 690 | 2.00 | 0% | 7.35 | 575 | 1.85 | 0% | 4.35 | 408 | 3.40 | 29% | 3.51 | 346 | 2.20 | 17% | 3.25 | 289 | 1.98 | 14% | 1.72 | |
Region C | 808 | 1.97 | 3% | 7.87 | 671 | 1.81 | 0% | 7.27 | 550 | 1.60 | 0% | 4.35 | 444 | 1.77 | 28% | 3.67 | 359 | 1.89 | 18% | 3.30 | 293 | 1.68 | 17% | 1.72 | |
Region D | 795 | 1.92 | 14% | 7.81 | 672 | 1.84 | 4% | 7.27 | 565 | 1.78 | 0% | 4.35 | 380 | 2.52 | 29% | 3.39 | 304 | 1.90 | 28% | 3.06 | 248 | 1.50 | 29% | 1.72 | |
Region E | 758 | 1.74 | 6% | 7.65 | 632 | 1.61 | 2% | 7.10 | 519 | 1.46 | 0% | 4.35 | 431 | 1.43 | 24% | 3.62 | 351 | 1.47 | 18% | 3.27 | 281 | 1.17 | 19% | 1.72 | |
Region F | 737 | 1.72 | 9% | 7.56 | 617 | 1.66 | 3% | 7.03 | 503 | 1.48 | 0% | 6.54 | 408 | 2.53 | 29% | 3.51 | 338 | 1.48 | 12% | 3.21 | 274 | 1.30 | 10% | 1.96 | |
Region G | 773 | 2.09 | 9% | 7.71 | 662 | 1.98 | 5% | 7.23 | 569 | 1.96 | 0% | 6.82 | 375 | 3.05 | 24% | 3.37 | 315 | 2.46 | 24% | 3.11 | 269 | 1.61 | 14% | 1.95 | |
Region H | 766 | 2.38 | 5% | 7.68 | 664 | 2.25 | 0% | 7.24 | 568 | 2.00 | 0% | 6.82 | 314 | 2.82 | 16% | 3.10 | 272 | 2.13 | 20% | 2.92 | 245 | 1.64 | 24% | 1.93 | |
Region I | 655 | 1.90 | 15% | 7.20 | 596 | 1.76 | 10% | 6.94 | 517 | 1.73 | 0% | 6.60 | 275 | 1.97 | 15% | 2.94 | 243 | 1.66 | 18% | 2.80 | 219 | 1.44 | 20% | 1.91 | |
Region J | 709 | 2.00 | 20% | 7.43 | 610 | 1.94 | 0% | 7.00 | 522 | 1.69 | 3% | 4.35 | 286 | 2.06 | 19% | 2.99 | 244 | 1.86 | 19% | 2.80 | 213 | 1.45 | 21% | 1.72 | |
Region K | 876 | 2.76 | 23% | 8.16 | 818 | 2.93 | 0% | 7.91 | 730 | 2.77 | 0% | 7.52 | 324 | 2.87 | 22% | 3.15 | 290 | 2.58 | 24% | 3.00 | 265 | 2.43 | 24% | 1.95 |
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1 h Forecasts | Current Technology Cost: PV @ $1000/kW, Storage @ $200/kWh | Future Technology Cost: PV @ $400/kW, Storage @ $50/kWh | |||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No Flexibility | 2.5% Flexibility | 5% Flexibility | No Flexibility | 2.5% Flexibility | 5% Flexibility | ||||||||||||||||||||
Electrical Region | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | |
homogeneously dispersed fleets | Entire NYISO | 111 | 0.29 | 0% | 4.83 | 29 | 0.19 | 0% | 4.48 | 1 | 0.07 | 0% | 4.35 | 62 | 0.72 | 0% | 2.01 | 12 | 0.19 | 0% | 1.79 | 1 | 0.07 | 0% | 1.74 |
Region A | 149 | 0.39 | 0% | 5.00 | 68 | 0.28 | 0% | 4.65 | 30 | 0.19 | 0% | 4.48 | 79 | 0.98 | 0% | 2.09 | 37 | 0.39 | 0% | 1.90 | 13 | 0.19 | 0% | 1.80 | |
Region B | 167 | 0.47 | 1% | 5.08 | 88 | 0.40 | 0% | 4.73 | 40 | 0.23 | 0% | 4.52 | 75 | 0.72 | 1% | 2.06 | 34 | 0.40 | 0% | 1.89 | 17 | 0.23 | 0% | 1.81 | |
Region C | 168 | 0.41 | 3% | 5.08 | 84 | 0.38 | 0% | 4.71 | 37 | 0.24 | 0% | 4.51 | 69 | 0.78 | 0% | 2.04 | 35 | 0.40 | 0% | 1.89 | 14 | 0.24 | 0% | 1.80 | |
Region D | 148 | 0.36 | 0% | 5.00 | 72 | 0.29 | 0% | 4.66 | 32 | 0.21 | 0% | 4.49 | 68 | 0.81 | 0% | 2.04 | 35 | 0.29 | 1% | 1.89 | 13 | 0.21 | 0% | 1.80 | |
Region E | 130 | 0.33 | 0% | 4.92 | 49 | 0.24 | 0% | 4.56 | 11 | 0.13 | 0% | 4.40 | 72 | 0.86 | 0% | 2.05 | 23 | 0.24 | 0% | 1.84 | 3 | 0.13 | 0% | 1.75 | |
Region F | 152 | 0.37 | 1% | 5.01 | 68 | 0.29 | 0% | 4.65 | 23 | 0.17 | 0% | 4.45 | 78 | 0.86 | 1% | 2.08 | 33 | 0.50 | 0% | 1.88 | 9 | 0.17 | 0% | 1.78 | |
Region G | 160 | 0.38 | 1% | 5.05 | 70 | 0.26 | 0% | 4.65 | 27 | 0.15 | 0% | 4.47 | 77 | 0.80 | 1% | 2.08 | 35 | 0.35 | 0% | 1.89 | 14 | 0.21 | 0% | 1.80 | |
Region H | 214 | 0.51 | 6% | 5.28 | 169 | 0.42 | 0% | 5.09 | 118 | 0.45 | 0% | 4.86 | 98 | 0.97 | 2% | 2.17 | 73 | 0.81 | 2% | 2.06 | 60 | 0.71 | 2% | 2.00 | |
Region I | 205 | 0.71 | 1% | 5.24 | 178 | 0.64 | 0% | 5.12 | 135 | 0.55 | 0% | 4.94 | 89 | 0.89 | 1% | 2.13 | 75 | 0.66 | 3% | 2.07 | 62 | 0.87 | 0% | 2.01 | |
Region J | 218 | 0.54 | 1% | 5.30 | 156 | 0.55 | 0% | 5.03 | 116 | 0.51 | 0% | 4.85 | 100 | 0.83 | 3% | 2.18 | 67 | 0.65 | 2% | 2.03 | 50 | 0.64 | 0% | 1.96 | |
Region K | 203 | 0.52 | 5% | 5.23 | 140 | 0.54 | 0% | 4.96 | 85 | 0.40 | 0% | 4.72 | 89 | 0.72 | 3% | 2.13 | 58 | 0.45 | 3% | 1.99 | 36 | 0.39 | 0% | 1.89 | |
Individual locations | Region A | 403 | 1.34 | 7% | 6.11 | 364 | 1.15 | 9% | 5.93 | 306 | 1.25 | 0% | 5.68 | 156 | 1.70 | 4% | 2.42 | 135 | 1.54 | 5% | 2.33 | 118 | 1.06 | 9% | 2.25 |
Region B | 293 | 0.81 | 6% | 5.62 | 233 | 0.78 | 4% | 5.36 | 187 | 0.68 | 0% | 5.16 | 130 | 0.96 | 4% | 2.31 | 91 | 0.78 | 4% | 2.14 | 84 | 0.82 | 4% | 2.11 | |
Region C | 384 | 1.52 | 3% | 6.02 | 322 | 1.28 | 3% | 5.75 | 266 | 1.05 | 0% | 5.51 | 139 | 1.52 | 3% | 2.34 | 111 | 1.39 | 2% | 2.22 | 95 | 1.09 | 3% | 2.15 | |
Region D | 344 | 1.09 | 4% | 5.85 | 276 | 0.98 | 5% | 5.55 | 241 | 0.94 | 0% | 5.40 | 140 | 1.24 | 7% | 2.35 | 100 | 0.98 | 5% | 2.17 | 98 | 0.85 | 8% | 2.16 | |
Region E | 283 | 0.80 | 4% | 5.58 | 231 | 0.71 | 5% | 5.35 | 174 | 0.64 | 0% | 5.11 | 136 | 0.76 | 8% | 2.33 | 92 | 0.78 | 4% | 2.14 | 80 | 0.68 | 5% | 2.09 | |
Region F | 334 | 0.82 | 3% | 5.80 | 267 | 0.84 | 0% | 5.51 | 211 | 0.77 | 0% | 5.27 | 130 | 1.43 | 3% | 2.31 | 114 | 1.13 | 5% | 2.23 | 98 | 0.89 | 6% | 2.17 | |
Region G | 358 | 0.91 | 3% | 5.91 | 282 | 0.85 | 0% | 5.58 | 216 | 0.76 | 0% | 5.29 | 147 | 1.53 | 4% | 2.38 | 127 | 1.36 | 5% | 2.29 | 114 | 1.10 | 7% | 2.24 | |
Region H | 480 | 1.71 | 2% | 6.44 | 400 | 1.59 | 0% | 6.09 | 343 | 1.46 | 0% | 5.84 | 188 | 2.26 | 5% | 2.56 | 165 | 2.09 | 6% | 2.46 | 137 | 1.44 | 0% | 2.34 | |
Region I | 338 | 0.87 | 6% | 5.82 | 262 | 0.94 | 3% | 5.49 | 209 | 0.74 | 0% | 5.26 | 127 | 1.59 | 1% | 2.29 | 98 | 1.03 | 3% | 2.17 | 85 | 0.76 | 5% | 2.11 | |
Region J | 353 | 1.17 | 2% | 5.88 | 293 | 1.08 | 2% | 5.63 | 256 | 1.01 | 0% | 5.46 | 143 | 1.16 | 6% | 2.36 | 110 | 1.05 | 5% | 2.22 | 87 | 1.01 | 3% | 2.12 | |
Region K | 460 | 1.56 | −1% | 6.35 | 388 | 1.48 | 0% | 6.04 | 341 | 1.39 | 0% | 5.83 | 224 | 1.45 | 5% | 2.71 | 174 | 1.36 | 4% | 2.50 | 143 | 1.33 | 1% | 2.36 |
3 h Forecasts | Current Technology Cost: PV @ $1000/kW, Storage @ $200/kWh | Future Technology Cost: PV @ $400/kW, Storage @ $50/kWh | |||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No Flexibility | 2.5% Flexibility | 5% Flexibility | No Flexibility | 2.5% Flexibility | 5% Flexibility | ||||||||||||||||||||
Electrical Region | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | |
homogeneously dispersed fleets | Entire NYISO | 259 | 0.50 | 5% | 5.48 | 152 | 0.46 | 1% | 5.01 | 84 | 0.40 | 0% | 4.71 | 153 | 0.47 | 6% | 2.41 | 77 | 0.47 | 1% | 2.08 | 35 | 0.40 | 0% | 1.76 |
Region A | 367 | 1.01 | 0% | 5.95 | 253 | 0.89 | 0% | 5.45 | 186 | 0.78 | 0% | 5.16 | 199 | 3.08 | 0% | 2.61 | 120 | 1.87 | 0% | 2.26 | 72 | 1.09 | 0% | 1.71 | |
Region B | 398 | 1.26 | 0% | 6.08 | 290 | 1.12 | 0% | 5.61 | 231 | 0.98 | 0% | 5.36 | 193 | 2.04 | 5% | 2.58 | 128 | 1.24 | 3% | 2.30 | 90 | 1.02 | 0% | 1.84 | |
Region C | 379 | 1.16 | 0% | 6.00 | 279 | 1.03 | 0% | 5.56 | 212 | 0.90 | 0% | 5.27 | 193 | 2.15 | 4% | 2.58 | 124 | 1.76 | 0% | 2.28 | 78 | 1.25 | 0% | 1.82 | |
Region D | 375 | 0.98 | 0% | 5.98 | 248 | 0.78 | 0% | 5.43 | 155 | 0.58 | 0% | 5.02 | 171 | 1.74 | 4% | 2.48 | 115 | 1.32 | 0% | 2.24 | 74 | 0.83 | 0% | 1.82 | |
Region E | 310 | 0.71 | 1% | 5.70 | 190 | 0.62 | 0% | 5.18 | 120 | 0.51 | 0% | 4.87 | 172 | 1.58 | 5% | 2.49 | 105 | 1.06 | 1% | 2.20 | 56 | 0.81 | 0% | 1.79 | |
Region F | 333 | 0.76 | 0% | 5.80 | 209 | 0.60 | 0% | 5.26 | 133 | 0.49 | 0% | 4.93 | 189 | 1.39 | 10% | 2.56 | 125 | 1.06 | 3% | 2.29 | 70 | 0.60 | 0% | 1.81 | |
Region G | 392 | 0.97 | 3% | 6.05 | 266 | 0.83 | 0% | 5.51 | 169 | 0.63 | 0% | 5.08 | 194 | 1.96 | 6% | 2.59 | 133 | 1.16 | 5% | 2.32 | 86 | 0.64 | 0% | 1.71 | |
Region H | 442 | 1.37 | 6% | 6.27 | 362 | 1.27 | 0% | 5.93 | 280 | 1.05 | 0% | 5.57 | 179 | 1.67 | 5% | 2.52 | 151 | 1.48 | 6% | 2.40 | 123 | 1.48 | 1% | 1.71 | |
Region I | 478 | 1.44 | 6% | 6.43 | 387 | 1.35 | 0% | 6.03 | 303 | 1.13 | 0% | 5.67 | 196 | 2.52 | 2% | 2.59 | 160 | 2.04 | 3% | 2.43 | 132 | 1.72 | 3% | 1.71 | |
Region J | 454 | 1.31 | 3% | 6.33 | 355 | 1.17 | 0% | 5.89 | 272 | 0.97 | 0% | 5.53 | 196 | 2.14 | 5% | 2.59 | 161 | 1.65 | 7% | 2.44 | 132 | 1.27 | 8% | 1.71 | |
Region K | 407 | 1.28 | 3% | 6.12 | 322 | 1.08 | 0% | 5.75 | 247 | 0.96 | 0% | 5.42 | 173 | 1.58 | 7% | 2.49 | 129 | 0.98 | 10% | 2.30 | 109 | 0.92 | 1% | 1.71 | |
Individual locations | Region A | 498 | 1.37 | 4% | 6.52 | 424 | 1.33 | 0% | 6.19 | 346 | 1.19 | 0% | 5.85 | 260 | 2.22 | 13% | 2.87 | 173 | 2.06 | 0% | 2.49 | 126 | 1.64 | 2% | 1.71 |
Region B | 474 | 1.11 | 5% | 6.41 | 377 | 1.10 | 0% | 5.99 | 298 | 1.03 | 0% | 5.65 | 221 | 1.78 | 9% | 2.70 | 163 | 1.51 | 5% | 2.45 | 120 | 1.28 | 4% | 1.71 | |
Region C | 536 | 1.41 | 0% | 6.68 | 429 | 1.30 | 0% | 6.22 | 349 | 1.20 | 0% | 5.87 | 240 | 2.49 | 1% | 2.79 | 179 | 2.07 | 2% | 2.52 | 151 | 1.11 | 10% | 1.71 | |
Region D | 512 | 1.35 | 0% | 6.58 | 392 | 1.15 | 0% | 6.05 | 301 | 0.97 | 0% | 5.66 | 230 | 1.89 | 12% | 2.74 | 182 | 1.65 | 10% | 2.53 | 137 | 1.28 | 8% | 1.71 | |
Region E | 465 | 1.36 | 4% | 6.37 | 383 | 1.08 | 8% | 6.02 | 321 | 1.07 | 0% | 5.75 | 234 | 1.25 | 15% | 2.76 | 172 | 1.39 | 3% | 2.49 | 120 | 1.67 | 0% | 1.71 | |
Region F | 491 | 1.18 | 3% | 6.49 | 385 | 1.12 | 0% | 6.02 | 300 | 0.96 | 0% | 5.66 | 269 | 1.42 | 15% | 2.91 | 211 | 1.15 | 3% | 2.66 | 157 | 1.07 | 4% | 1.94 | |
Region G | 538 | 1.43 | 1% | 6.69 | 426 | 1.31 | 0% | 6.20 | 345 | 1.14 | 0% | 5.85 | 251 | 3.23 | 5% | 2.83 | 200 | 2.48 | 6% | 2.61 | 168 | 1.77 | 9% | 1.95 | |
Region H | 579 | 1.82 | 0% | 6.87 | 484 | 1.68 | 0% | 6.45 | 412 | 1.54 | 0% | 6.14 | 232 | 2.75 | 5% | 2.75 | 202 | 1.99 | 10% | 2.62 | 179 | 1.58 | 13% | 1.97 | |
Region I | 493 | 1.47 | 3% | 6.49 | 401 | 1.28 | 2% | 6.09 | 321 | 1.08 | 0% | 5.75 | 228 | 3.12 | 2% | 2.73 | 183 | 2.17 | 5% | 2.54 | 153 | 1.28 | 0% | 1.93 | |
Region J | 498 | 1.39 | 2% | 6.52 | 428 | 1.31 | 2% | 6.21 | 366 | 1.26 | 0% | 5.94 | 226 | 1.89 | 11% | 2.72 | 183 | 1.57 | 11% | 2.54 | 157 | 1.19 | 11% | 1.71 | |
Region K | 594 | 1.64 | 5% | 6.93 | 509 | 1.70 | 0% | 6.56 | 435 | 1.56 | 0% | 6.24 | 304 | 1.71 | 27% | 3.06 | 255 | 1.52 | 7% | 2.85 | 210 | 1.50 | 2% | 2.01 |
24 h Forecasts | Current Technology Cost: PV @ $1000/kW, Storage @ $200/kWh | Future Technology Cost: PV @ $400/kW, Storage @ $50/kWh | |||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No Flexibility | 2.5% Flexibility | 5% Flexibility | No Flexibility | 2.5% Flexibility | 5% Flexibility | ||||||||||||||||||||
Electrical Region | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | |
homogeneously dispersed fleets | Entire NYISO | 412 | 0.99 | 2% | 6.14 | 261 | 0.82 | 0% | 5.49 | 161 | 0.62 | 0% | 5.05 | 216 | 1.87 | 9% | 2.68 | 136 | 1.07 | 5% | 2.33 | 77 | 0.71 | 1% | 1.79 |
Region A | 602 | 1.36 | 16% | 6.97 | 462 | 1.31 | 10% | 6.36 | 369 | 1.39 | 0% | 4.35 | 251 | 3.49 | 2% | 2.83 | 184 | 2.38 | 3% | 2.54 | 141 | 1.82 | 3% | 1.72 | |
Region B | 602 | 1.44 | 12% | 6.97 | 467 | 1.46 | 3% | 6.38 | 355 | 1.36 | 0% | 5.89 | 269 | 3.04 | 5% | 2.91 | 189 | 2.34 | 4% | 2.56 | 140 | 1.67 | 4% | 1.84 | |
Region C | 582 | 1.54 | 5% | 6.88 | 431 | 1.41 | 0% | 6.23 | 312 | 1.17 | 0% | 5.71 | 255 | 2.77 | 6% | 2.85 | 175 | 2.04 | 4% | 2.50 | 134 | 1.66 | 3% | 1.84 | |
Region D | 535 | 1.27 | 3% | 6.68 | 387 | 1.08 | 0% | 6.03 | 274 | 0.93 | 0% | 5.54 | 246 | 2.72 | 6% | 2.81 | 186 | 1.91 | 7% | 2.55 | 134 | 1.59 | 2% | 1.84 | |
Region E | 470 | 1.01 | 8% | 6.40 | 326 | 0.87 | 3% | 5.77 | 214 | 0.76 | 0% | 5.28 | 226 | 1.99 | 8% | 2.73 | 157 | 1.33 | 6% | 2.42 | 100 | 1.03 | 0% | 1.81 | |
Region F | 567 | 1.53 | 8% | 6.82 | 416 | 1.39 | 1% | 6.16 | 300 | 1.20 | 0% | 5.66 | 262 | 2.22 | 12% | 2.88 | 195 | 1.37 | 6% | 2.59 | 130 | 1.26 | −2% | 1.83 | |
Region G | 577 | 1.70 | 12% | 6.86 | 484 | 1.37 | 13% | 6.46 | 385 | 1.39 | 1% | 4.35 | 249 | 1.65 | 14% | 2.82 | 190 | 1.62 | 10% | 2.57 | 151 | 1.36 | 9% | 1.72 | |
Region H | 734 | 2.47 | 13% | 7.54 | 649 | 2.17 | 14% | 7.17 | 580 | 2.01 | 9% | 4.35 | 278 | 2.83 | 9% | 2.95 | 234 | 2.47 | 10% | 2.76 | 203 | 2.18 | 11% | 1.72 | |
Region I | 664 | 2.36 | 9% | 7.24 | 592 | 2.04 | 11% | 6.93 | 532 | 1.80 | 12% | 4.35 | 257 | 2.51 | 8% | 2.86 | 220 | 2.04 | 11% | 2.70 | 190 | 1.80 | 12% | 1.72 | |
Region J | 735 | 2.76 | 9% | 7.55 | 632 | 2.34 | 10% | 7.10 | 548 | 2.01 | 10% | 4.35 | 267 | 2.76 | 9% | 2.90 | 219 | 2.41 | 9% | 2.69 | 186 | 2.01 | 10% | 1.72 | |
Region K | 699 | 2.66 | 9% | 7.39 | 590 | 2.21 | 10% | 6.92 | 533 | 1.95 | 11% | 4.35 | 247 | 2.66 | 9% | 2.81 | 198 | 2.21 | 10% | 2.60 | 174 | 2.02 | 10% | 1.72 | |
Individual locations | Region A | 696 | 1.43 | 22% | 7.38 | 584 | 1.50 | 12% | 6.89 | 480 | 1.42 | 0% | 4.35 | 285 | 3.97 | 3% | 2.98 | 237 | 2.85 | 6% | 2.77 | 192 | 1.89 | 9% | 1.72 |
Region B | 706 | 1.79 | 4% | 7.42 | 566 | 1.61 | 0% | 6.81 | 442 | 1.40 | 0% | 4.35 | 324 | 3.28 | 12% | 3.15 | 245 | 2.99 | 4% | 2.80 | 174 | 2.11 | 2% | 1.72 | |
Region C | 761 | 2.14 | 1% | 7.66 | 641 | 2.03 | 0% | 7.14 | 536 | 1.85 | 0% | 4.35 | 310 | 3.50 | 7% | 3.09 | 238 | 2.82 | 5% | 2.77 | 191 | 2.48 | 3% | 1.72 | |
Region D | 616 | 1.51 | 3% | 7.03 | 492 | 1.33 | 2% | 6.49 | 388 | 1.19 | 0% | 4.35 | 265 | 2.40 | 12% | 2.89 | 213 | 1.83 | 12% | 2.67 | 167 | 1.29 | 12% | 1.72 | |
Region E | 626 | 1.41 | 6% | 7.07 | 500 | 1.41 | −2% | 6.52 | 392 | 1.23 | 0% | 4.35 | 306 | 3.39 | 7% | 3.07 | 233 | 2.20 | 9% | 2.75 | 174 | 1.60 | 8% | 1.72 | |
Region F | 797 | 2.43 | 8% | 7.82 | 651 | 2.30 | 0% | 7.18 | 533 | 2.00 | 0% | 6.67 | 350 | 2.83 | 20% | 3.26 | 283 | 2.39 | 18% | 2.97 | 238 | 2.45 | 1% | 1.92 | |
Region G | 733 | 2.43 | 2% | 7.54 | 605 | 2.00 | 6% | 6.98 | 512 | 1.57 | 12% | 6.58 | 298 | 2.93 | 11% | 3.04 | 247 | 2.26 | 13% | 2.81 | 199 | 1.52 | 15% | 1.89 | |
Region H | 770 | 2.47 | 16% | 7.70 | 676 | 2.17 | 16% | 7.29 | 602 | 2.08 | 8% | 6.97 | 283 | 3.31 | 7% | 2.97 | 239 | 2.69 | 9% | 2.78 | 206 | 2.30 | 10% | 1.90 | |
Region I | 743 | 2.19 | 18% | 7.58 | 646 | 2.01 | 16% | 7.16 | 556 | 1.84 | 13% | 6.77 | 270 | 3.07 | 6% | 2.91 | 233 | 2.48 | 9% | 2.75 | 197 | 1.96 | 11% | 1.89 | |
Region J | 788 | 2.95 | 10% | 7.78 | 671 | 2.45 | 11% | 7.27 | 562 | 1.97 | 0% | 4.35 | 285 | 2.95 | 10% | 2.98 | 237 | 2.45 | 11% | 2.77 | 199 | 1.97 | 12% | 1.72 | |
Region K | 882 | 2.74 | 5% | 8.19 | 758 | 2.64 | −2% | 7.65 | 650 | 2.40 | 0% | 7.18 | 369 | 2.60 | 29% | 3.35 | 322 | 2.53 | 29% | 3.14 | 292 | 2.46 | 29% | 1.97 |
Firm Power Gen | Current Cost: PV @ 1000/kW, Storage @ $200/kWh | Future Cost: PV @ 400/kW, Storage @ $50/kWh | |||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No Flexibility | 2.5% Flexibility | 5% Flexibility | no Flexibility | 2.5% Flexibility | 5% Flexibility | ||||||||||||||||||||
Electrical Region | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | |
homogeneously dispersed fleets | Entire NYISO | 3299 | 6.7 | 197% | 19.33 | 2062 | 4.4 | 118% | 14.17 | 1654 | 3.7 | 92% | 12.17 | 1107 | 6.8 | 192% | 6.68 | 683 | 4.8 | 111% | 5.47 | 541 | 4.2 | 83% | 4.85 |
Region A | 4390 | 5.6 | 328% | 24.32 | 2630 | 4.5 | 174% | 16.89 | 2143 | 3.5 | 145% | 14.40 | 1581 | 6.6 | 313% | 8.87 | 900 | 5.2 | 161% | 6.52 | 734 | 4.1 | 132% | 5.74 | |
Region B | 4313 | 7.3 | 285% | 24.26 | 2634 | 4.6 | 171% | 16.94 | 2141 | 3.6 | 142% | 14.46 | 1505 | 7.3 | 285% | 8.57 | 898 | 5.1 | 160% | 6.52 | 731 | 4.1 | 132% | 5.76 | |
Region C | 4541 | 10.4 | 245% | 25.97 | 2626 | 4.9 | 164% | 17.12 | 2153 | 4.0 | 136% | 14.67 | 1503 | 10.4 | 245% | 8.76 | 877 | 5.6 | 149% | 6.54 | 719 | 4.8 | 120% | 5.78 | |
Region D | 4088 | 8.2 | 245% | 23.25 | 2881 | 5.5 | 179% | 18.06 | 2411 | 4.7 | 148% | 15.65 | 1376 | 8.3 | 241% | 7.99 | 975 | 6.0 | 169% | 6.90 | 810 | 5.1 | 139% | 6.12 | |
Region E | 4209 | 7.7 | 267% | 23.76 | 2630 | 5.1 | 161% | 16.99 | 2181 | 4.3 | 132% | 14.72 | 1434 | 9.0 | 245% | 8.29 | 886 | 5.8 | 149% | 6.54 | 732 | 4.7 | 125% | 5.83 | |
Region F | 4001 | 10.8 | 184% | 22.75 | 2273 | 5.2 | 122% | 15.07 | 1863 | 4.5 | 96% | 13.03 | 1276 | 10.8 | 184% | 7.48 | 733 | 6.0 | 109% | 5.71 | 594 | 5.1 | 85% | 5.08 | |
Region G | 3417 | 10.2 | 138% | 19.31 | 2031 | 6.3 | 78% | 13.65 | 1689 | 4.6 | 76% | 11.86 | 1049 | 10.9 | 126% | 6.24 | 624 | 6.3 | 77% | 5.08 | 519 | 5.3 | 64% | 4.62 | |
Region H | 3541 | 11.8 | 118% | 19.55 | 2119 | 6.5 | 81% | 13.80 | 1759 | 5.1 | 75% | 12.02 | 1063 | 11.8 | 118% | 6.17 | 641 | 6.9 | 74% | 5.16 | 534 | 5.8 | 61% | 4.71 | |
Region I | 3026 | 11.4 | 74% | 17.30 | 1984 | 6.1 | 75% | 12.98 | 1625 | 5.1 | 61% | 11.35 | 868 | 11.4 | 74% | 5.34 | 581 | 7.5 | 52% | 4.82 | 470 | 6.0 | 42% | 4.38 | |
Region J | 3043 | 10.6 | 92% | 17.29 | 1964 | 6.4 | 68% | 12.93 | 1586 | 5.2 | 55% | 11.17 | 875 | 12.6 | 61% | 5.42 | 565 | 7.3 | 50% | 4.70 | 457 | 6.0 | 40% | 4.24 | |
Region K | 2898 | 10.8 | 74% | 16.38 | 1823 | 6.1 | 61% | 12.16 | 1524 | 5.0 | 51% | 10.81 | 836 | 10.8 | 74% | 5.09 | 538 | 6.4 | 54% | 4.52 | 446 | 5.7 | 40% | 4.25 | |
Individual locations | Entire NYISO | 4215 | 10.2 | 217% | 24.65 | 2352 | 5.2 | 132% | 16.02 | 1941 | 4.2 | 111% | 13.85 | 1385 | 12.0 | 197% | 8.35 | 773 | 5.6 | 124% | 6.06 | 640 | 4.6 | 102% | 5.42 |
Region A | 4396 | 6.2 | 315% | 24.91 | 2768 | 4.5 | 186% | 17.80 | 2249 | 3.7 | 151% | 15.13 | 1570 | 6.4 | 313% | 8.98 | 951 | 5.2 | 173% | 6.85 | 772 | 4.3 | 139% | 5.99 | |
Region B | 4081 | 7.8 | 253% | 23.57 | 2592 | 4.7 | 165% | 16.95 | 2137 | 3.8 | 137% | 14.61 | 1400 | 7.8 | 253% | 8.22 | 878 | 5.4 | 152% | 6.53 | 712 | 5.0 | 115% | 5.77 | |
Region C | 4607 | 7.4 | 313% | 25.84 | 2691 | 5.4 | 160% | 17.50 | 2222 | 4.4 | 134% | 15.07 | 1589 | 7.5 | 304% | 9.04 | 889 | 6.2 | 145% | 6.59 | 742 | 5.0 | 123% | 5.90 | |
Region D | 4210 | 8.8 | 245% | 24.41 | 2893 | 5.3 | 183% | 18.47 | 2451 | 4.2 | 160% | 16.08 | 1381 | 9.0 | 233% | 8.22 | 990 | 5.7 | 176% | 7.04 | 828 | 5.4 | 140% | 6.32 | |
Region E | 6099 | 22.5 | 160% | 35.11 | 2725 | 5.6 | 160% | 17.86 | 2241 | 4.4 | 136% | 15.32 | 1765 | 22.5 | 160% | 10.50 | 897 | 6.6 | 142% | 6.75 | 737 | 5.7 | 113% | 6.01 | |
Region F | 4171 | 11.6 | 185% | 23.04 | 2325 | 5.7 | 119% | 15.00 | 1906 | 4.8 | 94% | 12.96 | 1321 | 11.6 | 185% | 7.52 | 736 | 6.5 | 103% | 5.63 | 597 | 5.6 | 80% | 5.01 | |
Region G | 3898 | 9.9 | 192% | 20.94 | 2140 | 6.2 | 90% | 13.90 | 1753 | 4.9 | 77% | 12.01 | 1160 | 13.5 | 121% | 6.70 | 652 | 6.7 | 79% | 5.15 | 534 | 5.8 | 61% | 4.65 | |
Region H | 3420 | 11.0 | 121% | 19.00 | 2148 | 6.3 | 89% | 13.90 | 1788 | 5.1 | 77% | 12.15 | 1036 | 11.0 | 121% | 6.06 | 655 | 7.2 | 74% | 5.21 | 545 | 6.0 | 62% | 4.76 | |
Region I | 2942 | 11.0 | 74% | 16.86 | 1982 | 6.2 | 74% | 12.92 | 1617 | 5.2 | 59% | 11.30 | 847 | 11.0 | 74% | 5.23 | 594 | 6.6 | 66% | 4.77 | 468 | 6.0 | 42% | 4.36 | |
Region J | 3153 | 11.6 | 83% | 17.89 | 1944 | 6.6 | 62% | 12.91 | 1580 | 5.0 | 58% | 11.25 | 893 | 13.0 | 61% | 5.52 | 560 | 7.2 | 50% | 4.69 | 455 | 6.1 | 38% | 4.24 | |
Region K | 3171 | 9.6 | 125% | 17.40 | 1887 | 6.3 | 63% | 12.51 | 1578 | 5.1 | 56% | 11.09 | 939 | 11.9 | 86% | 5.57 | 559 | 6.6 | 57% | 4.64 | 466 | 5.6 | 46% | 4.35 |
Firm Power Gen | Current Cost: PV @ 1000/kW, Storage @ $200/kWh | Future Cost: PV @ 400/kW, Storage @ $50/kWh | |||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No Flexibility | 2.5% Flexibility | 5% Flexibility | No Flexibility | 2.5% Flexibility | 5% Flexibility | ||||||||||||||||||||
Electrical Region | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | |
homogeneously dispersed fleets | Entire NYISO | 42,757 | 213.8 | 0% | 220 | 37,535 | 187.7 | 0% | 189 | 32,037 | 160.2 | 0% | 158 | 10,689 | 213.8 | 0% | 56 | 9384 | 187.7 | 0% | 49 | 8009 | 160.2 | 0% | 41 |
Region A | 52,591 | 263.0 | 0% | 275 | 48,166 | 240.8 | 0% | 247 | 43,508 | 217.5 | 0% | 218 | 13,148 | 263.0 | 0% | 70 | 12,042 | 240.8 | 0% | 63 | 10,877 | 217.5 | 0% | 56 | |
Region B | 51,671 | 258.4 | 0% | 271 | 47,068 | 235.3 | 0% | 242 | 42,227 | 211.1 | 0% | 212 | 12,918 | 258.4 | 0% | 68 | 11,767 | 235.3 | 0% | 62 | 10,557 | 211.1 | 0% | 54 | |
Region C | 52,172 | 260.9 | 0% | 275 | 47,712 | 238.6 | 0% | 247 | 43,017 | 215.1 | 0% | 217 | 13,043 | 260.9 | 0% | 70 | 11,928 | 238.6 | 0% | 63 | 10,754 | 215.1 | 0% | 56 | |
Region D | 60,504 | 302.5 | 0% | 314 | 56,277 | 281.4 | 0% | 286 | 51,914 | 259.6 | 0% | 257 | 15,126 | 302.5 | 0% | 79 | 14,069 | 281.4 | 0% | 73 | 12,979 | 259.6 | 0% | 66 | |
Region E | 55,382 | 276.9 | 0% | 288 | 50,794 | 254.0 | 0% | 259 | 46,033 | 230.2 | 0% | 229 | 13,845 | 276.9 | 0% | 73 | 12,699 | 254.0 | 0% | 66 | 11,508 | 230.2 | 0% | 59 | |
Region F | 45,056 | 225.3 | 0% | 229 | 39,866 | 199.3 | 0% | 199 | 34,420 | 172.1 | 0% | 168 | 11,264 | 225.3 | 0% | 58 | 9966 | 199.3 | 0% | 51 | 8605 | 172.1 | 0% | 43 | |
Region G | 35,207 | 176.0 | 0% | 172 | 29,625 | 148.1 | 0% | 143 | 25,758 | 128.8 | 0% | 122 | 8802 | 176.0 | 0% | 44 | 7406 | 148.1 | 0% | 37 | 6440 | 128.8 | 0% | 32 | |
Region H | 37,090 | 185.4 | 0% | 177 | 31,515 | 157.6 | 0% | 148 | 26,945 | 134.7 | 0% | 124 | 9272 | 185.4 | 0% | 45 | 7879 | 157.6 | 0% | 38 | 6736 | 134.7 | 0% | 32 | |
Region I | 31,524 | 157.6 | 0% | 149 | 28,667 | 143.3 | 0% | 133 | 27,941 | 139.7 | 0% | 127 | 7881 | 157.6 | 0% | 38 | 7167 | 143.3 | 0% | 35 | 6985 | 139.7 | 0% | 33 | |
Region J | 29,700 | 148.5 | 0% | 141 | 26,802 | 134.0 | 0% | 125 | 26,952 | 134.8 | 0% | 123 | 7425 | 148.5 | 0% | 36 | 6700 | 134.0 | 0% | 32 | 6738 | 134.8 | 0% | 32 | |
Region K | 32,438 | 162.2 | 0% | 150 | 29,746 | 148.7 | 0% | 136 | 30,915 | 154.6 | 0% | 137 | 8109 | 162.2 | 0% | 38 | 7436 | 148.7 | 0% | 35 | 7729 | 154.6 | 0% | 36 | |
Individual locations | Entire NYISO | 45,194 | 226.0 | 0% | 240 | 40,565 | 202.8 | 0% | 212 | 35,693 | 178.5 | 0% | 182 | 11,298 | 226.0 | 0% | 61 | 10,141 | 202.8 | 0% | 54 | 8923 | 178.5 | 0% | 47 |
Region A | 52,287 | 261.4 | 0% | 279 | 47,942 | 239.7 | 0% | 251 | 43,522 | 217.6 | 0% | 222 | 13,072 | 261.4 | 0% | 70 | 11,985 | 239.7 | 0% | 64 | 10,881 | 217.6 | 0% | 57 | |
Region B | 49,154 | 245.8 | 0% | 260 | 44,589 | 222.9 | 0% | 232 | 39,783 | 198.9 | 0% | 202 | 12,288 | 245.8 | 0% | 66 | 11,147 | 222.9 | 0% | 59 | 9946 | 198.9 | 0% | 52 | |
Region C | 53,964 | 269.8 | 0% | 286 | 49,517 | 247.6 | 0% | 257 | 44,835 | 224.2 | 0% | 227 | 13,491 | 269.8 | 0% | 72 | 12,379 | 247.6 | 0% | 65 | 11,209 | 224.2 | 0% | 58 | |
Region D | 59,102 | 295.5 | 0% | 314 | 55,050 | 275.2 | 0% | 286 | 50,784 | 253.9 | 0% | 257 | 14,776 | 295.5 | 0% | 79 | 13,762 | 275.2 | 0% | 73 | 12,696 | 253.9 | 0% | 66 | |
Region E | 52,808 | 264.0 | 0% | 282 | 48,348 | 241.7 | 0% | 253 | 43,697 | 218.5 | 0% | 223 | 13,202 | 264.0 | 0% | 71 | 12,087 | 241.7 | 0% | 64 | 10,924 | 218.5 | 0% | 57 | |
Region F | 43,974 | 219.9 | 0% | 219 | 38,660 | 193.3 | 0% | 189 | 33,372 | 166.9 | 0% | 159 | 10,994 | 219.9 | 0% | 55 | 9665 | 193.3 | 0% | 48 | 8343 | 166.9 | 0% | 41 | |
Region G | 33,974 | 169.9 | 0% | 164 | 28,323 | 141.6 | 0% | 135 | 26,046 | 130.2 | 0% | 121 | 8493 | 169.9 | 0% | 42 | 7081 | 141.6 | 0% | 35 | 6511 | 130.2 | 0% | 32 | |
Region H | 37,211 | 186.1 | 0% | 178 | 31,648 | 158.2 | 0% | 149 | 26,951 | 134.8 | 0% | 124 | 9303 | 186.1 | 0% | 45 | 7912 | 158.2 | 0% | 39 | 6738 | 134.8 | 0% | 32 | |
Region I | 31,266 | 156.3 | 0% | 148 | 28,495 | 142.5 | 0% | 132 | 27,956 | 139.8 | 0% | 127 | 7817 | 156.3 | 0% | 37 | 7124 | 142.5 | 0% | 34 | 6989 | 139.8 | 0% | 33 | |
Region J | 30,548 | 152.7 | 0% | 145 | 27,833 | 139.2 | 0% | 130 | 27,441 | 137.2 | 0% | 125 | 7637 | 152.7 | 0% | 37 | 6958 | 139.2 | 0% | 34 | 6860 | 137.2 | 0% | 33 | |
Region K | 32,991 | 165.0 | 0% | 154 | 30,325 | 151.6 | 0% | 139 | 30,896 | 154.5 | 0% | 138 | 8248 | 165.0 | 0% | 39 | 7581 | 151.6 | 0% | 36 | 7724 | 154.5 | 0% | 36 |
Firm Power Gen | Current Cost: PV @ 1000/kW, Storage @ $200/kWh | Future Cost: PV @ 400/kW, Storage @ $50/kWh | |||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No Flexibility | 2.5% Flexibility | 5% Flexibility | No Flexibility | 2.5% Flexibility | 5% Flexibility | ||||||||||||||||||||
Electrical Region | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | |
homogeneously dispersed fleets | Entire NYISO | 936 | 4.4 | 5% | 8.93 | 541 | 1.6 | 23% | 7.00 | 428 | 0.8 | 26% | 6.28 | 242 | 4.4 | 5% | 2.90 | 151 | 2.0 | 13% | 2.74 | 135 | 1.0 | 21% | 2.59 |
Region A | 1074 | 4.5 | 17% | 9.75 | 594 | 1.6 | 28% | 7.44 | 455 | 1.1 | 24% | 6.64 | 293 | 4.5 | 17% | 3.20 | 167 | 2.0 | 17% | 2.93 | 143 | 1.2 | 21% | 2.75 | |
Region B | 1064 | 4.8 | 10% | 9.74 | 618 | 1.7 | 29% | 7.49 | 477 | 1.1 | 25% | 6.71 | 282 | 4.8 | 10% | 3.16 | 203 | 1.6 | 31% | 2.99 | 140 | 1.6 | 15% | 2.72 | |
Region C | 1081 | 4.9 | 10% | 9.91 | 623 | 2.0 | 22% | 7.67 | 500 | 1.2 | 26% | 6.87 | 286 | 4.9 | 10% | 3.20 | 178 | 2.2 | 17% | 2.98 | 156 | 1.3 | 22% | 2.81 | |
Region D | 1261 | 5.8 | 10% | 10.68 | 661 | 2.4 | 19% | 7.81 | 541 | 1.4 | 27% | 7.00 | 331 | 5.8 | 10% | 3.38 | 192 | 2.4 | 18% | 3.04 | 168 | 1.5 | 23% | 2.87 | |
Region E | 1146 | 4.6 | 23% | 10.02 | 613 | 2.1 | 20% | 7.54 | 488 | 1.2 | 24% | 6.76 | 310 | 5.4 | 10% | 3.28 | 170 | 2.8 | 8% | 2.92 | 138 | 1.9 | 10% | 2.75 | |
Region F | 1173 | 5.6 | 5% | 10.03 | 658 | 2.5 | 17% | 7.66 | 526 | 1.6 | 20% | 6.84 | 301 | 5.6 | 5% | 3.17 | 183 | 2.6 | 14% | 2.97 | 155 | 1.8 | 17% | 2.79 | |
Region G | 1244 | 5.7 | 10% | 9.89 | 645 | 2.1 | 23% | 7.23 | 506 | 1.6 | 18% | 6.48 | 318 | 5.7 | 8% | 3.10 | 184 | 2.3 | 17% | 2.85 | 147 | 1.8 | 15% | 2.65 | |
Region H | 1214 | 5.5 | 11% | 9.50 | 674 | 2.1 | 25% | 7.15 | 523 | 1.5 | 22% | 6.36 | 319 | 5.5 | 11% | 3.03 | 189 | 2.5 | 17% | 2.80 | 157 | 1.6 | 19% | 2.61 | |
Region I | 1226 | 5.4 | 14% | 9.44 | 691 | 2.2 | 25% | 7.17 | 539 | 1.4 | 26% | 6.35 | 327 | 5.4 | 14% | 3.02 | 186 | 2.9 | 10% | 2.77 | 158 | 1.7 | 18% | 2.60 | |
Region J | 1244 | 5.3 | 18% | 9.51 | 691 | 2.3 | 23% | 7.20 | 545 | 1.4 | 26% | 6.38 | 340 | 5.5 | 17% | 3.08 | 186 | 2.9 | 10% | 2.77 | 159 | 1.7 | 19% | 2.61 | |
Region K | 1196 | 4.8 | 23% | 9.05 | 716 | 2.3 | 26% | 7.07 | 535 | 1.6 | 21% | 6.19 | 331 | 4.9 | 21% | 2.96 | 199 | 2.7 | 17% | 2.69 | 157 | 1.8 | 17% | 2.49 | |
Individual locations | Entire NYISO | 1202 | 4.7 | 26% | 10.47 | 717 | 2.8 | 17% | 8.24 | 576 | 1.9 | 20% | 7.40 | 327 | 5.4 | 14% | 3.42 | 199 | 2.9 | 14% | 3.12 | 160 | 2.4 | 10% | 2.91 |
Region A | 1113 | 4.7 | 17% | 10.14 | 630 | 2.2 | 19% | 7.85 | 510 | 1.3 | 25% | 7.07 | 303 | 4.7 | 17% | 3.31 | 183 | 2.3 | 17% | 3.08 | 156 | 1.5 | 20% | 2.91 | |
Region B | 1068 | 4.3 | 21% | 9.78 | 642 | 2.2 | 21% | 7.79 | 512 | 1.5 | 22% | 6.99 | 296 | 4.6 | 17% | 3.25 | 176 | 2.9 | 8% | 2.95 | 152 | 1.7 | 17% | 2.84 | |
Region C | 1089 | 4.9 | 10% | 9.98 | 673 | 2.6 | 15% | 8.01 | 573 | 1.5 | 28% | 7.26 | 288 | 4.9 | 10% | 3.22 | 186 | 2.9 | 10% | 3.06 | 174 | 1.7 | 23% | 2.94 | |
Region D | 1253 | 5.7 | 10% | 10.88 | 721 | 2.5 | 22% | 8.28 | 594 | 1.7 | 26% | 7.46 | 329 | 5.7 | 10% | 3.45 | 202 | 2.7 | 17% | 3.18 | 168 | 2.5 | 10% | 2.99 | |
Region E | 1424 | 5.2 | 38% | 11.58 | 744 | 2.7 | 21% | 8.45 | 602 | 2.0 | 21% | 7.56 | 374 | 6.6 | 10% | 3.70 | 207 | 2.9 | 15% | 3.24 | 175 | 2.1 | 17% | 3.03 | |
Region F | 1230 | 5.7 | 8% | 10.05 | 722 | 2.8 | 17% | 7.79 | 578 | 1.8 | 22% | 6.94 | 320 | 5.7 | 8% | 3.18 | 194 | 3.0 | 10% | 2.95 | 167 | 2.0 | 17% | 2.81 | |
Region G | 1228 | 5.9 | 5% | 9.73 | 692 | 2.5 | 19% | 7.40 | 544 | 1.8 | 18% | 6.60 | 315 | 5.9 | 5% | 3.06 | 185 | 2.9 | 10% | 2.86 | 154 | 2.0 | 13% | 2.67 | |
Region H | 1223 | 5.6 | 11% | 9.56 | 673 | 2.2 | 23% | 7.18 | 530 | 1.6 | 21% | 6.42 | 322 | 5.6 | 11% | 3.04 | 190 | 2.5 | 17% | 2.81 | 155 | 1.8 | 17% | 2.62 | |
Region I | 1233 | 5.3 | 17% | 9.42 | 689 | 2.3 | 23% | 7.16 | 537 | 1.5 | 23% | 6.34 | 333 | 5.3 | 16% | 3.03 | 187 | 2.9 | 10% | 2.77 | 160 | 1.7 | 19% | 2.60 | |
Region J | 1241 | 5.3 | 18% | 9.52 | 701 | 2.7 | 17% | 7.30 | 551 | 1.7 | 22% | 6.46 | 337 | 5.4 | 17% | 3.07 | 195 | 2.8 | 14% | 2.81 | 160 | 1.9 | 17% | 2.63 | |
Region K | 1242 | 4.9 | 27% | 9.31 | 741 | 2.4 | 26% | 7.25 | 560 | 1.7 | 22% | 6.38 | 351 | 4.9 | 27% | 3.06 | 206 | 2.8 | 17% | 2.77 | 156 | 2.3 | 10% | 2.53 |
Firm Power Gen | Current Cost: PV @ 1000/kW, Storage @ $200/kWh | Future Cost: PV @ 400/kW, Storage @ $50/kWh | |||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No Flexibility | 2.5% Flexibility | 5% Flexibility | No Flexibility | 2.5% Flexibility | 5% Flexibility | ||||||||||||||||||||
Electrical Region | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | |
homogeneously dispersed fleets | Entire NYISO | 1813 | 3.6 | 109% | 12.53 | 1014 | 2.6 | 50% | 9.21 | 810 | 2.1 | 40% | 8.56 | 596 | 3.8 | 101% | 4.39 | 316 | 3.0 | 42% | 3.55 | 249 | 3.1 | 23% | 3.40 |
Region A | 2345 | 3.7 | 160% | 15.14 | 1234 | 2.5 | 74% | 10.31 | 983 | 2.6 | 46% | 9.37 | 817 | 3.7 | 158% | 5.44 | 408 | 3.1 | 63% | 4.00 | 312 | 3.1 | 40% | 3.60 | |
Region B | 2385 | 3.9 | 160% | 15.34 | 1279 | 2.6 | 76% | 10.56 | 1032 | 2.2 | 59% | 9.31 | 823 | 4.0 | 156% | 5.47 | 416 | 3.3 | 63% | 4.08 | 321 | 3.0 | 42% | 3.67 | |
Region C | 2479 | 5.8 | 132% | 16.19 | 1251 | 2.8 | 69% | 10.55 | 1006 | 2.6 | 49% | 9.31 | 787 | 6.3 | 118% | 5.46 | 405 | 3.2 | 61% | 4.05 | 314 | 3.2 | 39% | 3.66 | |
Region D | 2221 | 5.1 | 120% | 14.71 | 1319 | 3.2 | 68% | 10.73 | 1095 | 3.0 | 49% | 9.69 | 735 | 5.1 | 120% | 5.10 | 425 | 3.5 | 63% | 4.09 | 340 | 3.6 | 40% | 3.75 | |
Region E | 2559 | 4.8 | 160% | 16.15 | 1421 | 3.1 | 79% | 11.27 | 1147 | 2.7 | 61% | 9.89 | 865 | 5.0 | 154% | 5.67 | 467 | 3.4 | 74% | 4.36 | 364 | 3.3 | 50% | 3.93 | |
Region F | 2263 | 5.9 | 109% | 14.66 | 1177 | 3.3 | 51% | 9.93 | 979 | 2.9 | 39% | 9.20 | 709 | 6.0 | 102% | 4.90 | 358 | 4.0 | 40% | 3.74 | 293 | 3.5 | 30% | 3.50 | |
Region G | 1915 | 6.1 | 70% | 12.65 | 1079 | 3.5 | 37% | 9.15 | 902 | 3.4 | 23% | 8.70 | 564 | 7.3 | 50% | 4.15 | 320 | 3.9 | 31% | 3.45 | 260 | 3.4 | 23% | 3.59 | |
Region H | 2302 | 7.6 | 77% | 14.08 | 1311 | 4.1 | 50% | 10.04 | 1081 | 3.3 | 42% | 8.99 | 690 | 7.9 | 74% | 4.57 | 391 | 4.5 | 41% | 3.80 | 318 | 3.8 | 33% | 3.60 | |
Region I | 1748 | 7.2 | 31% | 11.72 | 1047 | 3.8 | 29% | 8.80 | 861 | 3.7 | 13% | 8.28 | 484 | 7.2 | 31% | 3.69 | 294 | 4.1 | 22% | 3.30 | 234 | 3.7 | 13% | 3.37 | |
Region J | 1721 | 6.3 | 46% | 11.51 | 1006 | 3.6 | 29% | 8.67 | 818 | 3.4 | 14% | 8.32 | 482 | 7.8 | 23% | 3.72 | 279 | 3.9 | 21% | 3.30 | 225 | 3.8 | 9% | 3.47 | |
Region K | 1731 | 6.2 | 50% | 11.28 | 1055 | 3.6 | 33% | 8.75 | 866 | 3.3 | 21% | 8.12 | 507 | 6.2 | 49% | 3.67 | 309 | 3.7 | 31% | 3.39 | 243 | 3.6 | 15% | 3.39 | |
Individual locations | Entire NYISO | 2347 | 5.8 | 119% | 15.69 | 1257 | 3.1 | 63% | 10.67 | 1057 | 3.1 | 45% | 9.71 | 765 | 5.8 | 119% | 5.37 | 392 | 3.6 | 53% | 4.01 | 318 | 3.6 | 34% | 3.74 |
Region A | 2417 | 4.1 | 160% | 15.79 | 1355 | 2.6 | 84% | 11.05 | 1062 | 3.1 | 44% | 9.75 | 845 | 4.1 | 160% | 5.68 | 445 | 3.3 | 70% | 4.27 | 329 | 3.4 | 40% | 3.78 | |
Region B | 2336 | 5.1 | 132% | 15.48 | 1301 | 2.6 | 78% | 10.76 | 1031 | 2.8 | 47% | 9.49 | 769 | 5.2 | 128% | 5.34 | 418 | 3.5 | 61% | 4.14 | 319 | 3.2 | 40% | 3.71 | |
Region C | 2457 | 4.3 | 160% | 15.88 | 1301 | 3.2 | 67% | 10.85 | 1074 | 3.0 | 48% | 9.69 | 835 | 4.3 | 155% | 5.60 | 417 | 3.4 | 61% | 4.12 | 333 | 3.5 | 40% | 3.79 | |
Region D | 2280 | 4.8 | 132% | 15.26 | 1390 | 3.2 | 75% | 11.28 | 1157 | 3.4 | 47% | 10.17 | 752 | 4.9 | 127% | 5.28 | 450 | 3.6 | 67% | 4.29 | 359 | 3.5 | 46% | 3.91 | |
Region E | 3703 | 14.0 | 90% | 23.11 | 1535 | 3.4 | 85% | 12.08 | 1261 | 3.4 | 58% | 10.71 | 1061 | 14.0 | 90% | 7.04 | 499 | 3.9 | 76% | 4.62 | 390 | 3.8 | 50% | 4.15 | |
Region F | 2258 | 6.5 | 96% | 14.39 | 1218 | 3.7 | 48% | 9.92 | 1038 | 3.2 | 39% | 9.13 | 706 | 6.9 | 90% | 4.81 | 362 | 4.1 | 40% | 3.69 | 305 | 3.9 | 28% | 3.48 | |
Region G | 2108 | 6.3 | 84% | 13.30 | 1118 | 3.8 | 36% | 9.22 | 936 | 3.5 | 23% | 8.77 | 603 | 8.1 | 50% | 4.29 | 327 | 4.1 | 30% | 3.43 | 264 | 3.9 | 17% | 3.53 | |
Region H | 2207 | 7.7 | 66% | 13.75 | 1293 | 3.9 | 51% | 9.96 | 1071 | 3.2 | 43% | 8.96 | 651 | 7.7 | 66% | 4.42 | 387 | 4.4 | 42% | 3.78 | 314 | 3.8 | 31% | 3.60 | |
Region I | 1676 | 6.8 | 32% | 11.35 | 1055 | 3.5 | 36% | 8.81 | 853 | 3.6 | 14% | 8.22 | 467 | 6.8 | 32% | 3.60 | 304 | 3.8 | 28% | 3.35 | 234 | 3.6 | 14% | 3.37 | |
Region J | 1769 | 6.8 | 40% | 11.80 | 994 | 4.0 | 19% | 8.78 | 809 | 2.8 | 24% | 8.60 | 488 | 7.9 | 23% | 3.75 | 273 | 4.2 | 16% | 3.25 | 230 | 4.0 | 8% | 3.67 | |
Region K | 1872 | 5.6 | 74% | 11.84 | 1112 | 3.5 | 41% | 8.99 | 926 | 2.7 | 38% | 8.48 | 576 | 5.7 | 73% | 3.95 | 315 | 4.0 | 29% | 3.58 | 268 | 3.2 | 27% | 3.68 |
Firm Power Gen | Current Cost: PV @ 1000/kW, Storage @ $200/kWh | Future Cost: PV @ 400/kW, Storage @ $50/kWh | |||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No Flexibility | 2.5% Flexibility | 5% Flexibility | No Flexibility | 2.5% Flexibility | 5% Flexibility | ||||||||||||||||||||
Electrical Region | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | |
homogeneously dispersed fleets | Entire NYISO | 2778 | 5.8 | 162% | 16.98 | 1681 | 3.6 | 97% | 12.35 | 1326 | 3.1 | 71% | 10.65 | 939 | 6.0 | 160% | 5.93 | 554 | 3.9 | 90% | 4.79 | 425 | 3.5 | 62% | 4.25 |
Region A | 3687 | 4.7 | 275% | 21.12 | 2124 | 3.6 | 141% | 14.50 | 1709 | 2.8 | 114% | 12.40 | 1332 | 4.8 | 274% | 7.72 | 730 | 4.1 | 132% | 5.63 | 578 | 3.6 | 100% | 4.95 | |
Region B | 3686 | 6.2 | 245% | 21.35 | 2149 | 3.7 | 141% | 14.63 | 1736 | 3.0 | 114% | 12.56 | 1279 | 6.2 | 242% | 7.55 | 720 | 4.9 | 119% | 5.65 | 576 | 4.1 | 93% | 5.00 | |
Region C | 3826 | 9.3 | 197% | 22.66 | 2130 | 4.1 | 132% | 14.75 | 1723 | 3.3 | 107% | 12.65 | 1252 | 9.3 | 197% | 7.61 | 711 | 4.5 | 121% | 5.66 | 575 | 3.9 | 95% | 5.02 | |
Region D | 3440 | 7.2 | 199% | 20.31 | 2323 | 4.5 | 142% | 15.43 | 1897 | 3.8 | 114% | 13.28 | 1163 | 7.5 | 197% | 7.04 | 784 | 4.9 | 135% | 5.92 | 631 | 4.2 | 105% | 5.22 | |
Region E | 3652 | 6.8 | 229% | 21.21 | 2210 | 4.4 | 133% | 15.00 | 1798 | 3.6 | 109% | 12.93 | 1244 | 7.1 | 222% | 7.39 | 743 | 4.7 | 126% | 5.78 | 599 | 3.9 | 101% | 5.14 | |
Region F | 3423 | 9.1 | 160% | 20.04 | 1872 | 4.5 | 97% | 13.19 | 1508 | 3.8 | 74% | 11.39 | 1086 | 9.2 | 156% | 6.62 | 596 | 5.2 | 84% | 5.00 | 474 | 4.2 | 66% | 4.45 | |
Region G | 2911 | 8.5 | 120% | 17.02 | 1684 | 5.2 | 64% | 12.02 | 1375 | 4.0 | 57% | 10.47 | 889 | 9.7 | 101% | 5.55 | 514 | 5.3 | 62% | 4.50 | 420 | 4.4 | 50% | 4.10 | |
Region H | 3129 | 10.4 | 105% | 17.73 | 1836 | 5.7 | 69% | 12.50 | 1512 | 4.3 | 65% | 10.88 | 939 | 10.4 | 105% | 5.64 | 554 | 6.2 | 62% | 4.70 | 454 | 5.0 | 51% | 4.28 | |
Region I | 2609 | 10.0 | 61% | 15.47 | 1640 | 5.1 | 62% | 11.40 | 1325 | 4.3 | 47% | 10.00 | 717 | 10.3 | 51% | 4.71 | 473 | 6.2 | 41% | 4.23 | 381 | 5.0 | 33% | 3.88 | |
Region J | 2603 | 9.2 | 77% | 15.37 | 1597 | 5.2 | 57% | 11.23 | 1279 | 4.4 | 41% | 9.87 | 745 | 10.9 | 50% | 4.86 | 455 | 6.3 | 36% | 4.12 | 363 | 4.9 | 30% | 3.83 | |
Region K | 2493 | 9.4 | 61% | 14.64 | 1545 | 5.2 | 50% | 10.90 | 1285 | 4.1 | 47% | 9.80 | 716 | 9.4 | 61% | 4.58 | 452 | 5.5 | 44% | 4.08 | 369 | 5.1 | 29% | 3.83 | |
Individual locations | Entire NYISO | 3654 | 8.4 | 197% | 21.88 | 1947 | 4.1 | 112% | 14.00 | 1606 | 3.7 | 86% | 12.27 | 1175 | 8.8 | 184% | 7.29 | 642 | 4.5 | 105% | 5.34 | 517 | 4.2 | 76% | 4.78 |
Region A | 3726 | 5.3 | 266% | 21.79 | 2248 | 3.6 | 153% | 15.30 | 1813 | 3.1 | 119% | 13.11 | 1320 | 6.8 | 245% | 7.89 | 771 | 4.6 | 135% | 5.94 | 612 | 3.8 | 105% | 5.19 | |
Region B | 3491 | 6.9 | 211% | 20.84 | 2120 | 3.8 | 136% | 14.68 | 1746 | 3.3 | 109% | 12.78 | 1190 | 6.9 | 211% | 7.26 | 708 | 4.9 | 116% | 5.67 | 572 | 4.2 | 90% | 5.03 | |
Region C | 3828 | 6.4 | 255% | 22.25 | 2186 | 4.3 | 132% | 15.07 | 1804 | 3.6 | 109% | 13.08 | 1348 | 7.3 | 245% | 7.98 | 722 | 5.1 | 116% | 5.71 | 593 | 4.3 | 95% | 5.13 | |
Region D | 3502 | 7.6 | 198% | 21.10 | 2371 | 4.4 | 150% | 15.94 | 1970 | 3.4 | 128% | 13.81 | 1173 | 7.7 | 197% | 7.25 | 803 | 5.0 | 139% | 6.12 | 659 | 4.5 | 109% | 5.44 | |
Region E | 5295 | 19.9 | 132% | 31.12 | 2303 | 4.7 | 136% | 15.79 | 1887 | 3.8 | 114% | 13.62 | 1521 | 19.9 | 132% | 9.32 | 762 | 5.4 | 123% | 6.02 | 609 | 4.9 | 91% | 5.33 | |
Region F | 3555 | 9.8 | 160% | 20.22 | 1896 | 5.0 | 90% | 13.07 | 1554 | 4.3 | 70% | 11.39 | 1117 | 9.9 | 156% | 6.62 | 597 | 5.5 | 81% | 4.91 | 479 | 4.7 | 61% | 4.40 | |
Region G | 3307 | 8.5 | 160% | 18.39 | 1752 | 5.4 | 67% | 12.17 | 1438 | 4.3 | 58% | 10.62 | 974 | 11.8 | 96% | 5.90 | 534 | 5.6 | 63% | 4.54 | 425 | 5.0 | 44% | 4.10 | |
Region H | 3005 | 9.8 | 106% | 17.18 | 1851 | 5.5 | 74% | 12.55 | 1520 | 4.4 | 65% | 10.94 | 910 | 9.8 | 106% | 5.51 | 563 | 6.2 | 63% | 4.74 | 458 | 5.2 | 50% | 4.30 | |
Region I | 2525 | 9.6 | 61% | 15.04 | 1630 | 5.2 | 59% | 11.34 | 1321 | 4.3 | 46% | 9.96 | 723 | 9.6 | 61% | 4.70 | 472 | 6.1 | 41% | 4.22 | 381 | 4.8 | 35% | 3.86 | |
Region J | 2693 | 10.0 | 69% | 15.87 | 1575 | 5.4 | 50% | 11.21 | 1276 | 4.3 | 42% | 9.86 | 759 | 11.2 | 50% | 4.93 | 451 | 6.1 | 36% | 4.10 | 361 | 5.0 | 27% | 3.83 | |
Region K | 2704 | 8.4 | 102% | 15.43 | 1607 | 5.3 | 55% | 11.22 | 1321 | 4.4 | 44% | 9.94 | 817 | 9.1 | 90% | 5.00 | 470 | 5.8 | 45% | 4.16 | 386 | 4.9 | 35% | 3.91 |
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Share and Cite
Perez, R.; Perez, M.; Schlemmer, J.; Dise, J.; Hoff, T.E.; Swierc, A.; Keelin, P.; Pierro, M.; Cornaro, C. From Firm Solar Power Forecasts to Firm Solar Power Generation an Effective Path to Ultra-High Renewable Penetration a New York Case Study. Energies 2020, 13, 4489. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13174489
Perez R, Perez M, Schlemmer J, Dise J, Hoff TE, Swierc A, Keelin P, Pierro M, Cornaro C. From Firm Solar Power Forecasts to Firm Solar Power Generation an Effective Path to Ultra-High Renewable Penetration a New York Case Study. Energies. 2020; 13(17):4489. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13174489
Chicago/Turabian StylePerez, Richard, Marc Perez, James Schlemmer, John Dise, Thomas E. Hoff, Agata Swierc, Patrick Keelin, Marco Pierro, and Cristina Cornaro. 2020. "From Firm Solar Power Forecasts to Firm Solar Power Generation an Effective Path to Ultra-High Renewable Penetration a New York Case Study" Energies 13, no. 17: 4489. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13174489
APA StylePerez, R., Perez, M., Schlemmer, J., Dise, J., Hoff, T. E., Swierc, A., Keelin, P., Pierro, M., & Cornaro, C. (2020). From Firm Solar Power Forecasts to Firm Solar Power Generation an Effective Path to Ultra-High Renewable Penetration a New York Case Study. Energies, 13(17), 4489. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13174489