Improvements to the Composition of Fusel Oil and Analysis of the Effects of Fusel Oil–Gasoline Blends on a Spark-Ignited (SI) Engine’s Performance and Emissions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Improvements to Fusel Oil to Be Used in the Experiments
2.2. Experiment Fuels
2.3. Experiment Procedure
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Brake Thermal Efficiency
3.2. Engine Torque
3.3. Specific Fuel Consumption
3.4. Exhaust Emissions
3.4.1. Carbon Monoxide (CO)
3.4.2. Hydrocarbon (HC)
3.4.3. Nitrogen Oxide (NOx)
4. Conclusions
- Fusel oil is a by-product formed as a result of the fermentation of ethanol. The distillation efficiency of fusel oil is 96.5%. Existent gum content of 26.6 mg/100 mL in pure fusel was reduced to 0.8 mg/100 mL as a result of improvements (by using gum inhibitor and desiccant) and brought in compliance with TS EN 228 standard. The reason for these improvements is that fusel oil, due to the large amount of existent gum content it contains, does not blend with gasoline homogeneously. Facilitating a homogeneous blend of heavy alcohols contained in fusel oil, with gasoline, the alternative fuel was brought in compliance with TS EN 228 standard.
- Due to higher latent heat of vaporization of fusel oil–gasoline blends, when compared to standalone gasoline, F10, F20, F30 blends increased engine torque, whereas F40 and F50 reduced it.
- The fusel oil having lower heating values below that of unleaded gasoline led to an increase in specific fuel consumption as the amount of fusel oil in the blends increased.
- With fusel oil’s stoichiometric air/fuel ratio below that of gasoline, in order to create heat equivalent to that gasoline creates and obtain the stoichiometric mixture, the cylinder was charged with more fuel. This increased the cooling effect of fusel within the cylinder and the increasing amount of fusel within the cylinder led to lower NOx emissions, when compared to unleaded gasoline.
- As fusel oil contains a high amount of oxygen, CO an HC emissions were reduced.
- Experiment results prove that fusel oil can be utilized as fuel in a gasoline-operated engine. Moreover, upon using fusel oil–gasoline blends, CO, HC, and NOx emissions were reduced.
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Amyl Alcohol | Chemical Formula | Molecular Weight (g/mol) | Density (g/cm3) | Boiling Point (°C) | Melting Point (°C) | Volumetric (%) | Viscosity (cp) | Specific Heat (kal/g °C) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2-Methyl 1-Butanol | C5H12O | 88.148 | 0.815 | 129 | −70 | 0.22 | 4 | 0.57 |
4-Methyl 2-Pentanol | C6H14O | 102 | 0.8079 | 131.8 | −90 | 0.27 | - | - |
i-amyl alcohol (3-Methyl 1-Butanol) | C5H12O | 88 | 0.809 | 132 | −117.2 | 62.29 | 3.86 | 0.535 |
n-Hexanol (1-Hexyl Alcohol) | C6H14O | 102 | 0.8186 | 157.2 | −51.6 | 0.51 | - | - |
n-Heptanol (1-Heptyl Alcohol) | C7H16O | 116 | 0.824 | 175 | −34.6 | 0.08 | - | - |
i-Butanol | C4H10O | 74 | 0.805 | 108 | −108 | 8.71 | 3.5 | 0.59 |
n-Butanol | C4H10O | 74 | 0.81 | 117 | −79.9 | 0.12 | 2.6 | 0.687 |
n-Propanol | C3H8O | 60 | 0.804 | 97.2 | −127 | 0.738 | 2.256 | 0.59 |
i-Propanol | C3H8O | 60 | 0.789 | 82.5 | −85.8 | 8.06 | 2.1 | 0.66 |
ethanol | C2H6O | 46 | 0.789 | 78 | −112 | 11.09 | 1.41 | 0.68 |
water | H2O | 18 | 1 | 100 | 0 | 10.3 | 1 | 1 |
Fusel | F0 | F10 | F20 | F30 | F40 | F50 | F100 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Density (kg/m3) | 721.79 | 726.03 | 735.13 | 750.55 | 758.54 | 764.83 | 852.1 |
Lower heating value (kJ/kg) | 43,580 | 42,449.60 | 41,319.20 | 40,188.81 | 39,058.41 | 37,928.02 | 32,276.04 |
MON | 86.51 | 87.08 | 87.12 | 87.17 | 88.50 | 89.30 | 103.61 |
RON | 96.33 | 97.80 | 97.84 | 98.30 | 98.34 | 98.38 | 106.82 |
Freezing point (oC) | −53 | >50 | >50 | >50 | >50 | >50 | >50 |
Engine Specifications | |
Model | Honda GX390 |
Engine Type | 4-Stroke, overhead camshaft, single-cylinder |
Compression Ratio | 8.0:1 |
Cooling System | Air-cooled |
Engine Displacement (cm3) (Bore x Stroke) (mm) | 389 (86.0 × 64.0) |
Net Horsepower (According to SAE 1349) (kW @ rpm) | 11.8/11.7 HP (8.7) @ 3600 |
Net Torque (According to SAE 1349) (N/m @ rpm) | 2.70 kg/m (26.5) @ 2500 |
Power Generator Specifications | |
Model | Honda HK 550 M/MS |
Max. Power Output (kW) | 5.5 |
Voltage (V) | 230 |
Phase | Single phase |
Frequency (Hz) | 50 |
Power Factor (kW @ rpm) | 13.0 @ 3600 |
AC Circuit Breaker | Yes |
Parameters | Measurement Limit | Precision |
---|---|---|
CO | 0–10.0% vol. | 0.001% |
CO2 | 0–20.0% vol. | 0.001% |
HC | 0–10,000 PPM vol. | 1 PPM |
O2 | 0–10% vol. | 0.01% |
NOx | 0–5000 | 1 PPM |
Lambda | 0.5–2.00 | 0.001 |
RPM | 0–9990 rpm. | 10 rpm. |
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Simsek, S.; Ozdalyan, B. Improvements to the Composition of Fusel Oil and Analysis of the Effects of Fusel Oil–Gasoline Blends on a Spark-Ignited (SI) Engine’s Performance and Emissions. Energies 2018, 11, 625. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11030625
Simsek S, Ozdalyan B. Improvements to the Composition of Fusel Oil and Analysis of the Effects of Fusel Oil–Gasoline Blends on a Spark-Ignited (SI) Engine’s Performance and Emissions. Energies. 2018; 11(3):625. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11030625
Chicago/Turabian StyleSimsek, Suleyman, and Bulent Ozdalyan. 2018. "Improvements to the Composition of Fusel Oil and Analysis of the Effects of Fusel Oil–Gasoline Blends on a Spark-Ignited (SI) Engine’s Performance and Emissions" Energies 11, no. 3: 625. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11030625