Participation as a Key Aspect for Establishing Wastewater as a Source of Renewable Energy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Theory Framework
2.2. Stakeholder Analysis
2.3. Participatory Process Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Definition and Characterisation of Key Stakeholder Groups
3.2. Core Elements and Design of Successful Participation
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Key Aim of Survey (Interview) | Interview Partner (Stakeholder Group) | Interview Method | Sample Size | Response Rate |
---|---|---|---|---|
Identification of key stakeholder groups Information paths (partly) | Regional government—Surface water management division | Face-to-face (semi-structured) | n = 2 | 100% (10/10) * |
Regional government—Energy planning division | n = 1 | |||
University—Institute of sanitary engineering | n = 1 | |||
Biomass association | n = 2 | |||
Energy supply company | n = 1 | |||
National funding agency | Telephone (semi-structured) | n = 2 | ||
Association of climate and energy model regions | n = 1 | |||
Network for local climate protection | n = 1 | |||
Regional energy saving association | Email questionnaire | n = 1 | ||
Housing association | n = 1 | |||
Awareness and acceptance Information paths (partly) | Wastewater utilities (wastewater association) | Telephone (semi-structured) | n = 63 | 79% (50/63) |
Energy suppliers—large utilities | n = 3 | 100% (3/3) | ||
Energy suppliers—contractors | n = 13 | 69% (9/13) | ||
Municipalities (urban settlements of more than 3000 inhabitants) | Email questionnaire | n = 112 | 26% (29/112) | |
Energy consumers (major housing cooperatives) | n = 26 | 50% (13/26) |
Stakeholder Group | Awareness of Technologies | Acceptance of Wastewater Based Energy Generation | Potential Information Sources (except for Wastewater Utilities in Random Order) * |
---|---|---|---|
Wastewater utilities | Digester gas utilisation: 98% (47 of 48) Wastewater heat recovery: 88% (42 of 48) Sewage sludge incineration: 98% (47 of 48) Hydropower: 77% (37 of 48) | Positive: 96% (44/46) Negative: 4% (2/46) No opinion 0% (0/46) | Austrian Water and Waste Association (94%) (Local) Sewer and WWTP neighbourhoods (55%) (National) wastewater journals (36%) Service providers (28%) Knowledge sharing with other wastewater utilities (17%) Internet (11%) Civil engineers (9%) |
Municipalities | Digester gas utilisation: 48% (14 of 29) Wastewater heat recovery: 52% (15 of 29) Sewage sludge incineration: 3% (1 of 29) Hydropower: 14% (4 of 29) | Positive: 97% (28/29) Negative 0%(0/29) No opinion: 3% (1/29) | (National) municipal journals and online portals National association of municipalities National association of climate and energy model regions National network for local climate protection (climate alliance) Regional energy saving association Regional cluster for energy and environmental technology companies |
Energy consumers (major housing cooperatives) | Digester gas utilisation: 8% (1 of 13) Wastewater heat recovery: 23% (3 of 13) Little awareness: 23% (3 of 13) No awareness: 46% (6 of 13) | Positive: 38% (5/13) Negative: 15% (2/13) No opinion: 46% (6/13) | (National) energy journals National association of climate and energy model regions National network for local climate protection (climate alliance) Regional energy saving association Regional cluster for energy and environmental technology companies |
Energy suppliers – large suppliers | Sufficient knowledge: 67% (2 of 3) Insufficient knowledge: 33% (1 of 3) | Positive: 100% (3/3) Negative: 0% (0/3) No opinion: 0% (0/3) | (National) energy journals National association of climate and energy model regions National network for local climate protection (climate alliance) Regional energy saving association Regional cluster for energy and environmental technology companies |
Energy suppliers – contractors | Sufficient knowledge: 11% (1 of 9) Insufficient knowledge: 89% (8 of 9) | Positive: 67% (6/9) Negative: 33% (3/9) No opinion: 0% (0/9) |
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Kretschmer, F.; Neugebauer, G.; Stoeglehner, G.; Ertl, T. Participation as a Key Aspect for Establishing Wastewater as a Source of Renewable Energy. Energies 2018, 11, 3232. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11113232
Kretschmer F, Neugebauer G, Stoeglehner G, Ertl T. Participation as a Key Aspect for Establishing Wastewater as a Source of Renewable Energy. Energies. 2018; 11(11):3232. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11113232
Chicago/Turabian StyleKretschmer, Florian, Georg Neugebauer, Gernot Stoeglehner, and Thomas Ertl. 2018. "Participation as a Key Aspect for Establishing Wastewater as a Source of Renewable Energy" Energies 11, no. 11: 3232. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11113232