Households’ Willingness to Adopt Technological and Behavioral Energy Savings Measures: An Empirical Study in The Netherlands †
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Theoretical and Empirical Background
3. Methodology, Case Study, and Assumptions
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Technical Energy Saving Measures
4.2. Behavioral Energy Saving Measures
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. Representative Sample of the Dutch Population
Gender | Response | CBS * |
Men | 53% | 49% |
Women | 47% | 51% |
Age distribution | Response | CBS |
18–24 | 7% | 11% |
25–34 | 15% | 16% |
35–49 | 27% | 27% |
50–64 | 25% | 26% |
65+ | 26% | 21% |
Level of education | Response | CBS |
Low (primary, vmbo, lbo) | 33% | 32% |
Middle (havo, vwo, mbo) | 38% | 44% |
High (hbo, university) | 29% | 25% |
Gross yearly income | Response | CBS |
Less than 12.6000 EUR | 4% | 5% |
12.600–27.000 EUR | 20% | 19% |
27.000–40.000 EUR | 19% | 17% |
40.000–67.000 EUR | 28% | 29% |
67.000 or more EUR | 28% | 29% |
Do not know | 0.3% | 0.3% |
Geographical region | Response | CBS |
Drenthe | 2% | 3% |
Flevoland | 2% | 2% |
Friesland | 5% | 4% |
Gelderland | 12% | 12% |
Groningen | 3% | 4% |
Limburg | 11% | 7% |
Noord-Brabant | 17% | 15% |
Noord-Holland | 13% | 16% |
Overijssel | 6% | 7% |
Utrecht | 9% | 7% |
Zeeland | 3% | 2% |
Zuid-Holland | 18% | 21% |
* CBS is a Dutch abbreviation for ‘Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek’, in English Statistics Netherlands. |
Appendix B. List of Attitudinal and Personal Factors
Attitudinal Factors | Personal Factors |
Motives:
| Socio-demographic background:
|
Barriers:
| In home:
|
Environmental concerns:
| On the road:
|
Appendix C. Binary Logistic Regression Outcomes for Technical Energy Saving Measures—Socio-Demographic Background and Building/Car Details
Insulation | Solar Panels | Energy Efficient Boiler | CFl-LED | Fuel Efficient Car | Electric Car | |
1 = yes 2 = no | 1 = yes 2 = no | 1 = yes 2 = no | 1 = yes 2 = no | 1 = yes 2 = no | 1 = yes 2 = no | |
B (SE) OR | B (SE) OR | B (SE) OR | B (SE) OR | B (SE) OR | B (SE) OR | |
Constant | −3.937 (2.249) *** 0.02 | - | - | - | - | 10.495 (5.120) ** >105 |
Socio-demographic background | ||||||
Gender | 1.089 (0.303) * 2.97 | - | - | - | - | - |
Age | 0.201 (0.064) * 1.22 | - | - | - | - | 0.568 (0.328) *** 1.77 |
Education | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Income | - | - | - | - | −0.210 (0.111) *** 0.81 | - |
Occupation | −0.151 (0.065) ** 0.86 | - | - | - | - | −0.511 (0.274) *** 0.60 |
Building details | ||||||
Ownership of the house | 1.259 (0.500) ** 3.52 | - | - | - | ||
Type of dwelling | - | - | - | - | ||
Energy efficiency label | - | - | - | - | ||
City size | - | - | - | - | ||
Building year | - | - | - | - | ||
Car details | ||||||
Number of cars | - | - | ||||
Energy label | - | - | ||||
Type of fuel | −0.506 (0.241) ** 0.60 | −2.888 (1.052) ** 0.06 | ||||
Frequency of driving | - | - | ||||
Model of fit | ||||||
−2 log likelihood | ||||||
Final | 334.360 | 276.486 | 279.448 | 391.207 | 385.816 | 30.111 |
R2 Cox and Snell | 0.098 | 0.023 | 0.019 | 0.011 | 0.045 | 0.085 |
R2 Nagelkerke | 0.139 | 0.038 | 0.031 | 0.017 | 0.065 | 0.523 |
Hosmer and Lemeshow | χ2 = 7.682 p > 0.05 | χ2 = 8.944 p > 0.05 | χ2 = 11.356 p > 0.05 | χ2 = 5.499 p > 0.05 | χ2 = 11.190 p > 0.05 | χ2 = 0.859 p > 0.05 |
* p < 0.10; ** p < 0.05;*** p < 0.01 |
Appendix D. Binary Logistic Regression Outcomes for Technical Energy Saving Measures—Values and Attitudes
Insulation | Solar Panels | Energy Efficient Boiler | CFL-LED | Fuel Efficient Car | Electric Car | |
1 = yes 2 = no | 1 = yes 2 = no | 1 = yes 2 = no | 1 = yes 2 = no | 1 = yes 2 = no | 1 = yes 2 = no | |
B (SE) OR | B (SE) OR | B (SE) OR | B (SE) OR | B (SE) OR | B (SE) OR | |
Constant | - | - | - | −4.016 (1.055) * 0.02 | - | - |
Values and attitudes | ||||||
Moral obligation | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Environmental conscious person | - | - | - | 0.581 (0.309) *** 1.79 | - | - |
Inform and discuss environmental problem | - | 0.876 (0.351) ** 2.40 | - | - | 0.758 (0.275) * 2.13 | - |
Environmental problems are overstated | - | - | - | - | 0.573 (0.297) *** 1.77 | - |
Health is impaired by pollution | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Internet as an important information source | - | - | - | 0.524 (0.307) *** 1.69 | - | - |
Next generation—reduction in well-being | - | - | −0.716 (0.317) ** 0.49 | - | - | - |
Energy reduction measures even if they cost extra | 0.780 (0.297) * 2.18 | - | - | 0.971 (0.302) * 2.64 | - | - |
Model of fit | ||||||
−2 log likelihood | ||||||
Final | 353.839 | 263.933 | 275.334 | 374.655 | 402.915 | 64.971 |
R2 Cox and Snell | 0.044 | 0.066 | 0.045 | 0.078 | 0.052 | 0.012 |
R2 Nagelkerke | 0.062 | 0.109 | 0.073 | 0.125 | 0.076 | 0.068 |
Hosmer and Lemeshow | χ2 = 8.596 p > 0.05 | χ2 = 1.530 p > 0.05 | χ2 = 11.165 p > 0.05 | χ2 = 5.099 p > 0.05 | χ2 = 7.883 p > 0.05 | χ2 = 7.647 p > 0.05 |
* p < 0.10; ** p < 0.05; *** p < 0.01 |
Appendix E. Ordinal Regression Outcomes for Behavioral Energy Saving Measures—Socio-Demographic Background and Building/Car Details
Turn the Heat Down | Close the Window When the Heating System is Running | Turn of the Lights When You are not There | Turn off the Appliances Instead of Stand by | Walking or Cycling Short Distances Instead of Driving | Use Public Transport of Carpool | |
1 = never 2 = sometimes 3 = neutral 4 = usually 5 = always | 1 = never 2 = sometimes 3 = neutral 4 = usually 5 = always | 1 = never 2 = sometimes 3 = neutral 4 = usually 5 = always | 1 = never 2 = sometimes 3 = neutral 4 = usually 5 = always | 1 = never 2 = sometimes 3 = neutral 4 = usually 5 = always | 1 = never 2 = sometimes 3 = neutral 4 = usually 5 = always | |
Link function | Logit B (SE) OR | Logit B (SE) OR | Logit B (SE) OR | Logit B (SE) | Logit B (SE) OR | Logit B (SE) OR |
Threshold | ||||||
1 | −11.267 (6.724) *** 0.01 | −6.991 (2.890) ** 0.01 | −3.782 (2.050) ** 0.02 | 15.801 (1.743) * >106 | ||
2 | −5.057 (2.853) *** 0.01 | 16.981 (1.741) * >106 | ||||
3 | 1.594 (0.645) ** 4.92 | 17.900 (1.738) * >106 | ||||
4 | 2.741 (0.652) * 15.50 | 19.454 (1.735) * >106 | ||||
Socio-demographic background | ||||||
Gender Men Women | −0.422 (0.254) *** 0.66 | −0.461 (0.200) ** 0.63 | ||||
Age 18–19 20–24 25–29 30–34 35–39 40–44 45–49 50–54 55–59 60–64 >65 | - - 1.427 (0.751) *** 4.17 2.129 (0,784) * 8.41 2.953 (0.910) * 19.16 1.764 (0.736) ** 5.84 2.112 (0.725) * 8.27 2.293 (0.768) * 9.90 2.403 (0.741) * 11.06 1.947 (0.726) * 7.01 | - - - - - 1.411 (0.678) ** 4.10 1.148 (0.648) *** 3.15 - - 1.1216 (0.655) *** 3.37 | - - - - - - - - - - | 2.496 (1.127) ** 12.13 1.622 (0.670) ** 5.06 - 1.072 (0.562) *** 2.92 1.345 (0.579) ** 3.84 0.982 (0.538) *** 2.67 1.260 (0.522) ** 3.53 1.271 (0.546) ** 3.56 1.349 (0.524) ** 3.85 1.806 (0.523) * 6.09 | - - - - 1.237 (0.650) *** 3.45 1.392 (0.597) ** 4.02 1.387 (0.565) ** 4.00 2.110 (0.604) * 8.25 1.840 (0.578) * 6.30 1.700 (0.547) * 5.47 | - 1.430 (0.781) ** 4.17 - - 1.088 (0.647) ** 2.97 - - - - - |
Education Secondary school A Levels/Abitur/baccalaureate University degree or higher | −0.729 (0.0423) *** 0.48 | −0.738 (0.353) ** 0.48 - | −0.702 (0.362) *** 0.50 −0.685 (0.311) ** 0.50 | - - | - - | - - |
Income below 900 EUR/month 900–1250 EUR/month 1250–1850 EUR/month 1850–3000 EUR/month 3000–5000 EUR/month >5000 EUR/month I do not known | - - - - - - | - - - 1.078 (0.446) ** 2.99 - - | - - - 0.735 (0.447) *** 2.09 - - | - - - - - - | - - - - - - | - - - −0.695 (0.393) *** 0.50 - - |
Occupation Student Employee (regular) Employee (manager) Employer Self-employed Unemployed Stay-at-home parent Retired Other | - - - −2.115 (1.124) *** 0.12 - - - 2.078 (0.833) ** 7.99 | - −1.226 (0.633) *** 0.29 −1.660 (0.859) *** 0.19 - −1.758 (0.725) ** 0.17 - −1.414 (0.763) *** 0.24 - | - - - - - - - 1.300 (0.666) *** 3.67 | - 1.012 (0.454) ** 2.75 - - - - - 2.111 (0.580) * 8.26 | 2.030 (1.105) *** 7.61 1.150 (0.521) ** 3.16 - 2.256 (1.129) ** 9.54 - - - 2.013 (0.628) * 7.49 | 1.873 (1.089) *** 6.51 1.235 (0.559) ** 3.44 - - 1.176 (0.667) ** 3.24 - - 1.449 (0.666) * 4.26 |
Building details | ||||||
Do you own the house or is it rented? Property Rented | 0.633 (0.360) *** 1.88 - | 0.563 (0.288) *** 1.76 | 0.676 (0.294) ** 1.97 | |||
In which type of dwelling do you live? Detached Mid-terrace Semi-detached Apartment Maisonette/duplex Studio Others | - - - - - - | - 0.701 (0.389) *** 2.02 1.004 (0.460) ** 2.73 - - - | - 1.283 (0.374) * 3.61 0.871 (0.421) ** 2.39 1.216 (0.402) * 3.37 1.560 (0.942) *** 4.75 - | |||
What is the current energy efficiency label of your dwelling? Do not know A B C D E F G | - - 2.259 (1.064) ** 9.57 - - - - | −1.306 (0.739) *** 3.69 1.997 (0.832) ** 7.37 1.915 (0.830) ** 6.79 - 2.684 (1.025) * 14.64 - 1.795 (1.032) *** 6.02 | ||||
Is the electricity you buy renewable? Yes, 100% Yes, partly No Do not know | - - - | - - - | - - - | 0.521 (0.232) ** 1.68 - - | ||
When was your dwelling built? | - | - | - | |||
Car details | ||||||
How many cars are available in your household? 0 1 2 3 or more | ||||||
What is the energy label of your car? Do not know A B C D E F | - - - −2.967 (1.197) ** 0.05 - | |||||
What type of fuel does your car require? Gasoline Diesel LPG Electricity | ||||||
18.788 (0.646) * >106 | ||||||
18.996 (0.686) * >106 | ||||||
How often do you drive your car? Every day 4–5 times per week 2–3 times per week Once a weekDo not know | ||||||
−2.962 (1.018) * 0.05 | −2.693 (0.912) * 0.07 | |||||
−2.173 (1.010) ** 0.11 | −2.238 (0.903) ** 0.11 | |||||
1.968 (0.896) ** 0.14 | ||||||
Model of fit | ||||||
−2 log likelihood | ||||||
Intercept only | 6682.994 | 898.262 | 806.338 | 1205.437 | 1048.528 | 1081.318 |
Final | 593.145 | 807.226 | 755.477 | 1163.753 | 918.734 | 973.640 |
R2 Cox and Snell | 0.185 | 0.187 | 0.109 | 0.089 | 0.287 | 0.245 |
R2 Nagelkerke | 0.234 | 0.215 | 0.130 | 0.093 | 0.304 | 0.258 |
R2 McFadden | 0.132 | 0.101 | 0.063 | 0.030 | 0.118 | 0.095 |
Test of parallel lines | χ2 = 131.555 p > 0.05 | χ2 = 161.980 p > 0.05 | χ2 = 126.687 p > 0.05 | χ2 = 112.396 p > 0.05 | - - | χ2 = 47.343 p > 0.05 |
* p < 0.10; ** p < 0.05; *** p < 0.01 |
Appendix F. Binary Logistic Regression Outcomes for Technical Energy Saving Measures—Values and Attitudes
Turn the Heat Down | Close the Window When the Heating System is Running | Turn of the Lights When You are not There | Turn off the Appliances Instead of Stand by | Walking or Cycling Short Distances Instead of Driving | Use Public Transport of Carpool | |
1 = never 2 = sometimes 3 = neutral 4 = usually 5 = always | 1 = never 2 = sometimes 3 = neutral 4 = usually 5 = always | 1 = never 2 = sometimes 3 = neutral 4 = usually 5 = always | 1 = never 2 = sometimes 3 = neutral 4 = usually 5 = always | 1 = never 2 = sometimes 3 = neutral 4 = usually 5 = always | 1 = never 2 = sometimes 3 = neutral 4 = usually 5 = always | |
Link function | Logit B (SE) OR | Logit B (SE) OR | Logit B (SE) OR | Logit B (SE) OR | Logit B (SE) OR | Logit B (SE) OR |
Threshold | ||||||
1 | −3.158 (0.698) * 0.04 | −4.013 (0.729) * 0.02 | −1.442 (0.519) * 0.24 | −1.894 (0.536) * 0.15 | ||
2 | −2.272 (0.666) * 0.10 | −1.755 (0.558) * 0.17 | ||||
3 | −1.650 (0.656) ** 0.19 | −0.989 (0.547) *** 0.37 | 0.995 (0.516) *** 2.70 | |||
4 | 1.539 (0.514) * 4.66 | 1.782 (0.519) * 5.94 | 2.098 (0.527) * 8.15 | |||
Values and attitudes | ||||||
Do you feel a moral obligation to reduce energy consumption? Yes Not really Not at all | ||||||
Would you say you are an environmental conscious person (if you compare yourself to others in your neighborhood)? Yes No | 0.372 (0.215) *** 1.45 | 0.611 (0.219) *** 1.84 | ||||
Do you inform yourself about environmental problems and discuss such problems with others? Yes No | 0.332 (0.196) *** 1.39 | 0.341 (0.195) *** 1.41 | ||||
Do you feel that environmental problems are overstated? Yes No | 0.344 (0.208) *** 1.41 | |||||
Do you think your health is impaired by pollution? Yes No | −0.467 (0.251) *** 0.63 | 0.322 (0.189) *** 1.38 | ||||
Do you consider the internet as an important source of information on environmental progress in your country? Yes No | 0.627 (0.276) ** 1.87 | 0.395 (0.240) *** 1.48 | ||||
Do you opt for energy reduction measures even if they cause extra cost? Yes No | ||||||
Model of fit | ||||||
−2 log likelihood | ||||||
Intercept only | 462.338 | 537.491 | 805.153 | 737.622 | 796.892 | |
Final | 444.211 | 521.272 | 781.265 | 712.834 | 778.194 | |
R2 Cox and Snell | 0.040 | 0.036 | 0.052 | 0.054 | 0.041 | |
R2 Nagelkerke | 0.050 | 0.041 | 0.054 | 0.057 | 0.043 | |
R2 McFadden | 0.026 | 0.018 | 0.017 | 0.020 | 0.014 | |
Test of parallel lines | χ2 = 33.493 p > 0.05 | χ2 = 24.804 p > 0.05 | χ2 = 35.308 p > 0.05 | |||
* p < 0.10; ** p < 0.05; *** p < 0.01 |
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Stage of Change | Description |
---|---|
Predecisional | Perform the problem behavior on a regular, habitual basis. In this stage people are not fully aware of the negative consequences associated with this behavior, and thus see no reasons for behavioral change. In order to run the risk of triggering reactance, confront people with a direct request to change their behavior. |
Preactional | People already have the general goal of changing their current behavior (high goal intention). However, because several actions (e.g., cycling, walking, and public transport) could normally be used as a means to achieve this goal (e.g., car reduction), the task confronting them is to select the personally most suitable behavioral strategy. |
Actional | People have formed a strong goal and behavioral intention. They have made a decision on which new behavioral strategy they want to test instead of the old one. However, the translation from their “good” behavioral intentions into real action is often difficult. |
Postactional | Persons actually perform the selected new behavior for some time. In this stage they reflect on the experiences they have made with the new behavior and compare it critically with the old behavior. |
Technology (Energy Efficiency) | Behavior (Energy Savings) | |
---|---|---|
Heat | Home insulation | Turn down the thermostat in winter/at night |
Close window when the heating is running | ||
Electricity | Solar PV Panels | Turn off the lights when you are not there |
Energy efficient boiler (heating system) | Turn off appliances | |
Compact fluorescent light (CFL) or LED light bulbs | ||
Car use | Fuel-efficient car | Use car less |
Electric car | More use of public transport or car pool |
Reason | Insulation | Solar Panels | EE-Boiler | CFL-LED | FE-Car | E-Car | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
O | R | O | R | O | R | O | R | |||
Yes | 28.3 | 4.0 | 16.5 | 3.3 | 15.8 | 5.3 | 78.5 | 63.6 | 21.2 | 1.6 |
It saves me money | 69.2 | 45.5 | 73.3 | 38.5 | 71.4 | 33.3 | 72.6 | 59.2 | 60.4 | 50.0 |
It improves my comfort/living conditions | 50.0 | 9.1 | 5.6 | 0.0 | 39.0 | 25.0 | 10.1 | 2.9 | 20.1 | 26.1 |
It improves the value of my dwelling | 29.8 | 27.3 | 31.1 | 7.7 | 16.9 | 25.0 | 1.6 | 1.0 | ||
I had interesting financial incentives | 3.8 | 0.0 | 17.8 | 7.7 | 1.3 | 0.0 | 0.8 | 0.0 | 3.2 | 10.9 |
It helps reduce global warming/avoid negative environmental impact | 13.5 | 9.1 | 41.1 | 23.1 | 15.6 | 0.0 | 27.0 | 20.4 | 25.3 | 30.4 |
Someone asked me to | 1.0 | 18.2 | 0.0 | 7.7 | 0.0 | 33.3 | 0.4 | 1.0 | 1.9 | 8.7 |
It is the moral thing to do | 4.8 | 0.0 | 10.0 | 7.7 | 5.2 | 8.3 | 10.5 | 8.7 | 9.7 | 13.0 |
People I care about are doing it | 1.1 | 0.0 | 1.2 | 1.0 | 1.9 | 2.2 | ||||
It makes me feel good about myself | 5.8 | 9.1 | 10.0 | 7.7 | 2.6 | 25.0 | 10.1 | 6.8 | 11.7 | 10.9 |
Green image | 2.9 | 0.0 | 8.9 | 7.7 | 1.3 | 0.0 | 14.1 | 9.7 | 14.9 | 19.6 |
It reduces energy consumption | 51.9 | 36.4 | 42.2 | 23.1 | 49.4 | 16.7 | 59.3 | 59.2 | 53.9 | 45.7 |
It improves my house | 26.9 | 9.1 | 15.6 | 7.7 | 23.4 | 0.0 | 6.0 | 3.9 | ||
Landlord has decided | 9.1 | 30.8 | 38.8 | |||||||
Other people approve when I do | 0.0 | 7.7 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 0.6 | |||||
It had to be replaced (old/renovation) | 39.0 | 2.4 | 29.1 | 3.9 | ||||||
Not available anymore | 2.8 | 1.9 | ||||||||
It reduces fuel consumption | 53.9 | 45.7 | ||||||||
Lease | 1.3 | |||||||||
Oil is exhaustible | 2.2 | |||||||||
No | 57.2 | 27.2 | 70.0 | 28.5 | 71.0 | 28.5 | 17.8 | 16.6 | 61.8 | 80.4 |
Considering over the next 12 months | 7.7 | 4.6 | 4.7 | 2.0 | 5.4 | 1.3 | 35.7 | 25.2 | 8.3 | 2.9 |
Considering, but probably will not | 7.4 | 4.6 | 11.8 | 4.0 | 6.4 | 3.3 | 5.4 | 4.6 | 8.9 | 6.5 |
Not considering | 80.1 | 80.1 | 78.1 | 80.8 | 83.2 | 82.8 | 54.9 | 57.6 | 76.1 | 84.6 |
Do not know | 4.7 | 15.2 | 5.4 | 13.2 | 5.1 | 12.6 | 4.0 | 12.6 | 6.7 | 6.0 |
I do not know how | 5.7 | 9.3 | 3.9 | 7.2 | 8.2 | 10.8 | 6.1 | 16.7 | 4.1 | 3.3 |
It is too much effort | 13.0 | 2.9 | 7.7 | 6.5 | 6.8 | 5.8 | 10.2 | 8.3 | 2.4 | 2.7 |
I am too busy | 13.5 | 2.1 | 4.3 | 1.4 | 5.5 | 4.3 | 6.1 | 6.3 | 1.7 | 2.5 |
I cannot afford the investment costs | 29.0 | 19.3 | 26.1 | 22.5 | 20.5 | 22.3 | 6.1 | 20.8 | 36.7 | 39.6 |
I could afford it, but do not want to spend the money | 17.1 | 0.7 | 17.4 | 3.6 | 15.9 | 2.2 | 10.2 | 10.4 | 8.8 | 7.0 |
Someone else in my home would object | 1.6 | 0.7 | 1.9 | 2.2 | 2.3 | 2.9 | 10.2 | 0.0 | 1.4 | 1.5 |
I do not care about my energy consumption | 3.1 | 2.1 | 1.4 | 2.9 | 5.5 | 2.9 | 2.0 | 6.3 | 2.7 | 1.5 |
I do not care about the environment | 4.7 | 0.7 | 2.4 | 1.4 | 2.7 | 1.4 | 8.2 | 8.3 | 1.4 | 1.2 |
I already have this | 26.4 | 9.3 | 1.0 | 0.7 | 15.5 | 3.6 | 30.6 | 10.4 | 0.5 | |
Energy yield is too low | 17.4 | 1.4 | 0.9 | |||||||
Fear of gained promised efficiency | 19.3 | 1.4 | ||||||||
Visual representation | 0.5 | 10.6 | ||||||||
It takes too long to recoup the expenditure | 30.4 | 6.5 | 0.5 | 7.1 | 9.2 | |||||
Collectively (apartment)/Rented house | 6.7 | 55.7 | 12.1 | 37.7 | 35.3 | 12.5 | ||||
Not necessary (health/still working) | 6.2 | 0.7 | 18.6 | 4.1 | ||||||
Not suitable (roof/district heating) | 6.3 | 7.3 | 2.2 | |||||||
Plans to move | 2.1 | 2.1 | 3.4 | 0.7 | 1.8 | 2.2 | 4.2 | |||
I do not like them | 12.2 | 14.6 | 5.2 | |||||||
Too expensive | 10.2 | 12.5 | ||||||||
I do not need a new car | 50.0 | 50.5 | ||||||||
They are too small | 1.7 | |||||||||
I am worried about the availability of charging systems | 13.9 | |||||||||
I am worried about the perceived maintenance costs | 3.2 | |||||||||
I am worried about the resale value | 1.7 | |||||||||
The noise | 0.3 | 0.5 | ||||||||
No car/No driving license | 5.4 | 2.5 | ||||||||
I have a lease car | 4.8 | 1.0 | ||||||||
Do not know | 2.7 | 3.3 | 2.4 | 5.3 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 1.7 | 5.3 | 4.7 | 4.2 |
Not applicable (because it is not something for me to decide) | 11.8 | 65.6 | 11.1 | 62.9 | 9.1 | 62.3 | 2.0 | 14.6 | 12.3 | 13.8 |
Reason | Lower T | T-Window | Off Light | Off Appl | SD | OV/Carpool | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
O | R | O | R | O | R | O | R | |||
Always–Often | 64.3 | 54.3 | 87.6 | 79.5 | 4.7 | 8.0 | 26.3 | 25.9 | 69.0 | 28.8 |
It saves me money | 70.0 | 81.8 | 64.7 | 72.7 | 64.3 | 88.9 | 58.3 | 73.7 | 51.2 | 47.8 |
It helps reduce global warming/avoid negative environmental impact | 35.0 | 36.4 | 29.4 | 36.4 | 35.7 | 11.1 | 30.6 | 15.8 | 25.6 | 21.7 |
It reduces energy consumption | 60.0 | 63.6 | 41.2 | 63.6 | 42.9 | 55.6 | 66.7 | 63.2 | 34.9 | 21.7 |
Someone asked me to | 5.0 | 9.1 | 5.9 | 0.0 | 14.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 5.3 | 2.3 | 8.7 |
It is the moral thing to do | 10.0 | 9.1 | 17.6 | 0.0 | 21.4 | 11.1 | 19.4 | 10.5 | 9.3 | 8.7 |
People I care about are doing it | 0.0 | 9.1 | 11.8 | 9.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2.8 | 5.3 | 2.3 | 8.7 |
It makes me feel good about myself | 20.0 | 9.1 | 5.9 | 9.1 | 14.3 | 22.2 | 11.1 | 15.8 | 34.9 | 30.4 |
Green image | ||||||||||
I use a pillow/sweater to feel comfortable | 5.0 | |||||||||
Other people approve when I do | 0.0 | 0.0 | 8.3 | 5.3 | 4.7 | 17.4 | ||||
I prefer my comfort | 5.9 | |||||||||
Shorter ventilation time | 5.9 | |||||||||
Security | 2.8 | |||||||||
It saves time | 4.7 | 8.7 | ||||||||
It helps to get more exercise | 55.8 | |||||||||
Easier with kids | 4.7 | |||||||||
Never–Sometimes | 30.7 | 34.5 | 6.4 | 10.6 | 89.9 | 85.4 | 58.9 | 57.6 | 17.7 | 56.0 |
Considering more frequently than now | 6.7 | 7.3 | 5.7 | 7.3 | 4.7 | 6.0 | 12.1 | 12.6 | 9.6 | 5.1 |
Considering less frequently than now | 3.0 | 4.0 | 3.4 | 1.3 | 3.7 | 2.6 | 3.7 | 2.6 | 4.5 | 7.4 |
About the same as now | 90.2 | 88.7 | 90.9 | 91.4 | 91.6 | 91.4 | 84.2 | 84.8 | 85.9 | 87.5 |
I am too busy | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 1.4 | 1.1 | 1.4 | 0.8 | 2.3 | 2.0 | 1.4 |
It is hard to remember | 3.2 | 2.9 | 2.5 | 2.9 | 1.8 | 4.9 | 8.0 | 7.6 | 3.7 | 0.9 |
It is not convenient | 4.7 | 6.4 | 4.3 | 5.0 | 4.2 | 9.2 | 18.4 | 15.2 | 8.6 | 20.5 |
It is too much effort | 1.1 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 0.7 | 1.4 | 2.8 | 6.9 | 5.3 | 4.7 | 7.8 |
I do not think it is important | 1.4 | 2.9 | 5.0 | 8.6 | 1.4 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 6.1 | 2.2 | 2.6 |
Someone else in my home would object | 5.4 | 7.9 | 2.1 | 6.4 | 1.4 | 2.1 | 1.1 | 3.8 | 1.2 | 0.7 |
I do not care about my energy consumption | 0.7 | 5.0 | 0.7 | 2.1 | 0.4 | 0.7 | 2.7 | 2.3 | 0.7 | 0.2 |
I do not care about the environment | 1.1 | 0.7 | 1.1 | 3.6 | 1.4 | 2.1 | 1.5 | 2.3 | 2.0 | 1.6 |
I am already doing this as much as I can | 78.3 | 69.3 | 83.6 | 77.9 | 88.7 | 84.5 | 74.3 | 75.0 | 66.4 | 40.5 |
It would reduce my comfort | 16.6 | 16.5 | 6.4 | 9.3 | 6.0 | 2.8 | 7.3 | 3.0 | 5.2 | 7.5 |
I prefer some ventilation in my house (moisture) | 0.3 | 5.3 | 6.5 | |||||||
I prefer a warm house | 10.8 | 16.4 | ||||||||
I cannot control the thermostat | 0.7 | 2.9 | ||||||||
I do not have a thermostat | 0.4 | 2.9 | ||||||||
Constant temperature is cheaper | 2.9 | 2.9 | ||||||||
For my pets | 0.4 | |||||||||
No heater in my house | 0.4 | |||||||||
Not necessary | 0.7 | 0.4 | ||||||||
I am more comfortable with many lights on | 2.8 | 0.7 | ||||||||
Other people think there is somebody at home (security) | 6.0 | 2.8 | ||||||||
It is more a habit | 1.1 | |||||||||
Not possible | 1.5 | |||||||||
The weather makes it often not comfortable | 10.9 | 2.8 | ||||||||
The road is too difficult (height differences) | 1.2 | |||||||||
Travel time will be too long/the distance I travel are too far | 9.4 | 23.5 | ||||||||
It is not comfortable due to my health and physical condition | 10.9 | 7.3 | ||||||||
I prefer driving by car | 8.1 | |||||||||
Others would think it is strange if I did not use the car | 0.2 | |||||||||
It is too expensive | 15.1 | |||||||||
There is no stop close to my home/destination | 0.7 | 11.1 | ||||||||
Problem with public transport | 1.4 | |||||||||
I consider public transportation is for poor people | 0.7 | |||||||||
I would not feel safe | 0.9 | |||||||||
No car/No driving license | 2.5 | |||||||||
Neutral | 5.1 | 6.1 | 9.9 | 5.4 | 6.6 | 14.8 | 16.6 | 13.4 | 15.2 |
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Vasseur, V.; Marique, A.-F. Households’ Willingness to Adopt Technological and Behavioral Energy Savings Measures: An Empirical Study in The Netherlands. Energies 2019, 12, 4294. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12224294
Vasseur V, Marique A-F. Households’ Willingness to Adopt Technological and Behavioral Energy Savings Measures: An Empirical Study in The Netherlands. Energies. 2019; 12(22):4294. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12224294
Chicago/Turabian StyleVasseur, Véronique, and Anne-Francoise Marique. 2019. "Households’ Willingness to Adopt Technological and Behavioral Energy Savings Measures: An Empirical Study in The Netherlands" Energies 12, no. 22: 4294. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12224294
APA StyleVasseur, V., & Marique, A.-F. (2019). Households’ Willingness to Adopt Technological and Behavioral Energy Savings Measures: An Empirical Study in The Netherlands. Energies, 12(22), 4294. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12224294