Potential Applications of Biogas Produced in Small-Scale UASB-Based Sewage Treatment Plants in Brazil
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Identification of Rural Agglomerations: Secondary Data
2.2. Energy Assessment and Carbon Emissions Evaluation
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Rural Agglomerations in Brazil
3.2. Proposed Flowsheet for Sewage Treatment and by-Products Recovery/Use
3.3. Potential Uses of the Biogas Produced in Small-Scale Anaerobic-Based STPs in the Northern and Southern Regions of Brazil
3.3.1. Use of Biogas for Sludge Sanitization
3.3.2. Use of Biogas for Cooking and Water Heating
3.3.3. Avoided Emissions of GHG
3.4. Comparison with Biogas Use in Other Rural Contexts
4. Final Remarks
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Population Category | Description | Recommended Sanitation Solutions |
---|---|---|
A | Peripheric agglomerations in urban territory | The same as those practiced in cities (urban areas) |
B | Isolated agglomerations with urban characteristics | Economy of scale justify the use of decentralised solutions and self-sufficient management model |
C | Isolated agglomerations with rural characteristics | Individual and collective actions coexist; the management may require external support |
D | Dispersed rural settlements | Individual actions prevail |
Geographic Region | Population Category | Recommended/Potential Biogas End Uses |
---|---|---|
North | A, B and C | Sludge sanitization Cooking |
South | A, B and C | Sludge sanitization Water heating |
Parameters | Variable Name | Unit | Value | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Daily per capita sewage generation | QPC | L PE−1 d−1 | 160 | [13] |
Daily biogas consumption for cooking | BCcooking | Nm3 biogas family−1 d−1 | 0.25 | [14] |
Unitary methane yield | YCH4 | NL CH4 m−3sewage | 64 | [15] |
Methane content in biogas | %CH4 | % | 75 | [16] |
Lower calorific value of methane | LCVCH4 | MJ Nm−3CH4−1 | 35.8 | [17] |
Lower calorific value of LPG1 | LCVLPG | MJ Nm−3CH4−1 | 120.4 | [17] |
Daily per capita sludge (as DS2) generation in UASB reactors | DSPE | gDS PE−1 d−1 | 15 | [18] |
Water specific heat | Hw | kJ kg−1 °K-1 | 4.18 | [17] |
Sludge specific heat | Hs | kJ kg−1 °K−1 | 1.05 | [12] |
Sludge temperature | Ts | °C | 20 | [19] |
Sanitized sludge temperature | Tss | °C | 70 | [19] |
Excess sludge concentration | Csludge | % | 4 | [20] |
Sludge specific mass | γs | kg m−3 | 1020 | [18] |
Energy loss through the walls of the sanitizing tank | ELsanit-tank | % | 15 | [12] |
Difference between tap water and bath temperatures | Δw | °C | 30 | Assumed value |
Thermal efficiency of boilers | TEboilers | % | 90 | Standard engine reference |
Emission factor for LPG burn | ÈFLPG | kgCO2 eq m−3 LPG | 1507.1 | [21] |
Emission factor for the electricity generation in Brazil | EFelec | gCO2 eq kW−1 h−1 | 125 | [22] |
Geographic Region | Population Category | Population Equivalent (Inhabitants) | By-Products end Uses | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Biogas | Sludge | Effluent | |||
North | A | 3,021,261 | Sludge sanitization Cooking | Agriculture | Fertirrigation |
B | 272,638 | ||||
C | 2,277,349 | ||||
Total | 5,571,248 | ||||
South | A | 2,259,180 | Sludge sanitization Water heating | Agriculture | Fertirrigation |
B | 300,177 | ||||
C | 153,760 | ||||
Total | 2,713,117 |
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Passos, F.; Bressani-Ribeiro, T.; Rezende, S.; Chernicharo, C.A.L. Potential Applications of Biogas Produced in Small-Scale UASB-Based Sewage Treatment Plants in Brazil. Energies 2020, 13, 3356. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13133356
Passos F, Bressani-Ribeiro T, Rezende S, Chernicharo CAL. Potential Applications of Biogas Produced in Small-Scale UASB-Based Sewage Treatment Plants in Brazil. Energies. 2020; 13(13):3356. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13133356
Chicago/Turabian StylePassos, Fabiana, Thiago Bressani-Ribeiro, Sonaly Rezende, and Carlos A. L. Chernicharo. 2020. "Potential Applications of Biogas Produced in Small-Scale UASB-Based Sewage Treatment Plants in Brazil" Energies 13, no. 13: 3356. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13133356