From Firm Solar Power Forecasts to Firm Solar Power Generation an Effective Path to Ultra-High Renewable Penetration a New York Case Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. New York Independent System Operator (NYISO) Case Study
2.2. Firm Power Forecasts
- The capital costs of PV and storage. We consider two scenarios: (1) a present/near-future scenario with PV at $1000/kWptc and storage at $200/kWh and, (2) a future scenario at the 20 years horizon with PV at $400/kWptc and storage at $50/kWh [37].
- The round-trip efficiency of storage. We assume 90%.
- Whether storage can be recharged at night during off-hours. We make this assumption here, whereby storage can be recharged at night at a conservatively ‘generic’ cost of $0.15/kWh.
- The amount of flexibility allowed by the TSOs to deem forecasts firm. We consider two scenarios: (1) 0% flexibility, i.e., the output seen by the grid must be equal to the forecast; (2) 2.5% flexibility, i.e., the output seen by the grid may differ from the forecast by an amount exceeding at most 25 Watts per installed kW; (3) 5% flexibility, where differences between actual and predicted generation must be below 50 Watts per installed PV kW.
2.3. Firm Power Generation
- The target output is not the forecast, but the [regional] NYISO load.
- Since the objective is to supply the demand 24/7 at high-penetration, there is no external battery recharge possibility at night or in off-hours. Storage can only be recharged when renewable production exceeds demand.
- We also consider flexibility defined not in terms of forecast guaranties, but in terms of the fraction of energy allowed from external, non-renewable sources. This external source could be supply-side, e.g., from legacy or new natural gas units, and/or demand-side from load management. We consider flexibility levels of 0%, 2.5% and 5%.
- Unlike for forecasts where the target load (i.e., the forecast production) is largely independent of PV configuration, meeting a target load shape depends on PV configuration. We selected a fixed 30° tilt south-facing array geometry.
2.4. Evolving Penetration Strategy
2.5. Key Performance Indicators
- Optimum storage requirements—quantified in terms of installed PV capacity-hours.
- Optimum overbuilding—quantified as a percentage above unconstrained PV capacity needed to meet energy requirements without curtailment.
- Additional CapEx from storage and overbuild requirements—quantified in $/kW.
- “Bottom line” LCOE of optimally configured PV—quantified in cents per [firm] kWh.
3. Results
3.1. Firm Forecasts
3.2. Firm Power Generation
3.3. Evolving Penetration
3.4. Regional and Fleet Configuration Trends
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
1 h Forecasts | Current Technology Cost: PV @ $1000/kW, Storage @ $200/kWh | Future Technology Cost: PV @ $400/kW, Storage @ $50/kWh | |||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No Flexibility | 2.5% Flexibility | 5% Flexibility | No Flexibility | 2.5% Flexibility | 5% Flexibility | ||||||||||||||||||||
Electrical Region | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | |
homogeneously dispersed fleets | Entire NYISO | 201 | 0.61 | 4% | 5.22 | 140 | 0.41 | 4% | 4.96 | 92 | 0.38 | 0% | 4.75 | 75 | 0.92 | 1% | 2.07 | 53 | 0.47 | 3% | 1.97 | 35 | 0.31 | 2% | 1.89 |
Region A | 226 | 0.73 | 4% | 5.33 | 188 | 0.60 | 4% | 5.17 | 134 | 0.56 | −2% | 4.93 | 94 | 0.73 | 4% | 2.15 | 71 | 0.64 | 4% | 2.05 | 60 | 0.64 | 3% | 2.00 | |
Region B | 236 | 0.84 | 3% | 5.37 | 194 | 0.71 | 3% | 5.20 | 161 | 0.67 | −2% | 5.05 | 91 | 0.84 | 3% | 2.14 | 70 | 0.71 | 3% | 2.05 | 60 | 0.78 | 1% | 2.00 | |
Region C | 259 | 0.75 | 6% | 5.48 | 194 | 0.61 | 5% | 5.20 | 154 | 0.59 | 0% | 5.02 | 93 | 1.09 | 2% | 2.14 | 70 | 0.83 | 2% | 2.04 | 56 | 0.64 | 2% | 1.98 | |
Region D | 228 | 0.60 | 6% | 5.34 | 156 | 0.47 | 4% | 5.03 | 119 | 0.42 | 2% | 4.87 | 87 | 1.16 | 1% | 2.12 | 60 | 0.53 | 3% | 2.00 | 44 | 0.42 | 2% | 1.93 | |
Region E | 224 | 0.65 | 5% | 5.32 | 165 | 0.42 | 6% | 5.07 | 117 | 0.38 | 2% | 4.86 | 81 | 1.03 | 1% | 2.09 | 62 | 0.68 | 2% | 2.01 | 47 | 0.38 | 2% | 1.94 | |
Region F | 228 | 0.36 | 10% | 5.34 | 169 | 0.39 | 5% | 5.09 | 110 | 0.34 | 1% | 4.83 | 100 | 1.20 | 2% | 2.18 | 71 | 0.53 | 5% | 2.05 | 51 | 0.29 | 3% | 1.96 | |
Region G | 208 | 0.42 | 7% | 5.26 | 155 | 0.39 | 5% | 5.03 | 113 | 0.36 | 0% | 4.84 | 86 | 0.71 | 3% | 2.11 | 67 | 0.39 | 5% | 2.03 | 56 | 0.56 | 2% | 1.98 | |
Region H | 300 | 0.77 | 3% | 5.65 | 249 | 0.66 | 3% | 5.43 | 197 | 0.61 | 0% | 5.21 | 106 | 1.29 | 2% | 2.20 | 97 | 1.00 | 4% | 2.16 | 87 | 0.71 | 6% | 2.12 | |
Region I | 261 | 0.87 | 4% | 5.49 | 225 | 0.76 | 3% | 5.33 | 200 | 0.72 | 2% | 5.22 | 107 | 0.87 | 4% | 2.20 | 91 | 0.71 | 5% | 2.13 | 80 | 0.74 | 4% | 2.09 | |
Region J | 225 | 0.69 | 4% | 5.33 | 189 | 0.58 | 3% | 5.17 | 156 | 0.50 | 3% | 5.03 | 96 | 0.69 | 4% | 2.16 | 80 | 0.53 | 5% | 2.09 | 61 | 0.59 | 2% | 2.01 | |
Region K | 229 | 0.66 | 5% | 5.35 | 194 | 0.46 | 4% | 5.19 | 148 | 0.44 | 0% | 4.99 | 97 | 0.77 | 4% | 2.16 | 84 | 0.72 | 5% | 2.11 | 66 | 0.77 | 2% | 2.03 | |
Individual locations | Region A | 291 | 0.88 | 6% | 5.62 | 251 | 0.77 | 6% | 5.44 | 224 | 0.70 | 2% | 5.32 | 124 | 0.88 | 6% | 2.28 | 100 | 0.88 | 5% | 2.17 | 89 | 0.78 | 5% | 2.13 |
Region B | 280 | 0.89 | 5% | 5.57 | 245 | 0.73 | 5% | 5.41 | 216 | 0.63 | 5% | 5.29 | 113 | 0.98 | 4% | 2.23 | 104 | 0.69 | 7% | 2.19 | 91 | 0.88 | 2% | 2.14 | |
Region C | 279 | 0.76 | 7% | 5.56 | 252 | 0.72 | 7% | 5.45 | 235 | 0.62 | 8% | 5.37 | 117 | 0.97 | 5% | 2.25 | 98 | 1.16 | 3% | 2.17 | 87 | 0.89 | 4% | 2.12 | |
Region D | 265 | 0.92 | 4% | 5.50 | 234 | 0.88 | 3% | 5.37 | 201 | 0.72 | 3% | 5.22 | 101 | 1.03 | 3% | 2.18 | 84 | 0.88 | 3% | 2.11 | 74 | 0.72 | 3% | 2.06 | |
Region E | 305 | 0.75 | 9% | 5.68 | 276 | 0.83 | 7% | 5.55 | 246 | 0.84 | 0% | 5.42 | 114 | 1.39 | 2% | 2.24 | 104 | 1.05 | 4% | 2.19 | 97 | 0.75 | 7% | 2.16 | |
Region F | 277 | 0.82 | 6% | 5.55 | 259 | 0.56 | 5% | 5.48 | 227 | 0.58 | 2% | 5.34 | 115 | 0.90 | 5% | 2.24 | 102 | 0.93 | 5% | 2.18 | 96 | 0.82 | 6% | 2.16 | |
Region G | 291 | 0.95 | 5% | 5.62 | 272 | 0.68 | 4% | 5.53 | 226 | 0.64 | 0% | 5.33 | 116 | 1.26 | 3% | 2.24 | 104 | 1.09 | 4% | 2.19 | 104 | 0.86 | 7% | 2.19 | |
Region H | 326 | 0.92 | 8% | 5.77 | 280 | 0.76 | 3% | 5.57 | 230 | 0.70 | 0% | 5.35 | 116 | 1.45 | 2% | 2.25 | 105 | 1.27 | 3% | 2.20 | 97 | 1.19 | 3% | 2.16 | |
Region I | 291 | 1.02 | 4% | 5.62 | 254 | 0.78 | 6% | 5.45 | 230 | 0.70 | 5% | 5.35 | 114 | 1.22 | 3% | 2.24 | 100 | 0.87 | 5% | 2.18 | 89 | 0.87 | 4% | 2.13 | |
Region J | 270 | 0.99 | 2% | 5.52 | 234 | 0.74 | 5% | 5.37 | 203 | 0.72 | 2% | 5.23 | 104 | 1.01 | 3% | 2.19 | 92 | 0.84 | 4% | 2.14 | 74 | 0.83 | 2% | 2.06 | |
Region K | 289 | 0.70 | 9% | 5.61 | 248 | 0.83 | 5% | 5.43 | 229 | 0.67 | 4% | 5.34 | 108 | 1.19 | 3% | 2.21 | 94 | 0.83 | 5% | 2.15 | 87 | 0.82 | 5% | 2.12 |
1 h Forecasts | Current Technology Cost: PV @ $1000/kW, Storage @ $200/kWh | Future Technology Cost: PV @ $400/kW, Storage @ $50/kWh | |||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No Flexibility | 2.5% flexibIlity | 5% Flexibility | No Flexibility | 2.5% Flexibility | 5% Flexibility | ||||||||||||||||||||
Electrical Region | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | |
homogeneously dispersed fleets | Entire NYISO | 585 | 0.88 | 27% | 6.89 | 472 | 0.74 | 23% | 6.40 | 383 | 0.58 | 21% | 6.02 | 278 | 2.01 | 26% | 2.95 | 210 | 1.39 | 23% | 2.65 | 164 | 0.63 | 25% | 2.45 |
Region A | 733 | 1.62 | 15% | 7.54 | 616 | 1.58 | 8% | 7.03 | 512 | 1.51 | 3% | 6.58 | 368 | 1.53 | 29% | 3.34 | 292 | 3.93 | 12% | 3.01 | 220 | 2.45 | 14% | 2.70 | |
Region B | 737 | 1.54 | 16% | 7.55 | 616 | 1.55 | 6% | 7.03 | 511 | 1.50 | 1% | 6.57 | 383 | 1.38 | 29% | 3.41 | 308 | 2.12 | 29% | 3.08 | 246 | 2.22 | 20% | 2.81 | |
Region C | 690 | 1.14 | 25% | 7.35 | 577 | 1.11 | 19% | 6.86 | 480 | 1.05 | 15% | 6.44 | 343 | 1.79 | 28% | 3.23 | 270 | 1.53 | 26% | 2.92 | 220 | 1.13 | 28% | 2.70 | |
Region D | 1164 | 3.19 | 28% | 9.41 | 1016 | 3.01 | 21% | 8.77 | 883 | 2.87 | 13% | 8.19 | 472 | 6.27 | 23% | 3.79 | 417 | 5.60 | 22% | 3.55 | 356 | 2.48 | 28% | 3.29 | |
Region E | 757 | 1.37 | 29% | 7.64 | 620 | 1.01 | 29% | 7.05 | 517 | 0.87 | 25% | 6.60 | 338 | 2.73 | 26% | 3.21 | 277 | 1.77 | 29% | 2.94 | 229 | 1.89 | 21% | 2.74 | |
Region F | 808 | 1.62 | 29% | 7.86 | 692 | 1.62 | 17% | 7.36 | 584 | 1.54 | 11% | 6.89 | 388 | 4.04 | 29% | 3.43 | 317 | 1.43 | 29% | 3.12 | 265 | 1.28 | 29% | 2.89 | |
Region G | 794 | 1.94 | 24% | 7.80 | 683 | 1.92 | 18% | 7.32 | 604 | 1.75 | 17% | 6.98 | 321 | 2.56 | 29% | 3.13 | 270 | 1.95 | 29% | 2.92 | 233 | 1.60 | 25% | 2.75 | |
Region H | 681 | 2.16 | 17% | 7.31 | 612 | 1.85 | 17% | 7.01 | 558 | 1.57 | 19% | 6.78 | 252 | 2.20 | 18% | 2.84 | 228 | 1.76 | 21% | 2.73 | 207 | 1.48 | 22% | 2.64 | |
Region I | 663 | 2.03 | 15% | 7.23 | 572 | 1.70 | 16% | 6.84 | 510 | 1.34 | 19% | 6.57 | 246 | 2.36 | 15% | 2.81 | 217 | 1.78 | 18% | 2.68 | 194 | 1.67 | 15% | 2.59 | |
Region J | 720 | 1.61 | 19% | 7.48 | 631 | 1.47 | 17% | 7.09 | 551 | 1.43 | 12% | 6.75 | 242 | 3.19 | 10% | 2.79 | 214 | 2.74 | 11% | 2.67 | 207 | 2.41 | 14% | 2.64 | |
Region K | 672 | 2.03 | 21% | 7.27 | 590 | 1.82 | 19% | 6.92 | 518 | 1.66 | 16% | 6.60 | 240 | 2.35 | 18% | 2.78 | 201 | 2.39 | 13% | 2.61 | 173 | 1.66 | 16% | 2.49 | |
Individual locations | Region A | 1056 | 2.71 | 29% | 8.94 | 977 | 2.52 | 29% | 8.60 | 903 | 2.32 | 29% | 8.28 | 421 | 4.93 | 23% | 3.57 | 361 | 3.41 | 29% | 3.31 | 342 | 3.34 | 29% | 3.23 |
Region B | 935 | 2.43 | 16% | 8.42 | 827 | 2.23 | 16% | 7.95 | 738 | 2.04 | 16% | 7.56 | 453 | 3.83 | 27% | 3.71 | 376 | 3.41 | 24% | 3.38 | 327 | 3.34 | 23% | 3.16 | |
Region C | 972 | 2.41 | 18% | 8.58 | 838 | 2.34 | 7% | 8.00 | 712 | 2.24 | 0% | 7.45 | 426 | 3.69 | 29% | 3.59 | 350 | 3.72 | 20% | 3.26 | 305 | 3.18 | 20% | 3.07 | |
Region D | 1425 | 3.82 | 29% | 10.55 | 1276 | 3.48 | 29% | 9.90 | 1145 | 3.29 | 24% | 9.33 | 594 | 8.43 | 29% | 4.32 | 543 | 7.86 | 29% | 4.10 | 486 | 7.03 | 27% | 3.85 | |
Region E | 829 | 1.83 | 27% | 7.95 | 737 | 1.59 | 29% | 7.56 | 671 | 1.40 | 29% | 7.27 | 389 | 1.87 | 28% | 3.43 | 323 | 1.75 | 28% | 3.14 | 280 | 1.54 | 29% | 2.96 | |
Region F | 1027 | 2.47 | 28% | 8.82 | 930 | 2.25 | 29% | 8.40 | 846 | 2.26 | 20% | 8.03 | 378 | 4.03 | 29% | 3.38 | 326 | 3.26 | 29% | 3.16 | 300 | 2.84 | 27% | 3.05 | |
Region G | 983 | 3.14 | 10% | 8.63 | 887 | 2.96 | 15% | 8.21 | 827 | 2.75 | 19% | 7.95 | 381 | 3.85 | 26% | 3.40 | 330 | 3.12 | 27% | 3.18 | 290 | 2.76 | 25% | 3.00 | |
Region H | 805 | 2.49 | 14% | 7.85 | 705 | 2.20 | 20% | 7.41 | 658 | 2.02 | 20% | 7.21 | 285 | 2.78 | 19% | 2.98 | 250 | 2.20 | 21% | 2.83 | 232 | 1.98 | 22% | 2.75 | |
Region I | 705 | 2.15 | 15% | 7.42 | 635 | 1.87 | 16% | 7.11 | 580 | 1.59 | 18% | 6.87 | 268 | 2.90 | 15% | 2.91 | 242 | 2.47 | 17% | 2.79 | 223 | 2.08 | 19% | 2.71 | |
Region J | 819 | 3.18 | 13% | 7.91 | 739 | 2.12 | 10% | 7.56 | 660 | 2.10 | 1% | 7.22 | 264 | 3.18 | 13% | 2.89 | 250 | 2.94 | 15% | 2.83 | 238 | 2.68 | 17% | 2.78 | |
Region K | 1129 | 3.37 | 22% | 9.26 | 1024 | 3.14 | 19% | 8.80 | 925 | 3.03 | 11% | 8.37 | 476 | 3.20 | 29% | 3.81 | 425 | 2.89 | 29% | 3.59 | 381 | 2.59 | 29% | 3.40 |
1 Hour Forecasts | Current Technology Cost: PV @ $1000/kW, Storage @ $200/kWh | Future Technology Cost: PV @ $400/kW, Storage @ $50/kWh | |||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No Flexibility | 2.5% Flexibility | 5% Flexibility | No Flexibility | 2.5% Flexibility | 5% Flexibility | ||||||||||||||||||||
Electrical Region | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | |
homogeneously dispersed fleets | Entire NYISO | 522 | 1.22 | 7% | 6.62 | 382 | 1.12 | 1% | 6.01 | 274 | 1.00 | 0% | 5.54 | 275 | 1.00 | 21% | 2.93 | 193 | 0.95 | 12% | 2.58 | 132 | 0.93 | 3% | 2.31 |
Region A | 640 | 1.61 | 4% | 7.13 | 492 | 1.44 | 0% | 6.49 | 368 | 1.22 | 0% | 5.95 | 339 | 1.38 | 24% | 3.22 | 257 | 1.25 | 15% | 2.86 | 189 | 1.13 | 6% | 2.56 | |
Region B | 629 | 1.60 | 5% | 7.09 | 485 | 1.44 | 0% | 6.46 | 363 | 1.22 | 0% | 5.93 | 337 | 1.45 | 19% | 3.21 | 252 | 1.29 | 13% | 2.84 | 186 | 1.15 | 5% | 2.55 | |
Region C | 612 | 1.44 | 6% | 7.01 | 472 | 1.34 | 0% | 6.40 | 356 | 1.17 | 0% | 5.90 | 330 | 1.16 | 27% | 3.18 | 250 | 1.12 | 15% | 2.83 | 185 | 1.06 | 6% | 2.55 | |
Region D | 749 | 1.59 | 25% | 7.61 | 604 | 1.65 | 12% | 6.98 | 479 | 1.69 | 0% | 6.43 | 349 | 2.77 | 27% | 3.26 | 278 | 2.24 | 25% | 2.95 | 212 | 1.34 | 13% | 2.66 | |
Region E | 609 | 1.45 | 6% | 7.00 | 464 | 1.36 | 0% | 6.37 | 350 | 1.21 | 0% | 5.87 | 325 | 1.24 | 21% | 3.16 | 239 | 1.15 | 14% | 2.78 | 173 | 1.11 | 5% | 2.49 | |
Region F | 587 | 1.11 | 16% | 6.91 | 454 | 0.96 | 12% | 6.33 | 344 | 0.86 | 7% | 5.84 | 321 | 1.04 | 23% | 3.14 | 237 | 0.92 | 14% | 2.77 | 173 | 0.76 | 10% | 2.49 | |
Region G | 624 | 1.61 | 12% | 7.06 | 502 | 1.44 | 7% | 6.53 | 393 | 1.37 | 0% | 6.06 | 304 | 1.46 | 21% | 3.06 | 237 | 1.31 | 15% | 2.77 | 185 | 1.27 | 4% | 2.54 | |
Region H | 697 | 2.41 | 2% | 7.38 | 593 | 2.21 | 0% | 6.93 | 508 | 2.01 | 0% | 6.56 | 302 | 2.40 | 12% | 3.06 | 249 | 2.15 | 9% | 2.82 | 210 | 1.89 | 7% | 2.65 | |
Region I | 693 | 2.20 | 10% | 7.37 | 594 | 2.17 | 0% | 6.93 | 506 | 1.94 | 0% | 6.55 | 298 | 2.30 | 13% | 3.04 | 245 | 1.92 | 15% | 2.81 | 214 | 1.69 | 16% | 2.67 | |
Region J | 585 | 1.79 | 4% | 6.89 | 465 | 1.63 | 0% | 6.37 | 375 | 1.40 | 0% | 5.98 | 253 | 1.92 | 15% | 2.84 | 211 | 1.56 | 17% | 2.66 | 172 | 1.36 | 3% | 2.49 | |
Region K | 579 | 1.51 | 19% | 6.87 | 479 | 1.62 | 2% | 6.44 | 382 | 1.48 | 0% | 6.01 | 233 | 2.36 | 10% | 2.75 | 186 | 1.83 | 12% | 2.55 | 156 | 1.24 | 10% | 2.42 | |
Individual locations | Region A | 768 | 1.77 | 8% | 7.69 | 633 | 1.57 | 6% | 7.10 | 516 | 1.43 | 0% | 6.59 | 428 | 4.62 | 27% | 3.60 | 352 | 1.42 | 20% | 3.27 | 283 | 1.30 | 12% | 2.97 |
Region B | 755 | 1.97 | 7% | 7.64 | 626 | 1.80 | 4% | 7.07 | 512 | 1.69 | 0% | 6.58 | 404 | 1.54 | 23% | 3.50 | 325 | 1.45 | 17% | 3.15 | 258 | 1.36 | 11% | 2.86 | |
Region C | 786 | 1.87 | 10% | 7.77 | 653 | 1.65 | 8% | 7.19 | 532 | 1.64 | 0% | 6.66 | 418 | 1.97 | 25% | 3.56 | 339 | 1.93 | 14% | 3.21 | 273 | 1.77 | 10% | 2.93 | |
Region D | 791 | 1.85 | 20% | 7.79 | 676 | 1.85 | 7% | 7.29 | 570 | 1.84 | 0% | 6.83 | 365 | 2.21 | 29% | 3.33 | 302 | 1.63 | 29% | 3.06 | 256 | 1.87 | 29% | 2.85 | |
Region E | 671 | 1.46 | 7% | 7.27 | 554 | 1.42 | 1% | 6.76 | 450 | 1.31 | 0% | 6.31 | 400 | 1.32 | 18% | 3.48 | 317 | 1.39 | 12% | 3.12 | 254 | 1.26 | 12% | 2.84 | |
Region F | 732 | 1.90 | 10% | 7.53 | 603 | 1.82 | 1% | 6.97 | 482 | 1.63 | 0% | 6.45 | 372 | 1.52 | 27% | 3.36 | 304 | 1.38 | 21% | 3.06 | 245 | 1.67 | 4% | 2.81 | |
Region G | 684 | 1.71 | 7% | 7.33 | 565 | 1.51 | 4% | 6.81 | 454 | 1.40 | 0% | 6.33 | 330 | 3.33 | 13% | 3.18 | 274 | 2.64 | 14% | 2.93 | 228 | 1.92 | 16% | 2.73 | |
Region H | 749 | 2.20 | 8% | 7.61 | 640 | 2.13 | −2% | 7.13 | 540 | 1.91 | 0% | 6.70 | 317 | 2.71 | 16% | 3.12 | 276 | 3.17 | 10% | 2.94 | 237 | 2.74 | 10% | 2.77 | |
Region I | 700 | 2.38 | 9% | 7.39 | 627 | 2.31 | 0% | 7.08 | 542 | 2.09 | 0% | 6.71 | 283 | 2.54 | 11% | 2.97 | 237 | 2.12 | 12% | 2.77 | 209 | 2.19 | 10% | 2.65 | |
Region J | 600 | 1.81 | 1% | 6.96 | 483 | 1.61 | 0% | 6.45 | 394 | 1.39 | 0% | 6.06 | 275 | 2.20 | 15% | 2.94 | 231 | 1.86 | 16% | 2.74 | 194 | 1.35 | 3% | 2.58 | |
Region K | 686 | 2.17 | 9% | 7.33 | 604 | 1.94 | 9% | 6.98 | 532 | 1.91 | 0% | 6.66 | 303 | 2.53 | 15% | 3.06 | 255 | 1.87 | 14% | 2.85 | 219 | 1.70 | 10% | 2.69 |
3 h Forecasts | Current Technology Cost: PV @ $1000/kW, Storage @ $200/kWh | Future Technology Cost: PV @ $400/kW, Storage @ $50/kWh | |||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No Flexibility | 2.5% Flexibility | 5% Flexibility | No Flexibility | 2.5% Flexibility | 5% Flexibility | ||||||||||||||||||||
Electrical Region | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | |
homogeneously dispersed fleets | Entire NYISO | 486 | 1.90 | 3% | 6.46 | 435 | 1.73 | 3% | 6.24 | 386 | 1.56 | 3% | 6.03 | 182 | 2.09 | 2% | 2.53 | 156 | 1.73 | 3% | 2.42 | 134 | 1.56 | 3% | 1.90 |
Region A | 584 | 2.30 | 4% | 6.89 | 566 | 2.13 | 7% | 6.81 | 538 | 2.11 | 0% | 6.69 | 209 | 2.39 | 3% | 2.65 | 184 | 2.61 | 1% | 2.54 | 169 | 2.64 | 0% | 1.71 | |
Region B | 618 | 2.66 | 2% | 7.04 | 589 | 2.51 | 3% | 6.91 | 564 | 2.38 | 4% | 6.80 | 208 | 2.66 | 2% | 2.64 | 195 | 2.51 | 3% | 2.59 | 183 | 2.38 | 4% | 1.97 | |
Region C | 676 | 2.78 | 4% | 7.29 | 632 | 2.27 | 10% | 7.10 | 597 | 2.09 | 12% | 6.95 | 230 | 2.89 | 3% | 2.74 | 213 | 2.70 | 4% | 2.67 | 198 | 2.67 | 4% | 1.99 | |
Region D | 578 | 2.55 | 1% | 6.86 | 496 | 2.12 | 2% | 6.51 | 429 | 1.84 | 2% | 6.22 | 184 | 2.69 | 0% | 2.54 | 166 | 2.12 | 2% | 2.46 | 142 | 1.84 | 2% | 1.91 | |
Region E | 581 | 2.64 | 0% | 6.88 | 490 | 2.08 | 2% | 6.48 | 429 | 1.83 | 2% | 6.21 | 184 | 2.87 | −1% | 2.54 | 163 | 2.77 | −2% | 2.45 | 142 | 1.83 | 2% | 1.92 | |
Region F | 540 | 1.86 | 7% | 6.70 | 477 | 1.65 | 7% | 6.42 | 420 | 1.51 | 6% | 6.18 | 195 | 2.38 | 2% | 2.59 | 173 | 2.17 | 2% | 2.49 | 153 | 1.78 | 3% | 1.93 | |
Region G | 496 | 1.52 | 8% | 6.51 | 434 | 1.33 | 8% | 6.24 | 381 | 1.16 | 7% | 6.01 | 211 | 2.81 | 1% | 2.66 | 182 | 2.42 | 1% | 2.53 | 152 | 2.17 | 0% | 1.71 | |
Region H | 598 | 1.56 | 15% | 6.95 | 558 | 1.69 | 12% | 6.78 | 508 | 1.78 | 8% | 6.56 | 247 | 3.40 | 2% | 2.81 | 214 | 2.96 | 2% | 2.67 | 183 | 2.72 | 1% | 1.71 | |
Region I | 595 | 2.25 | 5% | 6.94 | 560 | 2.10 | 6% | 6.79 | 523 | 1.99 | 6% | 6.62 | 227 | 2.25 | 5% | 2.73 | 196 | 2.61 | 2% | 2.59 | 173 | 2.35 | 2% | 1.71 | |
Region J | 511 | 1.66 | 7% | 6.57 | 469 | 1.56 | 7% | 6.39 | 444 | 1.52 | 7% | 6.28 | 215 | 1.76 | 6% | 2.68 | 190 | 2.03 | 4% | 2.57 | 171 | 1.91 | 4% | 1.71 | |
Region K | 555 | 2.08 | 5% | 6.77 | 486 | 1.63 | 8% | 6.46 | 417 | 1.50 | 6% | 6.16 | 205 | 2.39 | 3% | 2.63 | 181 | 2.03 | 4% | 2.53 | 153 | 1.58 | 5% | 1.71 | |
Individual locations | Region A | 708 | 2.93 | 4% | 7.43 | 666 | 2.67 | 6% | 7.25 | 640 | 2.24 | 12% | 7.14 | 240 | 3.05 | 3% | 2.78 | 228 | 2.92 | 4% | 2.73 | 218 | 2.60 | 7% | 1.71 |
Region B | 649 | 2.54 | 5% | 7.17 | 602 | 2.31 | 6% | 6.97 | 563 | 2.19 | 6% | 6.80 | 238 | 3.64 | 0% | 2.78 | 219 | 2.47 | 5% | 2.69 | 197 | 2.30 | 5% | 1.71 | |
Region C | 669 | 2.75 | 4% | 7.26 | 642 | 2.55 | 6% | 7.14 | 625 | 2.47 | 7% | 7.07 | 233 | 2.75 | 4% | 2.75 | 223 | 2.55 | 6% | 2.71 | 212 | 2.47 | 7% | 1.71 | |
Region D | 623 | 2.45 | 5% | 7.06 | 575 | 2.28 | 5% | 6.85 | 521 | 2.12 | 4% | 6.62 | 224 | 2.60 | 4% | 2.72 | 200 | 2.38 | 4% | 2.61 | 179 | 2.12 | 4% | 1.71 | |
Region E | 666 | 2.96 | 1% | 7.25 | 614 | 2.67 | 2% | 7.02 | 563 | 2.33 | 4% | 6.80 | 214 | 3.18 | 0% | 2.67 | 201 | 2.67 | 2% | 2.61 | 187 | 2.43 | 3% | 1.71 | |
Region F | 532 | 1.84 | 6% | 6.66 | 482 | 1.74 | 5% | 6.45 | 430 | 1.61 | 4% | 6.22 | 204 | 2.36 | 2% | 2.63 | 182 | 2.10 | 2% | 2.53 | 158 | 1.77 | 2% | 1.94 | |
Region G | 594 | 1.86 | 10% | 6.94 | 539 | 1.69 | 10% | 6.69 | 506 | 1.56 | 11% | 6.55 | 251 | 2.08 | 8% | 2.83 | 225 | 1.69 | 10% | 2.72 | 205 | 3.28 | −1% | 2.00 | |
Region H | 779 | 1.92 | 7% | 7.74 | 693 | 1.85 | 3% | 7.36 | 611 | 1.75 | 2% | 7.01 | 293 | 5.14 | −1% | 3.02 | 269 | 4.74 | −1% | 2.91 | 238 | 4.05 | 0% | 2.05 | |
Region I | 624 | 2.24 | 7% | 7.06 | 575 | 2.18 | 6% | 6.85 | 548 | 1.99 | 8% | 6.73 | 246 | 2.24 | 7% | 2.81 | 212 | 2.18 | 6% | 2.66 | 201 | 2.11 | 7% | 2.00 | |
Region J | 576 | 2.06 | 6% | 6.85 | 538 | 1.96 | 5% | 6.69 | 499 | 1.85 | 5% | 6.52 | 231 | 2.06 | 6% | 2.75 | 210 | 2.04 | 6% | 2.65 | 189 | 1.82 | 7% | 1.71 | |
Region K | 768 | 1.68 | 28% | 7.69 | 748 | 2.64 | 13% | 7.60 | 668 | 1.91 | −2% | 7.26 | 268 | 3.13 | 6% | 2.90 | 254 | 3.08 | 7% | 2.84 | 242 | 2.85 | 9% | 2.06 |
3 h Forecasts | Current Technology Cost: PV @ $1000/kW, Storage @ $200/kWh | Future Technology Cost: PV @ $400/kW, Storage @ $50/kWh | |||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No Flexibility | 2.5% Flexibility | 5% Flexibility | No Flexibility | 2.5% Flexibility | 5% Flexibility | ||||||||||||||||||||
Electrical Region | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | |
homogeneously dispersed fleets | Entire NYISO | 564 | 0.73 | 29% | 6.81 | 462 | 0.56 | 27% | 6.36 | 379 | 0.45 | 24% | 6.00 | 271 | 1.74 | 28% | 2.92 | 204 | 1.17 | 25% | 2.63 | 160 | 0.50 | 26% | 1.94 |
Region A | 787 | 1.83 | 20% | 7.77 | 665 | 1.70 | 15% | 7.24 | 557 | 1.64 | 7% | 6.77 | 379 | 1.67 | 28% | 3.39 | 302 | 1.53 | 24% | 3.06 | 230 | 2.55 | 15% | 1.71 | |
Region B | 819 | 1.92 | 19% | 7.91 | 700 | 1.80 | 15% | 7.40 | 593 | 1.83 | 4% | 6.93 | 391 | 2.32 | 29% | 3.44 | 311 | 2.10 | 29% | 3.09 | 248 | 2.18 | 21% | 2.07 | |
Region C | 751 | 1.60 | 22% | 7.62 | 644 | 1.53 | 18% | 7.15 | 545 | 1.64 | 3% | 6.72 | 344 | 1.89 | 29% | 3.24 | 271 | 1.43 | 29% | 2.92 | 224 | 1.26 | 28% | 2.03 | |
Region D | 1150 | 3.09 | 29% | 9.35 | 1005 | 2.92 | 22% | 8.72 | 870 | 2.80 | 13% | 8.13 | 467 | 6.12 | 24% | 3.77 | 411 | 5.52 | 22% | 3.53 | 354 | 2.43 | 27% | 2.22 | |
Region E | 751 | 1.36 | 29% | 7.62 | 615 | 1.00 | 29% | 7.03 | 512 | 0.82 | 26% | 6.58 | 329 | 2.68 | 26% | 3.17 | 272 | 1.83 | 28% | 2.92 | 226 | 1.69 | 23% | 2.03 | |
Region F | 802 | 1.59 | 29% | 7.84 | 690 | 1.53 | 21% | 7.35 | 586 | 1.51 | 12% | 6.90 | 389 | 1.61 | 29% | 3.43 | 315 | 1.38 | 29% | 3.11 | 262 | 1.21 | 29% | 2.09 | |
Region G | 818 | 1.97 | 26% | 7.91 | 705 | 2.00 | 18% | 7.42 | 627 | 1.74 | 20% | 7.08 | 336 | 2.71 | 29% | 3.20 | 286 | 1.99 | 29% | 2.98 | 244 | 1.57 | 26% | 1.71 | |
Region H | 828 | 2.37 | 15% | 7.95 | 722 | 2.09 | 15% | 7.49 | 636 | 1.93 | 11% | 7.12 | 291 | 3.05 | 19% | 3.01 | 261 | 2.50 | 21% | 2.87 | 234 | 2.00 | 23% | 1.71 | |
Region I | 735 | 2.46 | 15% | 7.55 | 650 | 2.10 | 12% | 7.18 | 576 | 1.80 | 11% | 6.86 | 265 | 2.65 | 17% | 2.89 | 238 | 2.11 | 20% | 2.77 | 216 | 1.78 | 21% | 1.71 | |
Region J | 758 | 1.88 | 14% | 7.65 | 667 | 1.81 | 9% | 7.25 | 582 | 1.78 | 2% | 6.88 | 258 | 3.24 | 13% | 2.86 | 231 | 2.92 | 13% | 2.74 | 220 | 2.53 | 16% | 1.71 | |
Region K | 693 | 2.27 | 19% | 7.36 | 613 | 2.05 | 17% | 7.02 | 559 | 1.77 | 18% | 6.78 | 239 | 2.27 | 19% | 2.78 | 200 | 2.22 | 15% | 2.61 | 184 | 1.86 | 17% | 1.71 | |
Individual locations | Region A | 1063 | 2.71 | 29% | 8.97 | 982 | 2.52 | 29% | 8.62 | 910 | 2.32 | 29% | 8.31 | 418 | 4.32 | 28% | 3.56 | 371 | 3.68 | 29% | 3.35 | 347 | 3.47 | 29% | 1.71 |
Region B | 977 | 2.66 | 15% | 8.60 | 871 | 2.42 | 17% | 8.14 | 785 | 2.17 | 20% | 7.76 | 464 | 3.90 | 29% | 3.76 | 383 | 3.41 | 26% | 3.40 | 328 | 3.33 | 26% | 1.71 | |
Region C | 996 | 2.61 | 12% | 8.68 | 863 | 2.40 | 8% | 8.10 | 738 | 2.30 | 0% | 7.56 | 447 | 4.59 | 26% | 3.69 | 382 | 4.42 | 20% | 3.40 | 338 | 3.90 | 20% | 1.71 | |
Region D | 1440 | 3.86 | 29% | 10.61 | 1296 | 3.53 | 29% | 9.99 | 1164 | 3.19 | 29% | 9.41 | 592 | 8.19 | 29% | 4.31 | 531 | 7.38 | 29% | 4.05 | 478 | 6.70 | 29% | 1.71 | |
Region E | 826 | 1.83 | 28% | 7.94 | 738 | 1.62 | 29% | 7.56 | 673 | 1.40 | 29% | 7.28 | 376 | 2.01 | 29% | 3.38 | 316 | 1.86 | 29% | 3.11 | 285 | 1.66 | 29% | 1.71 | |
Region F | 1021 | 2.52 | 29% | 8.79 | 932 | 2.38 | 29% | 8.40 | 872 | 2.24 | 29% | 8.14 | 388 | 3.43 | 29% | 3.43 | 345 | 3.01 | 29% | 3.24 | 317 | 3.00 | 29% | 2.16 | |
Region G | 988 | 3.08 | 14% | 8.65 | 893 | 2.90 | 15% | 8.23 | 832 | 2.72 | 17% | 7.97 | 398 | 3.93 | 29% | 3.47 | 350 | 3.35 | 29% | 3.26 | 308 | 2.80 | 29% | 2.15 | |
Region H | 831 | 2.50 | 15% | 7.97 | 727 | 2.22 | 20% | 7.51 | 684 | 1.95 | 25% | 7.33 | 299 | 2.89 | 22% | 3.04 | 261 | 2.14 | 25% | 2.87 | 242 | 1.95 | 25% | 2.06 | |
Region I | 772 | 2.06 | 15% | 7.71 | 681 | 1.78 | 16% | 7.31 | 608 | 1.60 | 14% | 6.99 | 286 | 3.13 | 17% | 2.98 | 263 | 2.65 | 20% | 2.88 | 251 | 2.51 | 21% | 2.07 | |
Region J | 842 | 2.25 | 13% | 8.01 | 758 | 2.08 | 12% | 7.65 | 675 | 2.06 | 0% | 7.28 | 276 | 3.44 | 14% | 2.94 | 260 | 3.00 | 17% | 2.87 | 247 | 2.70 | 19% | 1.71 | |
Region K | 1153 | 3.30 | 28% | 9.36 | 1049 | 3.14 | 22% | 8.91 | 946 | 3.04 | 14% | 8.47 | 488 | 3.28 | 29% | 3.86 | 434 | 2.97 | 29% | 3.63 | 389 | 2.67 | 29% | 2.27 |
3 h Forecasts | Current Technology Cost: PV @ $1000/kW, Storage @ $200/kWh | Future Technology Cost: PV @ $400/kW, Storage @ $50/kWh | |||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No Flexibility | 2.5% Flexibility | 5% Flexibility | No Flexibility | 2.5% Flexibility | 5% Flexibility | ||||||||||||||||||||
Electrical Region | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | |
homogeneously dispersed fleets | Entire NYISO | 501 | 0.96 | 15% | 6.53 | 367 | 0.83 | 10% | 5.95 | 257 | 0.89 | 0% | 5.47 | 265 | 0.85 | 21% | 2.89 | 182 | 0.75 | 13% | 2.53 | 122 | 0.70 | 6% | 1.89 |
Region A | 641 | 1.62 | 3% | 7.14 | 493 | 1.44 | 0% | 6.49 | 370 | 1.22 | 0% | 5.96 | 340 | 1.37 | 25% | 3.22 | 259 | 1.24 | 16% | 2.87 | 191 | 1.12 | 7% | 1.71 | |
Region B | 631 | 1.61 | 4% | 7.09 | 487 | 1.44 | 0% | 6.47 | 366 | 1.22 | 0% | 5.94 | 339 | 1.43 | 21% | 3.21 | 255 | 1.30 | 12% | 2.85 | 188 | 1.14 | 6% | 1.98 | |
Region C | 593 | 1.43 | 3% | 6.93 | 447 | 1.25 | 0% | 6.29 | 326 | 1.01 | 0% | 5.77 | 325 | 1.16 | 24% | 3.16 | 243 | 1.04 | 14% | 2.80 | 178 | 0.92 | 6% | 1.97 | |
Region D | 759 | 1.78 | 20% | 7.65 | 615 | 1.76 | 10% | 7.03 | 490 | 1.74 | 0% | 6.48 | 334 | 2.55 | 26% | 3.19 | 265 | 2.25 | 22% | 2.89 | 212 | 1.97 | 16% | 2.01 | |
Region E | 563 | 0.86 | 21% | 6.80 | 423 | 0.90 | 10% | 6.19 | 306 | 0.90 | 1% | 5.68 | 307 | 0.83 | 22% | 3.07 | 222 | 0.75 | 15% | 2.71 | 157 | 0.70 | 8% | 1.94 | |
Region F | 577 | 0.94 | 21% | 6.86 | 450 | 0.89 | 14% | 6.31 | 342 | 0.88 | 6% | 5.84 | 310 | 0.91 | 22% | 3.09 | 230 | 0.73 | 19% | 2.74 | 168 | 0.69 | 12% | 1.95 | |
Region G | 620 | 1.65 | 11% | 7.05 | 498 | 1.46 | 6% | 6.52 | 389 | 1.37 | 0% | 6.04 | 303 | 1.57 | 16% | 3.06 | 234 | 1.33 | 14% | 2.76 | 183 | 1.24 | 6% | 1.71 | |
Region H | 705 | 2.38 | 4% | 7.42 | 602 | 2.23 | −2% | 6.97 | 512 | 2.01 | 0% | 6.58 | 304 | 2.76 | 14% | 3.06 | 252 | 2.21 | 14% | 2.84 | 217 | 1.78 | 14% | 1.71 | |
Region I | 693 | 2.13 | 14% | 7.37 | 588 | 2.16 | 0% | 6.91 | 497 | 1.94 | 0% | 6.51 | 286 | 2.20 | 14% | 2.99 | 239 | 2.10 | 13% | 2.78 | 210 | 1.87 | 14% | 1.71 | |
Region J | 575 | 1.76 | 4% | 6.85 | 464 | 1.60 | 0% | 6.37 | 373 | 1.38 | 0% | 5.97 | 252 | 2.12 | 14% | 2.83 | 211 | 1.47 | 10% | 2.66 | 172 | 1.32 | 6% | 1.71 | |
Region K | 584 | 1.49 | 20% | 6.89 | 480 | 1.62 | 2% | 6.44 | 383 | 1.48 | 0% | 6.02 | 231 | 2.49 | 9% | 2.74 | 181 | 1.94 | 10% | 2.53 | 155 | 1.56 | 12% | 1.71 | |
Individual locations | Region A | 762 | 1.83 | 3% | 7.66 | 621 | 1.61 | 1% | 7.05 | 503 | 1.40 | 0% | 6.54 | 423 | 4.65 | 26% | 3.58 | 353 | 1.40 | 23% | 3.27 | 285 | 1.29 | 13% | 1.71 |
Region B | 733 | 1.86 | 8% | 7.54 | 608 | 1.71 | 4% | 7.00 | 495 | 1.55 | 1% | 6.51 | 397 | 1.51 | 21% | 3.47 | 319 | 1.42 | 15% | 3.13 | 254 | 1.31 | 10% | 1.71 | |
Region C | 782 | 1.71 | 19% | 7.75 | 666 | 1.64 | 11% | 7.25 | 549 | 1.66 | 0% | 6.74 | 410 | 1.52 | 26% | 3.53 | 333 | 1.51 | 21% | 3.19 | 272 | 1.69 | 11% | 1.71 | |
Region D | 785 | 1.81 | 22% | 7.76 | 672 | 1.85 | 7% | 7.27 | 562 | 1.77 | 0% | 6.79 | 367 | 2.52 | 29% | 3.34 | 295 | 1.97 | 29% | 3.02 | 250 | 1.76 | 29% | 1.71 | |
Region E | 672 | 1.57 | 3% | 7.27 | 545 | 1.43 | 0% | 6.72 | 440 | 1.29 | 0% | 6.27 | 398 | 1.33 | 22% | 3.47 | 314 | 1.22 | 14% | 3.11 | 246 | 1.12 | 8% | 1.71 | |
Region F | 672 | 1.63 | 6% | 7.27 | 544 | 1.52 | −2% | 6.72 | 430 | 1.31 | 0% | 6.22 | 358 | 1.77 | 29% | 3.30 | 291 | 1.39 | 26% | 3.01 | 229 | 1.24 | 6% | 2.04 | |
Region G | 664 | 1.67 | 6% | 7.24 | 546 | 1.61 | 0% | 6.73 | 449 | 1.42 | 0% | 6.30 | 329 | 3.37 | 13% | 3.17 | 271 | 2.63 | 14% | 2.92 | 227 | 2.02 | 15% | 2.04 | |
Region H | 741 | 2.16 | 10% | 7.58 | 636 | 2.10 | 0% | 7.11 | 536 | 1.91 | 0% | 6.68 | 310 | 2.80 | 15% | 3.09 | 272 | 2.73 | 14% | 2.93 | 245 | 2.43 | 15% | 2.06 | |
Region I | 701 | 2.35 | 10% | 7.40 | 624 | 2.31 | 0% | 7.06 | 536 | 2.09 | 0% | 6.68 | 274 | 2.57 | 10% | 2.93 | 236 | 2.41 | 10% | 2.77 | 209 | 2.14 | 11% | 2.01 | |
Region J | 590 | 1.78 | 1% | 6.92 | 477 | 1.60 | 0% | 6.42 | 387 | 1.37 | 0% | 6.03 | 271 | 2.22 | 15% | 2.92 | 230 | 1.91 | 16% | 2.74 | 189 | 1.33 | 3% | 1.71 | |
Region K | 695 | 2.13 | 11% | 7.37 | 613 | 1.90 | 12% | 7.02 | 533 | 1.91 | 0% | 6.67 | 307 | 2.82 | 17% | 3.08 | 256 | 1.90 | 12% | 2.85 | 220 | 1.69 | 13% | 2.03 |
24 h Forecasts | Current Technology Cost: PV @ $1000/kW, Storage @ $200/kWh | Future Technology Cost: PV @ $400/kW, Storage @ $50/kWh | |||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No Flexibility | 2.5% Flexibility | 5% Flexibility | No Flexibility | 2.5% Flexibility | 5% Flexibility | ||||||||||||||||||||
Electrical Region | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | |
homogeneously dispersed fleets | Entire NYISO | 1190 | 2.76 | 29% | 9.53 | 1027 | 2.71 | 20% | 8.82 | 884 | 2.71 | 10% | 8.20 | 448 | 7.52 | 1% | 3.69 | 386 | 6.51 | 1% | 3.42 | 336 | 5.51 | 2% | 2.01 |
Region A | 1483 | 4.35 | 13% | 10.80 | 1314 | 4.23 | 5% | 10.06 | 1155 | 4.09 | 0% | 4.35 | 516 | 8.72 | 1% | 3.98 | 473 | 7.90 | 2% | 3.80 | 432 | 7.30 | 2% | 1.72 | |
Region B | 1494 | 4.48 | 9% | 10.85 | 1319 | 4.37 | 0% | 10.09 | 1159 | 4.11 | 0% | 9.39 | 494 | 8.42 | 1% | 3.89 | 462 | 7.77 | 2% | 3.75 | 435 | 7.06 | 4% | 2.09 | |
Region C | 1448 | 4.13 | 16% | 10.65 | 1267 | 4.06 | 4% | 9.86 | 1106 | 3.88 | 0% | 9.16 | 482 | 8.26 | 1% | 3.84 | 445 | 7.46 | 2% | 3.67 | 409 | 6.72 | 3% | 2.07 | |
Region D | 1390 | 3.62 | 24% | 10.40 | 1221 | 3.51 | 16% | 9.66 | 1066 | 3.41 | 8% | 8.99 | 475 | 6.15 | 10% | 3.81 | 396 | 5.50 | 7% | 3.46 | 330 | 4.93 | 4% | 2.00 | |
Region E | 1350 | 3.67 | 27% | 10.22 | 1180 | 3.65 | 14% | 9.48 | 1028 | 3.54 | 6% | 8.82 | 458 | 7.50 | 2% | 3.73 | 391 | 6.40 | 2% | 3.44 | 338 | 5.50 | 2% | 2.01 | |
Region F | 1269 | 2.93 | 29% | 9.87 | 1104 | 2.68 | 26% | 9.15 | 950 | 2.86 | 7% | 8.48 | 449 | 8.02 | −1% | 3.69 | 395 | 6.89 | 0% | 3.46 | 345 | 5.86 | 1% | 2.02 | |
Region G | 1287 | 3.19 | 10% | 9.95 | 1109 | 2.98 | 6% | 9.17 | 948 | 2.73 | 4% | 4.35 | 445 | 7.40 | 1% | 3.68 | 396 | 6.08 | 4% | 3.46 | 346 | 4.84 | 7% | 1.72 | |
Region H | 1400 | 4.82 | 24% | 10.44 | 1229 | 4.35 | 21% | 9.70 | 1068 | 4.01 | 16% | 4.35 | 461 | 7.20 | 3% | 3.74 | 400 | 6.20 | 4% | 3.48 | 353 | 5.00 | 7% | 1.72 | |
Region I | 1381 | 4.66 | 25% | 10.36 | 1221 | 4.15 | 22% | 9.66 | 1064 | 3.86 | 18% | 4.35 | 486 | 8.50 | 0% | 3.85 | 414 | 6.90 | 2% | 3.54 | 355 | 5.05 | 7% | 1.72 | |
Region J | 1412 | 3.59 | 1% | 10.49 | 1232 | 3.33 | 0% | 9.71 | 1064 | 3.02 | 0% | 4.35 | 501 | 9.16 | −1% | 3.92 | 451 | 7.46 | 3% | 3.70 | 401 | 5.65 | 9% | 1.72 | |
Region K | 1527 | 3.99 | 14% | 10.99 | 1351 | 3.85 | 6% | 10.23 | 1190 | 3.67 | 0% | 4.35 | 532 | 9.31 | 1% | 4.05 | 455 | 8.15 | 1% | 3.72 | 392 | 6.91 | 2% | 1.72 | |
Individual locations | Region A | 1555 | 4.58 | 10% | 11.11 | 1393 | 4.42 | 4% | 10.41 | 1238 | 4.26 | 0% | 4.35 | 570 | 9.78 | 1% | 4.22 | 525 | 8.87 | 2% | 4.02 | 482 | 8.03 | 3% | 1.72 |
Region B | 1602 | 4.70 | 7% | 11.32 | 1430 | 4.59 | 0% | 10.57 | 1268 | 4.29 | 0% | 4.35 | 515 | 8.77 | 1% | 3.98 | 493 | 8.01 | 3% | 3.88 | 462 | 7.36 | 4% | 1.72 | |
Region C | 1601 | 4.88 | 3% | 11.31 | 1429 | 4.67 | 0% | 10.56 | 1271 | 4.36 | 0% | 4.35 | 529 | 9.24 | 0% | 4.04 | 502 | 8.35 | 2% | 3.93 | 478 | 7.65 | 4% | 1.72 | |
Region D | 1542 | 4.38 | 1% | 11.06 | 1377 | 4.10 | 3% | 10.34 | 1215 | 3.94 | 0% | 4.35 | 545 | 7.57 | 10% | 4.11 | 476 | 7.05 | 7% | 3.81 | 414 | 6.53 | 4% | 1.72 | |
Region E | 1338 | 3.50 | 15% | 10.17 | 1177 | 3.54 | 2% | 9.47 | 1025 | 3.34 | 0% | 4.35 | 471 | 8.39 | −1% | 3.79 | 438 | 7.61 | 0% | 3.64 | 405 | 6.87 | 1% | 1.72 | |
Region F | 1450 | 3.54 | 23% | 10.66 | 1284 | 3.39 | 15% | 9.94 | 1125 | 3.26 | 6% | 9.24 | 461 | 8.09 | −1% | 3.75 | 418 | 7.17 | 0% | 3.56 | 375 | 6.12 | 2% | 2.04 | |
Region G | 1329 | 3.63 | 22% | 10.13 | 1183 | 3.38 | 20% | 9.49 | 1047 | 3.16 | 15% | 8.90 | 412 | 6.85 | 0% | 3.53 | 365 | 6.00 | 1% | 3.33 | 329 | 5.14 | 3% | 2.00 | |
Region H | 1313 | 3.32 | 2% | 10.06 | 1154 | 3.03 | 3% | 9.37 | 1007 | 2.73 | 4% | 8.73 | 464 | 7.80 | 1% | 3.76 | 413 | 6.69 | 3% | 3.54 | 362 | 5.56 | 5% | 2.03 | |
Region I | 1337 | 3.32 | 4% | 10.16 | 1172 | 3.13 | 0% | 9.45 | 1017 | 2.86 | 0% | 8.77 | 489 | 8.26 | 1% | 3.87 | 419 | 7.00 | 2% | 3.56 | 355 | 5.37 | 5% | 2.03 | |
Region J | 1417 | 3.67 | 3% | 10.51 | 1244 | 3.44 | 0% | 9.76 | 1082 | 3.14 | 0% | 4.35 | 513 | 8.78 | 1% | 3.97 | 430 | 7.76 | 0% | 3.61 | 364 | 6.44 | 1% | 1.72 | |
Region K | 1433 | 3.65 | 2% | 10.59 | 1270 | 3.43 | 0% | 9.87 | 1114 | 3.15 | 0% | 9.20 | 515 | 9.33 | 0% | 3.98 | 449 | 7.84 | 2% | 3.69 | 392 | 6.69 | 3% | 2.06 |
24 h Forecasts | Current Technology Cost: PV @ $1000/kW, Storage @ $200/kWh | Future Technology Cost: PV @ $400/kW, Storage @ $50/kWh | |||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No Flexibility | 2.5% Flexibility | 5% Flexibility | NO Flexibility | 2.5% flexibility | 5% Flexibility | ||||||||||||||||||||
Electrical Region | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | |
homogeneously dispersed fleets | Entire NYISO | 584 | 1.13 | 20% | 6.89 | 467 | 0.99 | 12% | 6.38 | 356 | 0.83 | 9% | 5.90 | 284 | 1.51 | 29% | 2.97 | 214 | 0.94 | 21% | 2.67 | 164 | 0.82 | 18% | 1.86 |
Region A | 811 | 2.02 | 13% | 7.88 | 671 | 1.84 | 9% | 7.27 | 552 | 1.66 | 5% | 4.35 | 411 | 1.69 | 27% | 3.53 | 328 | 1.43 | 26% | 3.17 | 252 | 3.49 | 7% | 1.72 | |
Region B | 758 | 1.66 | 17% | 7.65 | 625 | 1.63 | 8% | 7.07 | 510 | 1.40 | 8% | 6.57 | 395 | 1.41 | 29% | 3.46 | 315 | 1.34 | 22% | 3.11 | 248 | 1.29 | 15% | 1.93 | |
Region C | 770 | 1.90 | 18% | 7.70 | 644 | 1.70 | 17% | 7.15 | 547 | 1.49 | 17% | 6.73 | 368 | 2.19 | 28% | 3.34 | 284 | 1.70 | 20% | 2.97 | 221 | 1.49 | 17% | 1.91 | |
Region D | 825 | 1.56 | 28% | 7.94 | 723 | 1.64 | 18% | 7.50 | 615 | 1.61 | 10% | 7.02 | 384 | 2.23 | 29% | 3.41 | 319 | 2.09 | 29% | 3.13 | 263 | 2.07 | 25% | 1.95 | |
Region E | 707 | 1.41 | 24% | 7.42 | 604 | 1.10 | 27% | 6.98 | 509 | 1.32 | 10% | 6.56 | 341 | 1.40 | 29% | 3.23 | 270 | 1.29 | 24% | 2.91 | 209 | 1.40 | 19% | 1.90 | |
Region F | 731 | 1.22 | 29% | 7.53 | 622 | 1.10 | 26% | 7.06 | 526 | 1.12 | 15% | 6.64 | 363 | 2.22 | 29% | 3.32 | 291 | 1.74 | 29% | 3.01 | 237 | 1.36 | 26% | 1.92 | |
Region G | 964 | 2.97 | 21% | 8.54 | 852 | 2.77 | 17% | 8.06 | 758 | 2.67 | 10% | 4.35 | 379 | 3.15 | 29% | 3.39 | 320 | 3.00 | 23% | 3.13 | 276 | 2.32 | 24% | 1.72 | |
Region H | 961 | 3.56 | 16% | 8.53 | 883 | 3.26 | 14% | 8.19 | 815 | 2.92 | 15% | 4.35 | 332 | 3.56 | 16% | 3.18 | 303 | 3.24 | 17% | 3.06 | 280 | 2.84 | 19% | 1.72 | |
Region I | 900 | 3.40 | 13% | 8.26 | 823 | 3.05 | 13% | 7.93 | 752 | 2.71 | 13% | 4.35 | 307 | 3.87 | 10% | 3.08 | 281 | 3.21 | 13% | 2.96 | 259 | 2.66 | 16% | 1.72 | |
Region J | 889 | 2.98 | 21% | 8.22 | 785 | 2.17 | 15% | 7.77 | 692 | 2.01 | 12% | 4.35 | 314 | 3.03 | 20% | 3.10 | 279 | 2.63 | 21% | 2.95 | 248 | 2.36 | 20% | 1.72 | |
Region K | 812 | 2.91 | 16% | 7.88 | 719 | 2.48 | 17% | 7.48 | 644 | 2.06 | 19% | 4.35 | 279 | 2.91 | 16% | 2.95 | 246 | 2.48 | 17% | 2.81 | 220 | 2.14 | 18% | 1.72 | |
Individual locations | Region A | 1097 | 3.20 | 21% | 9.12 | 1002 | 2.92 | 24% | 8.71 | 919 | 2.62 | 26% | 4.35 | 448 | 5.38 | 19% | 3.69 | 371 | 3.58 | 25% | 3.35 | 331 | 2.82 | 28% | 1.72 |
Region B | 904 | 2.32 | 7% | 8.28 | 786 | 2.11 | 9% | 7.77 | 693 | 1.87 | 14% | 4.35 | 485 | 1.92 | 29% | 3.85 | 400 | 2.26 | 21% | 3.48 | 322 | 3.37 | 11% | 1.72 | |
Region C | 981 | 2.54 | 10% | 8.62 | 856 | 2.37 | 7% | 8.07 | 745 | 2.30 | −2% | 4.35 | 452 | 3.21 | 29% | 3.70 | 374 | 3.10 | 28% | 3.36 | 299 | 3.08 | 17% | 1.72 | |
Region D | 1271 | 3.36 | 23% | 9.88 | 1152 | 3.29 | 14% | 9.36 | 1041 | 3.20 | 7% | 4.35 | 482 | 4.16 | 29% | 3.84 | 419 | 3.87 | 29% | 3.56 | 368 | 3.59 | 29% | 1.72 | |
Region E | 887 | 1.75 | 29% | 8.21 | 790 | 1.56 | 29% | 7.79 | 707 | 1.37 | 29% | 4.35 | 398 | 2.51 | 29% | 3.47 | 346 | 2.07 | 29% | 3.25 | 306 | 1.72 | 29% | 1.72 | |
Region F | 1091 | 2.76 | 27% | 9.09 | 975 | 2.56 | 21% | 8.59 | 876 | 2.40 | 14% | 8.16 | 437 | 3.75 | 29% | 3.64 | 391 | 3.53 | 29% | 3.44 | 352 | 3.17 | 29% | 2.02 | |
Region G | 996 | 2.93 | 13% | 8.68 | 880 | 2.69 | 13% | 8.18 | 802 | 2.46 | 17% | 7.84 | 395 | 3.73 | 25% | 3.46 | 342 | 3.06 | 25% | 3.23 | 303 | 2.40 | 27% | 1.98 | |
Region H | 995 | 3.68 | 15% | 8.68 | 909 | 3.38 | 13% | 8.30 | 847 | 3.06 | 13% | 8.03 | 343 | 3.72 | 17% | 3.23 | 310 | 3.28 | 18% | 3.09 | 290 | 2.94 | 20% | 1.97 | |
Region I | 937 | 3.34 | 17% | 8.43 | 848 | 3.12 | 15% | 8.04 | 793 | 2.80 | 17% | 7.80 | 318 | 3.71 | 12% | 3.12 | 290 | 3.12 | 15% | 3.00 | 271 | 2.80 | 17% | 1.95 | |
Region J | 959 | 2.22 | 28% | 8.52 | 858 | 1.97 | 28% | 8.08 | 773 | 1.77 | 27% | 4.35 | 356 | 3.27 | 25% | 3.29 | 313 | 2.84 | 25% | 3.10 | 279 | 2.53 | 24% | 1.72 | |
Region K | 1167 | 3.39 | 22% | 9.43 | 1061 | 3.13 | 20% | 8.97 | 960 | 3.00 | 13% | 8.53 | 512 | 3.21 | 29% | 3.97 | 456 | 2.91 | 29% | 3.73 | 408 | 2.60 | 29% | 2.07 |
24 h Forecasts | Current Technology Cost: PV @ $1000/kW, Storage @ $200/kWh | Future Technology Cost: PV @ $400/kW, Storage @ $50/kWh | |||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No Flexibility | 2.5% Flexibility | 5% Flexibility | No Flexibility | 2.5% Flexibility | 5% Flexibility | ||||||||||||||||||||
Electrical Region | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | |
homogeneously dispersed fleets | Entire NYISO | 576 | 1.28 | 12% | 6.85 | 437 | 1.22 | 4% | 6.25 | 317 | 1.12 | 0% | 5.73 | 295 | 1.00 | 26% | 3.02 | 215 | 0.98 | 16% | 2.67 | 151 | 0.94 | 7% | 1.85 |
Region A | 754 | 1.96 | 12% | 7.63 | 612 | 1.82 | 7% | 7.01 | 498 | 1.67 | 4% | 4.35 | 377 | 1.95 | 24% | 3.38 | 285 | 1.73 | 17% | 2.98 | 211 | 1.44 | 14% | 1.72 | |
Region B | 725 | 1.86 | 14% | 7.50 | 589 | 1.79 | 7% | 6.91 | 488 | 1.59 | 6% | 6.47 | 353 | 1.56 | 26% | 3.27 | 266 | 1.46 | 20% | 2.90 | 203 | 1.39 | 14% | 1.89 | |
Region C | 661 | 1.50 | 7% | 7.22 | 520 | 1.37 | 1% | 6.61 | 392 | 1.20 | 0% | 6.05 | 355 | 1.86 | 29% | 3.29 | 271 | 1.60 | 18% | 2.92 | 210 | 1.00 | 10% | 1.90 | |
Region D | 720 | 1.76 | 9% | 7.48 | 577 | 1.66 | 2% | 6.86 | 451 | 1.50 | 0% | 6.31 | 366 | 3.54 | 21% | 3.33 | 292 | 1.38 | 18% | 3.01 | 225 | 1.30 | 10% | 1.91 | |
Region E | 668 | 1.64 | 8% | 7.26 | 526 | 1.53 | 2% | 6.64 | 402 | 1.38 | 0% | 6.10 | 345 | 1.28 | 28% | 3.24 | 263 | 1.26 | 17% | 2.89 | 196 | 1.20 | 8% | 1.89 | |
Region F | 633 | 1.35 | 7% | 7.10 | 484 | 1.17 | 3% | 6.46 | 361 | 1.00 | 0% | 5.92 | 348 | 1.16 | 29% | 3.26 | 269 | 1.03 | 20% | 2.91 | 203 | 0.92 | 10% | 1.89 | |
Region G | 700 | 1.89 | 13% | 7.39 | 589 | 1.85 | 4% | 6.91 | 486 | 1.77 | 0% | 4.35 | 312 | 1.77 | 27% | 3.10 | 257 | 1.45 | 26% | 2.86 | 212 | 1.46 | 17% | 1.72 | |
Region H | 715 | 2.19 | 15% | 7.46 | 640 | 2.14 | 3% | 7.14 | 545 | 1.98 | 0% | 4.35 | 293 | 2.21 | 17% | 3.02 | 253 | 1.88 | 19% | 2.84 | 223 | 1.71 | 19% | 1.72 | |
Region I | 634 | 1.77 | 6% | 7.11 | 540 | 1.57 | 5% | 6.70 | 458 | 1.59 | 0% | 4.35 | 289 | 1.66 | 20% | 3.00 | 249 | 1.42 | 22% | 2.82 | 222 | 1.20 | 24% | 1.72 | |
Region J | 663 | 2.04 | 6% | 7.23 | 570 | 1.96 | 0% | 6.83 | 489 | 1.80 | 0% | 4.35 | 265 | 2.04 | 17% | 2.89 | 224 | 1.66 | 19% | 2.72 | 196 | 1.47 | 19% | 1.72 | |
Region K | 729 | 2.61 | 13% | 7.52 | 663 | 2.48 | 7% | 7.23 | 590 | 2.44 | 0% | 4.35 | 257 | 2.59 | 14% | 2.86 | 222 | 2.35 | 15% | 2.70 | 198 | 2.17 | 15% | 1.72 | |
Individual locations | Region A | 916 | 2.48 | 10% | 8.33 | 786 | 2.18 | 11% | 7.77 | 672 | 2.04 | 7% | 4.35 | 457 | 4.12 | 26% | 3.73 | 375 | 3.03 | 27% | 3.37 | 310 | 2.09 | 18% | 1.72 |
Region B | 819 | 2.17 | 3% | 7.91 | 690 | 2.00 | 0% | 7.35 | 575 | 1.85 | 0% | 4.35 | 408 | 3.40 | 29% | 3.51 | 346 | 2.20 | 17% | 3.25 | 289 | 1.98 | 14% | 1.72 | |
Region C | 808 | 1.97 | 3% | 7.87 | 671 | 1.81 | 0% | 7.27 | 550 | 1.60 | 0% | 4.35 | 444 | 1.77 | 28% | 3.67 | 359 | 1.89 | 18% | 3.30 | 293 | 1.68 | 17% | 1.72 | |
Region D | 795 | 1.92 | 14% | 7.81 | 672 | 1.84 | 4% | 7.27 | 565 | 1.78 | 0% | 4.35 | 380 | 2.52 | 29% | 3.39 | 304 | 1.90 | 28% | 3.06 | 248 | 1.50 | 29% | 1.72 | |
Region E | 758 | 1.74 | 6% | 7.65 | 632 | 1.61 | 2% | 7.10 | 519 | 1.46 | 0% | 4.35 | 431 | 1.43 | 24% | 3.62 | 351 | 1.47 | 18% | 3.27 | 281 | 1.17 | 19% | 1.72 | |
Region F | 737 | 1.72 | 9% | 7.56 | 617 | 1.66 | 3% | 7.03 | 503 | 1.48 | 0% | 6.54 | 408 | 2.53 | 29% | 3.51 | 338 | 1.48 | 12% | 3.21 | 274 | 1.30 | 10% | 1.96 | |
Region G | 773 | 2.09 | 9% | 7.71 | 662 | 1.98 | 5% | 7.23 | 569 | 1.96 | 0% | 6.82 | 375 | 3.05 | 24% | 3.37 | 315 | 2.46 | 24% | 3.11 | 269 | 1.61 | 14% | 1.95 | |
Region H | 766 | 2.38 | 5% | 7.68 | 664 | 2.25 | 0% | 7.24 | 568 | 2.00 | 0% | 6.82 | 314 | 2.82 | 16% | 3.10 | 272 | 2.13 | 20% | 2.92 | 245 | 1.64 | 24% | 1.93 | |
Region I | 655 | 1.90 | 15% | 7.20 | 596 | 1.76 | 10% | 6.94 | 517 | 1.73 | 0% | 6.60 | 275 | 1.97 | 15% | 2.94 | 243 | 1.66 | 18% | 2.80 | 219 | 1.44 | 20% | 1.91 | |
Region J | 709 | 2.00 | 20% | 7.43 | 610 | 1.94 | 0% | 7.00 | 522 | 1.69 | 3% | 4.35 | 286 | 2.06 | 19% | 2.99 | 244 | 1.86 | 19% | 2.80 | 213 | 1.45 | 21% | 1.72 | |
Region K | 876 | 2.76 | 23% | 8.16 | 818 | 2.93 | 0% | 7.91 | 730 | 2.77 | 0% | 7.52 | 324 | 2.87 | 22% | 3.15 | 290 | 2.58 | 24% | 3.00 | 265 | 2.43 | 24% | 1.95 |
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1 h Forecasts | Current Technology Cost: PV @ $1000/kW, Storage @ $200/kWh | Future Technology Cost: PV @ $400/kW, Storage @ $50/kWh | |||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No Flexibility | 2.5% Flexibility | 5% Flexibility | No Flexibility | 2.5% Flexibility | 5% Flexibility | ||||||||||||||||||||
Electrical Region | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | |
homogeneously dispersed fleets | Entire NYISO | 111 | 0.29 | 0% | 4.83 | 29 | 0.19 | 0% | 4.48 | 1 | 0.07 | 0% | 4.35 | 62 | 0.72 | 0% | 2.01 | 12 | 0.19 | 0% | 1.79 | 1 | 0.07 | 0% | 1.74 |
Region A | 149 | 0.39 | 0% | 5.00 | 68 | 0.28 | 0% | 4.65 | 30 | 0.19 | 0% | 4.48 | 79 | 0.98 | 0% | 2.09 | 37 | 0.39 | 0% | 1.90 | 13 | 0.19 | 0% | 1.80 | |
Region B | 167 | 0.47 | 1% | 5.08 | 88 | 0.40 | 0% | 4.73 | 40 | 0.23 | 0% | 4.52 | 75 | 0.72 | 1% | 2.06 | 34 | 0.40 | 0% | 1.89 | 17 | 0.23 | 0% | 1.81 | |
Region C | 168 | 0.41 | 3% | 5.08 | 84 | 0.38 | 0% | 4.71 | 37 | 0.24 | 0% | 4.51 | 69 | 0.78 | 0% | 2.04 | 35 | 0.40 | 0% | 1.89 | 14 | 0.24 | 0% | 1.80 | |
Region D | 148 | 0.36 | 0% | 5.00 | 72 | 0.29 | 0% | 4.66 | 32 | 0.21 | 0% | 4.49 | 68 | 0.81 | 0% | 2.04 | 35 | 0.29 | 1% | 1.89 | 13 | 0.21 | 0% | 1.80 | |
Region E | 130 | 0.33 | 0% | 4.92 | 49 | 0.24 | 0% | 4.56 | 11 | 0.13 | 0% | 4.40 | 72 | 0.86 | 0% | 2.05 | 23 | 0.24 | 0% | 1.84 | 3 | 0.13 | 0% | 1.75 | |
Region F | 152 | 0.37 | 1% | 5.01 | 68 | 0.29 | 0% | 4.65 | 23 | 0.17 | 0% | 4.45 | 78 | 0.86 | 1% | 2.08 | 33 | 0.50 | 0% | 1.88 | 9 | 0.17 | 0% | 1.78 | |
Region G | 160 | 0.38 | 1% | 5.05 | 70 | 0.26 | 0% | 4.65 | 27 | 0.15 | 0% | 4.47 | 77 | 0.80 | 1% | 2.08 | 35 | 0.35 | 0% | 1.89 | 14 | 0.21 | 0% | 1.80 | |
Region H | 214 | 0.51 | 6% | 5.28 | 169 | 0.42 | 0% | 5.09 | 118 | 0.45 | 0% | 4.86 | 98 | 0.97 | 2% | 2.17 | 73 | 0.81 | 2% | 2.06 | 60 | 0.71 | 2% | 2.00 | |
Region I | 205 | 0.71 | 1% | 5.24 | 178 | 0.64 | 0% | 5.12 | 135 | 0.55 | 0% | 4.94 | 89 | 0.89 | 1% | 2.13 | 75 | 0.66 | 3% | 2.07 | 62 | 0.87 | 0% | 2.01 | |
Region J | 218 | 0.54 | 1% | 5.30 | 156 | 0.55 | 0% | 5.03 | 116 | 0.51 | 0% | 4.85 | 100 | 0.83 | 3% | 2.18 | 67 | 0.65 | 2% | 2.03 | 50 | 0.64 | 0% | 1.96 | |
Region K | 203 | 0.52 | 5% | 5.23 | 140 | 0.54 | 0% | 4.96 | 85 | 0.40 | 0% | 4.72 | 89 | 0.72 | 3% | 2.13 | 58 | 0.45 | 3% | 1.99 | 36 | 0.39 | 0% | 1.89 | |
Individual locations | Region A | 403 | 1.34 | 7% | 6.11 | 364 | 1.15 | 9% | 5.93 | 306 | 1.25 | 0% | 5.68 | 156 | 1.70 | 4% | 2.42 | 135 | 1.54 | 5% | 2.33 | 118 | 1.06 | 9% | 2.25 |
Region B | 293 | 0.81 | 6% | 5.62 | 233 | 0.78 | 4% | 5.36 | 187 | 0.68 | 0% | 5.16 | 130 | 0.96 | 4% | 2.31 | 91 | 0.78 | 4% | 2.14 | 84 | 0.82 | 4% | 2.11 | |
Region C | 384 | 1.52 | 3% | 6.02 | 322 | 1.28 | 3% | 5.75 | 266 | 1.05 | 0% | 5.51 | 139 | 1.52 | 3% | 2.34 | 111 | 1.39 | 2% | 2.22 | 95 | 1.09 | 3% | 2.15 | |
Region D | 344 | 1.09 | 4% | 5.85 | 276 | 0.98 | 5% | 5.55 | 241 | 0.94 | 0% | 5.40 | 140 | 1.24 | 7% | 2.35 | 100 | 0.98 | 5% | 2.17 | 98 | 0.85 | 8% | 2.16 | |
Region E | 283 | 0.80 | 4% | 5.58 | 231 | 0.71 | 5% | 5.35 | 174 | 0.64 | 0% | 5.11 | 136 | 0.76 | 8% | 2.33 | 92 | 0.78 | 4% | 2.14 | 80 | 0.68 | 5% | 2.09 | |
Region F | 334 | 0.82 | 3% | 5.80 | 267 | 0.84 | 0% | 5.51 | 211 | 0.77 | 0% | 5.27 | 130 | 1.43 | 3% | 2.31 | 114 | 1.13 | 5% | 2.23 | 98 | 0.89 | 6% | 2.17 | |
Region G | 358 | 0.91 | 3% | 5.91 | 282 | 0.85 | 0% | 5.58 | 216 | 0.76 | 0% | 5.29 | 147 | 1.53 | 4% | 2.38 | 127 | 1.36 | 5% | 2.29 | 114 | 1.10 | 7% | 2.24 | |
Region H | 480 | 1.71 | 2% | 6.44 | 400 | 1.59 | 0% | 6.09 | 343 | 1.46 | 0% | 5.84 | 188 | 2.26 | 5% | 2.56 | 165 | 2.09 | 6% | 2.46 | 137 | 1.44 | 0% | 2.34 | |
Region I | 338 | 0.87 | 6% | 5.82 | 262 | 0.94 | 3% | 5.49 | 209 | 0.74 | 0% | 5.26 | 127 | 1.59 | 1% | 2.29 | 98 | 1.03 | 3% | 2.17 | 85 | 0.76 | 5% | 2.11 | |
Region J | 353 | 1.17 | 2% | 5.88 | 293 | 1.08 | 2% | 5.63 | 256 | 1.01 | 0% | 5.46 | 143 | 1.16 | 6% | 2.36 | 110 | 1.05 | 5% | 2.22 | 87 | 1.01 | 3% | 2.12 | |
Region K | 460 | 1.56 | −1% | 6.35 | 388 | 1.48 | 0% | 6.04 | 341 | 1.39 | 0% | 5.83 | 224 | 1.45 | 5% | 2.71 | 174 | 1.36 | 4% | 2.50 | 143 | 1.33 | 1% | 2.36 |
3 h Forecasts | Current Technology Cost: PV @ $1000/kW, Storage @ $200/kWh | Future Technology Cost: PV @ $400/kW, Storage @ $50/kWh | |||||||||||||||||||||||
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No Flexibility | 2.5% Flexibility | 5% Flexibility | No Flexibility | 2.5% Flexibility | 5% Flexibility | ||||||||||||||||||||
Electrical Region | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | Add’l $ per PVkW | Storage PV h | Over-Sizing | LCOE ¢/kWh | |
homogeneously dispersed fleets | Entire NYISO | 259 | 0.50 | 5% | 5.48 | 152 | 0.46 | 1% | 5.01 | 84 | 0.40 | 0% | 4.71 | 153 | 0.47 | 6% | 2.41 | 77 | 0.47 | 1% | 2.08 | 35 | 0.40 | 0% | 1.76 |
Region A | 367 | 1.01 | 0% | 5.95 | 253 | 0.89 | 0% | 5.45 | 186 | 0.78 | 0% | 5.16 | 199 | 3.08 | 0% | 2.61 | 120 | 1.87 | 0% | 2.26 | 72 | 1.09 | 0% | 1.71 | |
Region B | 398 | 1.26 | 0% | 6.08 | 290 | 1.12 | 0% | 5.61 | 231 | 0.98 | 0% | 5.36 | 193 | 2.04 | 5% | 2.58 | 128 | 1.24 | 3% | 2.30 | 90 | 1.02 | 0% | 1.84 | |
Region C | 379 | 1.16 | 0% | 6.00 | 279 | 1.03 | 0% | 5.56 | 212 | 0.90 | 0% | 5.27 | 193 | 2.15 | 4% | 2.58 | 124 | 1.76 | 0% | 2.28 | 78 | 1.25 | 0% | 1.82 | |