A Review of Roofing Methods: Construction Features, Heat Reduction, Payback Period and Climatic Responsiveness
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
3. Roofing Methods
3.1. Concrete Roofs
3.2. Cool Roofs
3.3. Insulated Roofs
3.4. Roof Gardens
3.5. Photovoltaic Panel Roofs
3.6. Biosolar Roofs
3.7. Double-Skin Roofs
3.8. Roof Ponds
3.8.1. Uncovered Ponds with/without Sprays
3.8.2. Covered Ponds with/without Sprays
3.8.3. Shaded Ponds
3.8.4. Cool Roof Ponds
3.8.5. Ventilated Roof Ponds
3.8.6. Cool Pools
3.8.7. Walkable Ponds
3.8.8. Wet Gunny Bags
3.9. Skylight Roofs
3.10. Wind Catchers
3.11. Other Roofing Methods
4. Comparison
4.1. Suitability of Roofing Methods for Different Climates
4.2. Comparing the Impact on Heat Gain Reduction
4.3. Comparing Payback Periods
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
R-value | thermal resistance |
U-value | thermal transmittance |
K | thermal conductivity |
R-total | sum of all R-values in the different layers of a construction component, in this case, a roof slab |
RCC | reinforced cement concrete |
PV | photovoltaic |
PCM | phase change material |
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Insulation Materials | R-Value 1 Insulation Materials | R-Value 2 RCC | R-Value 3 Mud Phuska | R-Value 4 Brick Tile | Resistance of the Inside Surface | Resistance of the Outside Surface | R-Total with Insulation | R-Total without Insulation | U-Value Total with Insulation | U-Value Total without Insulation | Reduce in Heat Flux % |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kumar and Suman [19] values | Fixed values | Values calculated for this paper | |||||||||
EPS (K = 0.035) | 1.429 | 0.119 | 0.096 | 0.063 | 0.140 | 0.060 | 1.907 | 0.478 | 0.524 | 2.092 | 74.930 |
PUF (K = 0.027) | 1.852 | 0.119 | 0.096 | 0.063 | 0.140 | 0.060 | 2.330 | 0.478 | 0.429 | 2.092 | 79.480 |
Foam concrete (K = 0.070) | 0.714 | 0.119 | 0.096 | 0.063 | 0.140 | 0.060 | 1.192 | 0.478 | 0.839 | 2.092 | 59.910 |
Fiberglass (K = 0.040) | 1.250 | 0.119 | 0.096 | 0.063 | 0.140 | 0.060 | 1.728 | 0.478 | 0.579 | 2.092 | 72.340 |
Styropor (K = 0.032) | 1.558 | 0.119 | 0.096 | 0.063 | 0.140 | 0.060 | 2.036 | 0.478 | 0.491 | 2.092 | 76.520 |
Peripor (K = 0.028) | 1.786 | 0.119 | 0.096 | 0.063 | 0.140 | 0.060 | 2.264 | 0.478 | 0.442 | 2.092 | 78.880 |
Neopor (K = 0.033) | 1.511 | 0.119 | 0.096 | 0.063 | 0.140 | 0.060 | 1.989 | 0.478 | 0.503 | 2.092 | 75.960 |
Roofing Methods | Arid | Mediterranean | Mountains | Polar | Temperate | Tropical |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Concrete roof | N | N | N | N | N | N |
Cool roof | P | F | N | N | N | P |
Insulated roof | F | P | P | P | P | F |
Roof garden | P | P | N | F | F | P |
Photovoltaic roof | P | P | N | N | N | P |
Biosolar roof | P | P | N | F | F | P |
Double-skin roof | P | P | N | N | N | P |
Roof ponds | P | F | N | N | N | P |
Skylight roof | N | N | N | N | N | N |
Wind catcher | P | P | N | N | N | P |
Roofing Methods | Heat Gained Reductions % | Temperature Reduction Under Roof °C | References | Climates | Methods | Details |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Skylight roof | N/A | N/A | N/A | - | - | - |
Wind catcher | - | 20 | [80] | Arid | Simulation | Two-storey building with/without wind catcher |
Ventilated roof pond | N/A | 16 | [66] | Arid | Physical experiment | Large room, 3 × 4 m, with well insulated walls and concrete roof |
Walkable pond | N/A | 14 | [66] | Arid | - | - |
Cool roof pond | N/A | 11 | [66] | Tropical | Physical experiment | 3 × 3 m pond, with a depth of 60 cm. |
Shaded pond | N/A | 10 | [65] | Tropical | - | |
Cool pool | 100 | N/A | [67] | Hot summer of a Mediterranean climate | Physical experiment | Well insulated room |
Insulated with reflective layer | 88 | N/A | [24] | Laboratory | Laboratory experiment | Using a halogen lamp as a heating source |
Double-skin with cool roof | 85 | N/A | [2] | Tropical | Simulation | Standard house in Djibouti |
Insulated with ventilation | 84 | N/A | [23] | Tropical | Physical experiment | Twelve-storey residential building |
Roof garden with reflective material | 80 | N/A | [32] | Tropical | Physical experiment | 5 m2 lawn on top of a four-storey building |
Roof garden with ventilation | 79 | N/A | [33] | Three different hot climates | Physical experiment | Two cells with dimensions of 1.3 m × 1.0 m × 0.9 m |
Insulated roof | 75 | N/A | [20] | Tropical | Simulation and Physical experiment | Physical model |
Double-skin roof | 71 | N/A | [56] | Tropical | Physical experiment | Twelve-storey naturally ventilated residential building |
Covered pond with/without sprays | 66 | N/A | [61] | Hot and humid climates | Physical experiment | Two cells with dimensions of 3.0 m × 3.0 m × 2.45 m |
Wet gunny bags | 66 | N/A | [68] | Arid | Physical experiment | Shallow ponds measuring internally 117 × 117 × 22 cm over a roof of a building in campus |
Photovoltaic roof | 63 | N/A | [40] | Hot summer of a Mediterranean climate | Measurements | Building partially covered by PV |
Uncovered pond with/without sprays | 55 | N/A | [62] | Tropical | Physical experiment | Two-storey building using 1.2 m × 1.2 m × 0.2 m reservoir |
Biosolar | 50 | N/A | [18] | Hot summer of a Mediterranean climate | Simulation | US Department of Energy benchmark buildings |
Hollow concrete | 40 | N/A | [9] | Hot climates in China | Simulation and Physical experiment | Physical model |
Concrete with PCM | 40 | N/A | [11] | Arid | Simulation | Common building roof |
Roof garden | 37 | N/A | [29] | Tropical | Simulation | Institutional building model |
Cool roof | 33 | N/A | [15] | Hot summer of different climates | Simulation | Global climate model |
Concrete with waste plastic and tires | 19 | N/A | [7] | Laboratory | Laboratory experiment | Using hot-box |
Roofing Methods | Passive Cooling | Passive Heating | Impact on Hot Days | Impact on Cold Days | Cost | Maintenance | Easy to Construct or Retrofit | Cool More than One Floor | Impact on Ambient |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Biosolar | Yes | Yes | P | P | H | H | Yes | No | P |
Photovoltaic roof | Yes | No | P | N | H | L | Yes | No | P |
Photovoltaic roof with ventilation | Yes | No | P | N | H | L | Yes | No | P |
Photovoltaic roof with cool roof | Yes | No | P | N | H | L | Yes | No | P |
Concrete with waste plastic and tires | No | No | P | P | L | - | No | No | - |
Hollow concrete | No | No | P | P | L | - | Yes | No | - |
Concrete with PCM | No | No | P | - | H | - | No | No | - |
Cool roof | Yes | No | P | N | L | L | Yes | No | P |
Double-skin roof | Yes | No | P | N | H | L | No | No | - |
Double-skin with cool roof | Yes | No | P | N | H | L | No | No | P |
Roof garden | Yes | Yes | P | P | H | H | Yes | No | P |
Roof garden with reflective material | Yes | No | P | - | H | H | Yes | No | P |
Roof garden with ventilation | Yes | Yes | P | P | H | H | Yes | No | P |
Insulated roof | No | No | P | P | L | - | Yes | No | - |
Insulated roof with ventilation | Yes | No | P | P | L | L | Yes | No | P |
Insulated roof with reflective layer | Yes | No | P | P | L | - | Yes | No | P |
Skylight roof | No | Yes | N | N | H | L | No | No | - |
Cool pool | Yes | No | P | N | H | L | No | Yes | P |
Cool roof pond | Yes | No | P | N | L | L | Yes | No | P |
Covered pond with/without sprays | Yes | No | P | N | L | L | Yes | No | P |
Shaded pond | Yes | No | P | N | H | - | Yes | No | P |
Uncovered pond with/without sprays | Yes | No | P | N | L | L/- | Yes | No | P |
Ventilated roof pond | Yes | No | P | N | H | - | No | No | P |
Walkable pond | Yes | No | P | N | L | - | No | No | P |
Wet gunny bags | Yes | No | P | N | L | - | Yes | No | P |
Wind catcher | Yes | No | P | - | L | - | Yes | Yes | - |
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Abuseif, M.; Gou, Z. A Review of Roofing Methods: Construction Features, Heat Reduction, Payback Period and Climatic Responsiveness. Energies 2018, 11, 3196. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11113196
Abuseif M, Gou Z. A Review of Roofing Methods: Construction Features, Heat Reduction, Payback Period and Climatic Responsiveness. Energies. 2018; 11(11):3196. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11113196
Chicago/Turabian StyleAbuseif, Majed, and Zhonghua Gou. 2018. "A Review of Roofing Methods: Construction Features, Heat Reduction, Payback Period and Climatic Responsiveness" Energies 11, no. 11: 3196. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11113196