Exergo-Economic and Environmental Analysis of a Solar Integrated Thermo-Electric Storage
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. TEES Description and Methods of Analysis
2.1. Description of Thermo-Electric Energy Storage System
2.2. Exergo-Economic Models
- IR is the interest rate, which was assumed at 8%.
- n is the year lifetime, here assumed at 20 years.
- is the sum of cost rates associated with investments for the k-th component.
- and are the cost rates associated respectively with exergy products and fuels.
- and are the costs per unit of exergy of product or fuel
2.3. LCA Model
2.4. Exergo-Environmental Model
3. Results
3.1. Exergo-Economics
3.2. LCA
3.3. Exergo-Environmental Analysis
- is the life cycle environmental impact of the TEES components, that is calculated from the LCA: first a contribution analysis is done to evaluate the burden of every TEES component as Pts/MWh; then this result is converted to Pts/day multiplying it by the solar TEES productivity in the reference day.
- is the environmental impact of the exergy destructions that estimates the environmental drawback of losing energy quality due to thermodynamic irreversibility.
- + is the total environmental impact considering the above contributions.
- is the specific environmental impact of the inlet exergy flows to the components.
- is the specific environmental impact of the output exergy flows from the components.
- represents the percentage contribution of to the total environmental impact.
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Nomenclature
Symbols and acronyms | |
A | area, m2 |
AP | Acidification Potential |
Cost rate associated with exergy transfer, €/day | |
Impact rate associated with exergy transfer, €/day | |
CAES | Compressed air energy storage |
CHS | Compressed hydrogen storage |
CMR | Cold medium reservoir (common name for CMHR and CMCR assembly) |
CMHR | Cold medium-hot reservoir |
CMCR | Cold medium-cold reservoir |
COP | Coefficient of performance |
d | Energy density, Wh/kg |
DoD | Depth of discharge, % |
ES | Energy storage |
Ex | Total exergy, kw |
F | Exergo-economic factor, % |
FS | Flywheel storage |
GWP | Global Warming Potential |
HP | Heat Pump |
LIB | Lithium-Ion Battery |
HWR | Hot water reservoir (common name for HWHR and HWCR assembly) |
HWHR | Hot water hot reservoir |
HWCR | Hot water cold reservoir |
HTP | Human Toxicity Potential |
ICR | Intermediate-heat cold reservoir |
IHR | Intermediate-heat hot reservoir |
IR | Interest rate |
HTF | Heat transfer fluid |
LAES | Liquid air energy storage |
LCOE | Levelized cost of electricity (stored), €/kWh |
m | Mass of the batteries, kg |
N | Batteries lifespan, cycles |
n | Operation year |
PC | Power cycle |
PHS | Pumped hydro storage |
PMF | Particulate Matter Formation |
POF | Photochemical Ozone Formation |
PT | Eco-points |
PV | Photovoltaic |
PVCU | PV conversion unit |
RC | Refrigeration cycle |
RES | Renewable energy sources |
RH | Reheater |
S-TEES | Solar integrated thermoelectric energy storage |
T | Reference time of the analysis, yrs |
TEES | Thermoelectric energy storage |
V | Volume, m3 |
VRE | Variable renewables |
Volumetric flow rate, m3/s | |
Power, kw | |
Z | Cost rate associated with capital investment and O&M costs, €/day |
Subscripts and superscripts | |
C | Compressor |
f | Fuel |
he | Heat exchanger |
k | Plant component |
P | Product |
p | Pump |
t | Turbine |
tank | Tank |
wf | Working fluid (CO2 in the main power cycle) |
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Technology | Total Efficiency | Power Rating | Energy Density | Capital Cost (€/kWh) | Lifetime | Maturity |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PHS | 70–85% | 200 MW–2 GW | Moderate | 500–1500 | >40 yr. | Mature |
CAES/LAES | 60–70% | 10–300 MW | Medium | 400–1200 | >30 yr. | Early Commercial |
CHS | 35% | 10 MW–1 GWh | Very High | 900 | >10 yr. | Demo |
Flywheel | ≥90% | 1–20 MW | Medium-High | 500–2000 | 20,000–100,000 cycles | Early Commercial |
Li-ion batteries | 85–95% | <10 MW | Very High | 1000–3000 | 1000–10,000 cycles | Early Commercial |
Lead—acid batteries | 70–80% | <10 MW | High | 500–1500 | 500–10,000 cycles | Mature |
Super conductors | >90% | 100 kW–5 MW | Medium-High | 100–500 | 500,000 cycles | Demo |
TEES | 55–70% | 100 kW–300 MW | Medium-High | 500–2000 | >25 yr. | Demo |
Variable | Value |
---|---|
Power cycle | |
T1, T2 (HWR) | 95/145 °C |
pHWR, pIHR, pCMR | 1800/100/100 kPa |
1 kg/s | |
T14, T15 (RH SOLAR) | 95/40 °C |
p5 | 12,000 kPa |
ΔTHOT = T1 − T5 = ΔTSOLAR = T14 − T11 | 5 °C |
ΔTCOLD = T8 − T3 | 10 °C |
T3, T4 (CWR) | −20/−10 °C |
εRH | 0.8 |
ηt, ηp | 0.9/0.8 |
Operation Time (Power Cycle) | h |
Heat Pump Cycle | |
ΔTCO2-HW = T21 − T2a | 5 °C |
pmin,HP | 13,500 kPa |
ΔTsolar-CO2 = T42 − T23 | 5 °C |
Refrigeration Cycle | |
ΔTCOLD = T31 − T0 | 10 °C |
ΔTEVA = T3a − T32 | 5 °C |
Solar thermal collector fields | |
Location | Crotone, Italy |
Month for reference day | May |
The slope of solar collector | 45° towards South |
η0 | 0.719 |
a1 | 1.45 W/(m2K) |
a2 | 0.0051 W/(m2K2) |
Asc | 1.6 m2 |
T41 = T42 = T43 | 95 °C |
ΔTHTF = T42 − T45 = T43 − T44 | 10 K |
Collectors arrangement | Parallel in 10 rows |
Component | Function [103 $, 2009] |
---|---|
Turbine | |
Compressor | |
Pump | |
Heat Exchanger | |
Reservoir (HWHR/HWCR, CMHR/CMCR, IHR/ICR) |
Flow | Amount | Unit | Process |
---|---|---|---|
Pump PC | 696 | Items | pump production, 40 W—CH |
Turbine PC | 1.73 | Items | micro gas turbine production, 100 kW electrical—CH |
Compressor HP | 7.85 | Items | air compressor production, screw-type compressor, 4 kW—RER (Europe) |
Turbine HP | 1.22 | Items | air compressor production, screw-type compressor, 4 kW—RER |
Throttle Valve RC | 500 | g | average for metal product manufacturing—RER |
Compressor RC | 3.55 | Items | air compressor production, screw-type compressor, 4 kW—RER |
Sol. collectors | 320 | m2 | evacuated tube collector production—GB |
6400 | m2∙yr | Occupation, industrial area | |
IHR tank | 4.59 | Items | heat storage production, 2000 L—CH |
HWR reservoir | 3.74 | Items | heat storage production, 2000 L—CH |
CMR reservoir | 0.05 | Items | water storage construction—CH |
PV panels | 291.2 | m2 | photovoltaic panel production, multi-Si—RER |
5824 | m2∙yr | Occupation, industrial area | |
Plane HE | 20 | m2 | market for tin plated chromium steel sheet, 2 mm—GLO stone wool production—CH |
Shell and tube HE | 197 | m2 | market for chromium steel pipe—GLO average for chromium steel product manufacturing—RER stone wool production—CH |
Water | 55,284 | kg | market for water, deionised, from tap water—Europe without Switzerland |
Calcium Chloride | 32,750 | kg | market for calcium chloride—GLO |
Maintenance | 3 | Items | heat and power co-generation unit, 160 kW electrical | maintenance—RER market for maintenance, refrigeration machine—GLO |
Flow | Amount | Unit | Process |
---|---|---|---|
PHS | |||
Electricity | 1 | MWh | electricity production, hydro, pumped storage—IT |
LIBs | |||
Inputs | |||
PV panels | 291.2 | m2 | photovoltaic panel production, multi-Si—RER |
5824 | m2∙yr | Occupation, industrial area | |
Inverter | 2 | Items | inverter production, 500 kW—RER |
Battery charger | 56.5 | kg | charger production, for electric scooter—GLO |
Batteries | 30,967 | kg | battery production, Li-ion, rechargeable, prismatic—GLO |
Outputs | |||
Electricity | 1862 | MWh | Reference Flow |
CHS | |||
Inputs | |||
PV panels | 291.2 | m2 | photovoltaic panel production, multi-Si—RER |
5824 | m2∙yr | Occupation, industrial area | |
Electrolyser | 0.4 | Items | fuel cell production, solid oxide, 125 kW electrical—CH |
Fuel Cell | 1.83 | Items | fuel cell production, solid oxide, 125 kW electrical—CH |
Inverter | 2 | Items | inverter production, 500 kW—RER |
Storage Tank | 98.5 | Items | Type II and Type IV Tank production, adapted from [26] |
Outputs | |||
Electricity | 1058.9 | MWh | In case of pressurization up to 350 bar |
1011.4 | MWh | In case of pressurization up to 700 bar |
June–August | May–September | April–October | January–December | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Total operation time of TEES (h/year) | 734 | 1234 | 1744 | 2800 |
Productivity (MWh/year) | 15.1 | 24.9 | 34.1 | 49.0 |
Annual average LCOE (€/kWh) | 2.76 | 1.67 | 1.22 | 0.85 |
k | Component | (Pts/day) | (Pts/day) | + (Pts/day) | (Pts/kWh) | (Pts/kWh) | (%) | |||
1 | Condenser PC | 0.09 | 1% | 0.74 | 3% | 0.83 | 2% | 0.05 | 0.06 | 11% |
2 | Pump PC | 0.45 | 4% | 0.51 | 2% | 0.96 | 3% | 0.09 | 0.13 | 47% |
3 | RH—int PC | 0.17 | 1% | 0.15 | 1% | 0.32 | 1% | 0.07 | 0.28 | 52% |
4 | RH—solar PC | 0.50 | 4% | 0.88 | 4% | 1.37 | 4% | 0.03 | 0.06 | 36% |
5 | HTHE PC | 0.28 | 2% | 0.13 | 1% | 0.42 | 1% | 0.04 | 0.05 | 68% |
6 | Turbine PC | 1.34 | 12% | 1.85 | 8% | 3.19 | 9% | 0.07 | 0.09 | 42% |
7 | Evaporator HP | 0.02 | 0% | 0.09 | 0% | 0.11 | 0% | 0.02 | 0.02 | 17% |
8 | Compressor HP | 0.38 | 3% | 0.39 | 2% | 0.77 | 2% | 0.02 | 0.03 | 49% |
9 | Condenser HP | 0.07 | 1% | 3.00 | 13% | 3.07 | 9% | 0.03 | 0.03 | 2% |
10 | Turbine HP | 0.06 | 1% | 0.32 | 1% | 0.38 | 1% | 0.03 | 0.04 | 16% |
11 | Condenser RC | 0.18 | 2% | 1.26 | 6% | 1.44 | 4% | 0.09 | 0.20 | 12% |
12 | Throttle Valve RC | 0.00 | 0% | 0.54 | 2% | 0.54 | 2% | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0% |
13 | Evaporator RC | 0.09 | 1% | 3.78 | 17% | 3.87 | 11% | 0.02 | 0.03 | 2% |
14 | Compressor RC | 0.17 | 2% | 0.36 | 2% | 0.53 | 2% | 0.01 | 0.01 | 33% |
15 | Sol. collectors | 2.44 | 21% | 0.00 | 0% | 2.44 | 7% | 0.00 | 0.02 | 100% |
17 | IHR tank | 0.40 | 4% | 0.57 | 3% | 0.97 | 3% | 0.02 | 0.03 | 41% |
21 | HWR reservoir | 0.33 | 3% | 3.11 | 14% | 3.43 | 10% | 0.03 | 0.04 | 9% |
22 | CMR reservoir | 2.05 | 18% | 4.93 | 22% | 6.97 | 20% | 0.03 | 0.05 | 29% |
23 | PV panels | 2.40 | 21% | 0.00 | 0% | 2.40 | 7% | 0.00 | 0.01 | 100% |
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Fiaschi, D.; Manfrida, G.; Petela, K.; Rossi, F.; Sinicropi, A.; Talluri, L. Exergo-Economic and Environmental Analysis of a Solar Integrated Thermo-Electric Storage. Energies 2020, 13, 3484. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13133484
Fiaschi D, Manfrida G, Petela K, Rossi F, Sinicropi A, Talluri L. Exergo-Economic and Environmental Analysis of a Solar Integrated Thermo-Electric Storage. Energies. 2020; 13(13):3484. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13133484
Chicago/Turabian StyleFiaschi, Daniele, Giampaolo Manfrida, Karolina Petela, Federico Rossi, Adalgisa Sinicropi, and Lorenzo Talluri. 2020. "Exergo-Economic and Environmental Analysis of a Solar Integrated Thermo-Electric Storage" Energies 13, no. 13: 3484. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13133484