Modeling Vehicles to Grid as a Source of Distributed Frequency Regulation in Isolated Grids with Significant RES Penetration
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. System Framework of V2G Operation
3. V2G Control Method for PFC
3.1. Description of V2G Control Method
3.2. V2G Control to Maintain the Residual Battery Energy
3.3. V2G Control to Achieve Charging Demand
4. PHEVs with a Simplified V2G Control Block
5. Test of PHEV Block with V2G Control Application
5.1. Simulation Parameters Values
5.2. Simulation Scenarios and Discussion of Results
6. Presentation of the Isolated Power System of Cyprus
7. Wind Turbines Simulation Model
8. Simulation Model of the Cyprus Island Isolated Power System Incorporating RES
8.1. Description of the Developed Simulation Model
8.2. Simulation of the Cyprus Island Power System Dynamic Frequency Response
9. Simulations with V2G Operation in the Power Grid
9.1. PHEVs Fleet Estimation
9.2. Simulation Results
10. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Measurement Unit | Value |
---|---|---|
PHEV number | 15000 | |
Maximum V2G droop | kW/Hz | 3.2 |
Battery capacity | kWh | 32 |
Maximum SOC | pu | 0.1 |
Minimum SOC | pu | 0.9 |
Maximum V2G power | kW | 7 |
Frequency dead band | Hz | [−0.05, 0.05] |
Charging/discharging efficiency | pu | 0.92/0.92 |
LFC delay | s | 4 |
Power Station | Generation Unit | Unit Load (MW) |
---|---|---|
Vasilikos | Steam turbine-ST1 | 120 |
Steam turbine-ST2 | 116 | |
Steam turbine-ST3 | 0 | |
Combined cycle-CCGT1 | 173 | |
Combined cycle-CCGT2 | 0 | |
Gas turbine-GT1 | 0 | |
Dhekelia | Steam turbine-ST1 | 0 |
Steam turbine-ST2 | 0 | |
Steam turbine-ST3 | 0 | |
Steam turbine-ST4 | 30 | |
Steam turbine-ST5 | 0 | |
Steam turbine-ST6 | 30 | |
Internal combustion-ICE1 | 0 | |
Moni | Gas turbine-GT1 | 0 |
Gas turbine-GT2 | 0 | |
Gas turbine-GT3 | 0 | |
Gas turbine-GT4 | 0 | |
Wind generation | Wind turbines | 37 |
Total system load | 506 |
City/District | Group/PHEVs | SOCin (%) | SOCout (%) | Pc (kW) | Total Pc (MW) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nicosia | A/7095 | 37 | 80 | 3.153 | 56.493 |
B/4473 | 24 | 90 | 4.84 | ||
C/2005 | 33 | 80 | 6.446 | ||
D/1851 | 49 | 90 | 3.006 | ||
Limassol | A/2667 | 35 | 80 | 3.300 | 37.839 |
B/3093 | 46 | 90 | 3.226 | ||
C/1387 | 32 | 90 | 4.253 | ||
D/3519 | 39 | 90 | 3.740 | ||
Larnaka | A/2654 | 13 | 70 | 4.180 | 28.545 |
B/1942 | 17 | 90 | 5.353 | ||
C/1036 | 29 | 70 | 3.006 | ||
D/840 | 26 | 90 | 4.693 | ||
Famagusta | A/305 | 38 | 80 | 3.080 | 11.071 |
B/1041 | 12 | 80 | 4.986 | ||
C/762 | 15 | 70 | 4.033 | ||
D/432 | 21 | 80 | 4.326 | ||
Pafos | A/1294 | 39 | 80 | 3.006 | 14.633 |
B/1941 | 22 | 70 | 3.520 | ||
C/601 | 27 | 70 | 3.153 | ||
D/786 | 45 | 80 | 2.566 | ||
Total load on the system (MW) | 148.581 |
Power Station | Generation Unit | Unit Load (MW) | |
---|---|---|---|
W/O PHEVs | With PHEVs | ||
Vasilikos | Steam turbine-ST1 | 102.4 | 100 |
Steam turbine-ST2 | 102.4 | 100 | |
Steam turbine-ST3 | 102.4 | 100 | |
Combined cycle-CCGT1 | 165.43 | 186.5 | |
Combined cycle-CCGT2 | 165.43 | 186.5 | |
Gas turbine-GT1 | 4 | 32 | |
Dhekelia | Steam turbine-ST1 | 37.799 | 55 |
Steam turbine-ST2 | 37.799 | 55 | |
Steam turbine-ST3 | 37.799 | 55 | |
Steam turbine-ST4 | 37.799 | 55 | |
Steam turbine-ST5 | 37.799 | 55 | |
Steam turbine-ST6 | 37.799 | 55 | |
Internal combustion-ICE1 | 0 | 0 | |
Moni | Gas turbine-GT1 | 20.379 | 19 |
Gas turbine-GT2 | 20.379 | 19 | |
Gas turbine-GT3 | 20.379 | 19 | |
Gas turbine-GT4 | 0 | 0 | |
Wind generation | Wind turbines | 75 | 75 |
Total system load | 1005 | 1167 |
City/District | Group/PHEVs | SOCin (%) |
---|---|---|
Nicosia | A/2000 | 86 |
B/1898 | 65 | |
C/1745 | 74 | |
D/1857 | 52 | |
Limassol | A/1236 | 71 |
B/1248 | 53 | |
C/1265 | 89 | |
D/1251 | 74 | |
Larnaka | A/1107 | 59 |
B/1157 | 82 | |
C/1124 | 53 | |
D/1112 | 57 | |
Famagusta | A/944 | 69 |
B/990 | 64 | |
C/1039 | 58 | |
D/1027 | 66 | |
Pafos | A/1016 | 64 |
B/1001 | 58 | |
C/986 | 65 | |
D/997 | 61 | |
Total PHEVs | 25,000 |
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Neofytou, N.; Blazakis, K.; Katsigiannis, Y.; Stavrakakis, G. Modeling Vehicles to Grid as a Source of Distributed Frequency Regulation in Isolated Grids with Significant RES Penetration. Energies 2019, 12, 720. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12040720
Neofytou N, Blazakis K, Katsigiannis Y, Stavrakakis G. Modeling Vehicles to Grid as a Source of Distributed Frequency Regulation in Isolated Grids with Significant RES Penetration. Energies. 2019; 12(4):720. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12040720
Chicago/Turabian StyleNeofytou, Neofytos, Konstantinos Blazakis, Yiannis Katsigiannis, and Georgios Stavrakakis. 2019. "Modeling Vehicles to Grid as a Source of Distributed Frequency Regulation in Isolated Grids with Significant RES Penetration" Energies 12, no. 4: 720. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12040720