Volumetric Properties and Surface Tension of Few-Layer Graphene Nanofluids Based on a Commercial Heat Transfer Fluid
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Nanofluid Preparation
2.2. Characterization Techniques
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. FLG Nanosheets Characterization
3.2. Density
3.3. Isobaric Thermal Expansivity
3.4. Surface Tension
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Nomenclature
CNTs | carbon nanotubes |
ST | surface tension (mN.m−1) |
GO | graphene oxide |
rGO | reduced graphene oxide |
SDBS | sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate |
FLG | few-layer graphene |
GA | gum arabic |
PEO | poly(ethylene oxide) |
PPO | poly(propylene oxide) |
SEM | scanning electron microscopy |
HRTEM | high-resolution transmission electron microscopy |
TEM | transmission electron microscopy |
density (kg.m−3) | |
AAD | absolute average deviation (%) |
T | temperature (K) |
ai | fitting parameters |
St. Dev. | standard deviation |
CMC | critical micelle concentration |
PEG | polyethylene glycol |
mass fraction | |
isobaric thermal expansivity (K−1) | |
fGnP | functionalized graphene nanoplatelets |
PG | propylene glycol |
W | water |
Subscripts | |
nf | nanofluid |
np | nanoparticles |
sft | surfactant |
bf | Base fluid |
Symbols | |
↑ | increase |
→ | stable or constant |
↓ | decrease |
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Reference | Nanoparticle | Base Fluid | Surfactant (np:sft Ratio) | Surface Tension Technique | Main Result with NP Loading | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Type | Concentration | |||||
Ahammed et al. [27] | Graphene | 0–0.15 vol.% | Water | SDBS (5 vol.%) | Bubble pressure method | ST↓ |
Cabaleiro et al. [5] | Graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide | 0–0.1 vol.% | Water | No surfactant | Pendant drop method | ST↓ |
Ilyas et al. [28] | Graphene nanoplatelets | 0–0.25 wt.% | Saline aqueous media (NaCl) | SDS (1:1.5) | Pendant drop method | ST↓ |
Kamatchi et al. [29] | Reduced graphene oxide | 0–0.3 g/l | Water | No surfactant | Bubble pressure method | ST↑ |
Liu et al. [30] | Graphene oxide | 0–0.12 wt.% | Water | No surfactant | Oscillation droplet method | ST↑ |
Zheng et al. [31] | Graphene oxide | 0–1 wt.% | Water | Not mentioned | Ring method | ST↑ |
Reference | Nanoparticle | Base Fluid | Surfactant | Measuring Technique | Main Result with NP Loading | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Type | Concentration | |||||
Alawi et al. [32] | Pentaethylene glycol-(thermally)-treated graphene nanoplatelets | 0–0.1 wt.% | Water | No surfactant | Vibrating U-tube | ρ↑ |
Amiri et al. [33] | Amine-treated graphene quantum dots | 0–0.02 wt.% | Water | No surfactant | Vibrating U-tube | ρ→ |
Azizi et al. [34] | Functionalized few-layer graphene | 0.025, 0.05, 0.1 wt.% | Water, ethylene glycol | PVA | Vibrating U-tube | ρ ↑ |
Cabaleiro et al. [16] | Functionalized graphene nanoplatelets | 0.1, 0.25, 0.5 wt.% | Ethylene glycol: water (10:90) | No surfactant | Vibrating U-tube | ρ ↑, αp↓ |
Ijam et al. [35] | Graphene oxide nanosheets | 0–0.1 wt.% | Ethylene glycol: water (40:60) | No surfactant | Vibrating U-tube | ρ ↓ |
Karami et al. [36] | Carboxyl-functionalized graphene nanoplatelets | 0.1, 0.2 wt.% | Water | No surfactant | Vibrating U-tube | ρ→↑ |
Sani et al. [37] | Functionalized graphene nanoplatelets | 0.005, 0.05 wt.% | Havoline® XLC Premixed 50/50, | SDBS(0.125 wt.%) | Vibrating U-tube | ρ ↑ |
Vallejo et al. [38] | Functionalized graphene nanoplatelets | 0.25–1 wt.% | Propylene glycol: water (30:70) | No surfactant | Vibrating U-tube | ρ ↑, αp↓ |
Vallejo et al. [39] | Functionalized graphene nanoplatelets | 0.25–1 wt.% | Havoline® XLC Premixed 50/50, | SDBS(0.125 wt.%) | Vibrating U-tube | ρ ↑, αp↓ |
Yarmad et al. [40] | Functionalized graphene nanoplatelets | 0–0.1 wt.% | Water | No surfactant | Vibrating U-tube | ρ ↑ |
Yarmand et al. [41] | Activate carbon/graphene hybrid | 0.02, 0.04, 0.06 wt.% | Ethylene glycol | No surfactant | Vibrating U-tube | ρ ↑ |
Tyfocor® LS | Base Fluids | Nanofluids | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(%) | 0 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 1.0 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 1.0 |
(%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.05 | 0.1 | 0.25 | 0.5 |
FLG nanofluids based on Tyfocor® LS and Triton X-100 | |||||||||
a0/kg·m−3 | 1043.8 | 1038.3 | 1038.4 | 1005.5 | 1005.7 | 991.41 | 1007.5 | 1021.4 | 987.16 |
(a1)/kg·m−3.K−1 | 0.53736 | 0.57746 | 0.57689 | 0.79449 | 0.79449 | 0.87035 | 0.76469 | 0.67879 | 0.91615 |
(103.a2)/kg·m−3.K−2 | −1.93 | −2.00 | −2.00 | −2.36 | −2.36 | −2.46 | −2.29 | −2.14 | −2.54 |
(102.St. Dev.)/kg·m−3 | 3.6 | 1.8 | 2.0 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 0.8 | 3.4 | 1.8 | 0.8 |
FLG nanofluids based on Tyfocor® LS and Pluronic® P-123 | |||||||||
a0/kg·m−3 | 1043.8 | 1070 | 1012.5 | 1041.3 | 1044.1 | 1044.7 | 990.15 | 1008.8 | 1012.1 |
(a1)/kg·m−3.K−1 | 0.53736 | 0.36499 | 0.74983 | 0.55741 | 0.54941 | 0.5107 | 0.87577 | 0.76411 | 0.75897 |
(103.a2)/kg·m−3.K−2 | −1.93 | −1.64 | −2.29 | −1.96 | −1.96 | −1.86 | −2.46 | −2.29 | −2.29 |
(102.St. Dev.)/kg·m−3 | 3.7 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 2.1 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 0.9 | 2.2 | 2.1 |
FLG nanofluids based on Tyfocor® LS and Gum Arabic | |||||||||
a0/kg·m−3 | 1043.8 | 1037.1 | 1029.3 | 1022.8 | 1041.9 | 1013.3 | 988.12 | 977.14 | 1003.7 |
(a1)/kg·m−3.K−1 | 0.53736 | 0.5826 | 0.64217 | 0.68855 | 0.57746 | 0.72345 | 0.89554 | 0.98172 | 0.8294 |
(103.a2)/kg·m−3.K−2 | −1.93 | −2.00 | −2.11 | −2.18 | −2.00 | −2.21 | −2.50 | −2.64 | −2.39 |
(102.St. Dev.)/kg·m−3 | 3.7 | 1.1 | 2.1 | 1.5 | 1.8 | 2.7 | 0.4 | 0.9 | 3.2 |
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Share and Cite
Hamze, S.; Cabaleiro, D.; Bégin, D.; Desforges, A.; Maré, T.; Vigolo, B.; Lugo, L.; Estellé, P. Volumetric Properties and Surface Tension of Few-Layer Graphene Nanofluids Based on a Commercial Heat Transfer Fluid. Energies 2020, 13, 3462. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13133462
Hamze S, Cabaleiro D, Bégin D, Desforges A, Maré T, Vigolo B, Lugo L, Estellé P. Volumetric Properties and Surface Tension of Few-Layer Graphene Nanofluids Based on a Commercial Heat Transfer Fluid. Energies. 2020; 13(13):3462. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13133462
Chicago/Turabian StyleHamze, Samah, David Cabaleiro, Dominique Bégin, Alexandre Desforges, Thierry Maré, Brigitte Vigolo, Luis Lugo, and Patrice Estellé. 2020. "Volumetric Properties and Surface Tension of Few-Layer Graphene Nanofluids Based on a Commercial Heat Transfer Fluid" Energies 13, no. 13: 3462. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13133462