Case Studies of Rock Bolt Support Loads and Rock Mass Monitoring for the Room and Pillar Method in the Legnica-Głogów Copper District in Poland
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- Sleeve with variable diameter, which under loads becomes subject to yield and crush. A characteristic feature of the sleeve is the variable geometry of the three walls along the entire length. During the yielding process, its length is reduced to approximately 25 mm. On the basis of the crushing positive zones in the sleeve, the observer qualifies the load acting on the bolt support [24];
- Measuring cylinder, which is covered with metallic enamel. Load measurement is based on the observation of the enamel surface area loss from the measuring cylinder. The main advantage of this method is the rapid observation of changes in the sensor coating, but it should be stated that the assessment of the load by the person monitoring the condition of the bolt support is subjective [25];
- Slide out the colored pin from the measuring sleeve inside the sensor equipped with disc springs. Under load, the disc springs are compressed and the bolt extends from the measuring sleeve. Load identification is based on the appearance, extension of the pin with the red segment. Knowing the pitch of the nut thread and the number of turns needed to determine the level between the red and black ranges on the measuring pin, the load can be qualitatively estimated [26];
- Fall of measuring cylinders from a dynamometric bearing plate, which consists of two cylinders that move relative to each other due to the effect of compressive load. The thickness of each measuring ring is selected according to the load-deformation characteristics of the elastic element. After sliding and falling off individual measuring rings of known thickness, their number is visually determined and the values of axial force loading the bolt are determined indirectly [27,28].
2. Factors Affecting the Stability of Room Excavations in LGOM Mines
2.1. Impact of Shocks
- up to 100 m from the epicenter of a shock with seismic energy 105 J ≤ E <106 J or the place of its effects;
- up to 150 m from the epicenter of a shock with seismic energy 105 J ≤ E <106 J or the place where its effects occur;
- up to 200 m from the epicenter of the shock with seismic energy E ≥ 107 J or the place of its effects;
- in the event of a rock burst or stress relief (regardless of the seismic energy) the danger area includes the operational front.
2.2. Geological Factors
2.3. Mining Factors
3. Laboratory Tests of the Rock Bolt Support Load Sensor Characterization
4. Industrial Tests
- black shale and laminated streaky dolomite, black to dark gray, concise, with varying thickness from 0.2 m to 0.6 m;
- dolomite streaked light gray, light beige, concise, with a microcrystalline structure, with fine veins of light sulphates, contains a small admixture of clay, weakly fissured, with varying thickness from 0.4 m to 1.4 m;
- dolomite calcareous gray, dark gray, beige, concise, with a microcrystalline structure, locally cavernous, formed as a set of layers with a clear layer division in packages from 0.2 m to 0.6 m, corrugated and horizontal lamination dominates, visible sulphate veins, stylolite seams occur of course compatible with carbonate lamination only locally with vertical course.
4.1. Measurement of Bolt Support Load and Vertical Convergence
4.2. Measurement of Vertical Stress Increase
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
- load measurement of the expansion rock bolt support in industrial conditions can be carried out manually and does not require an internal or external power source;
- up to the value of 90 kN, the bearing plates exhibit elastic characteristics, after exceeding this range, the plastic deformation of the bearing plates occurs, which deforms inside the spring disc; this is a very important feature that allows a very fast and direct assessment of the rock bolt support load (at such a load level, the swollen bolt rod or nut does not draw out beyond the plane of the bearing plate, it is hidden inside the sensor);
- for the underground exploitation of copper ore deposits in the LGOM area, in which the room and pillar method with roof deflection and maintaining the central part of the mining field is used, it was found that the largest load of the rock bolt support, increases vertical stress and the value of vertical convergence occurs in the central part of the exploitation field.
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Seismic Energy, E/J | Description | |
---|---|---|
E < 103 | very weak | |
103 ≤ E < 104 | weak | |
104 ≤ E < 105 | medium | |
105 ≤ E < 107 | strong | high energy |
E > 107 | very strong |
Roof Class | Summary Grade (SG)/% | Description of the Roof Rocks | Net Bolting/m |
---|---|---|---|
I | ≤20 | weak | 1 × 1 |
II | 21 ÷ 40 | medium strong I | 1.5 × 1.5 |
III | 41 ÷ 60 | medium strong II | 1.5 × 1.5 |
IV | 61 ÷ 80 | strong | 2 × 2 |
V | 81 ÷ 100 | very strong | 2 × 2 |
Parameter | Degree | Point Value/% | Information on the Parameter |
---|---|---|---|
Stratification of roof/cm | High | 35 | Core drilling analysis and fracture analysis with endoscopic sighting |
Tensile strength/MPa | High | 30 | Core tests of geotechnical holes |
Degree of fault/m2/m | Medium | 15 | Analysis of exposed faces in excavations, especially their roof, analysis of the sketch of fissures made for a given part of the mining field |
Compaction of mineralized fissures in the excavation roof/cm/m2 | Medium | 15 | |
Average throw of fault/m | Low | 5 |
Parameter | Disc Spring | Bearing Plate |
---|---|---|
Outer diameter/mm | 125 | 141 |
Inner diameter/mm | 61 | 22 |
Thickness/mm | 8 | 6 |
Free height without load/mm | 10.90 | 16.60 |
Material | 50CrV4 | S235JR |
Parameter | Roof | Working Face-Room | Floor | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Compressive strength, Cs/MPa | drillhole | 86.8–147.2 | 95.9–149.0 | 24.0–33.6 |
G1 | 98.7 | |||
G2 | 147.2 | |||
G3 | 112.6 | |||
Tensile strength, Ts/MPa | drillhole | 5.56–9.52 | 6.32–8.33 | 1.34–1.44 |
G1 | 7.2 | |||
G2 | 9.5 | |||
G3 | 8.6 | |||
Young’s modulus, E/GPa | 33.6–55.7 | 27.4–58.6 | 10.2–12.0 | |
Bulk density, ρo/kg/dm3 | 2.67–2.92 | 2.65–2.74 | 2.10–2.21 | |
Poisson’s Ratio, ν | 0.22–0.25 | 0.22–0.24 | 0.15–0.17 | |
Class | II and III | II |
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Skrzypkowski, K. Case Studies of Rock Bolt Support Loads and Rock Mass Monitoring for the Room and Pillar Method in the Legnica-Głogów Copper District in Poland. Energies 2020, 13, 2998. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13112998
Skrzypkowski K. Case Studies of Rock Bolt Support Loads and Rock Mass Monitoring for the Room and Pillar Method in the Legnica-Głogów Copper District in Poland. Energies. 2020; 13(11):2998. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13112998
Chicago/Turabian StyleSkrzypkowski, Krzysztof. 2020. "Case Studies of Rock Bolt Support Loads and Rock Mass Monitoring for the Room and Pillar Method in the Legnica-Głogów Copper District in Poland" Energies 13, no. 11: 2998. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13112998