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Article

Harmonics and Reduction of Energy Consumption in Lighting Systems by Using LED Lamps

by
Natthanon Phannil
,
Chaiyan Jettanasen
and
Atthapol Ngaopitakkul
*
Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Energies 2018, 11(11), 3169; https://doi.org/10.3390/en11113169
Received: 1 October 2018 / Revised: 6 November 2018 / Accepted: 12 November 2018 / Published: 15 November 2018
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Quality: Monitoring, Mitigation, and New Types of Disturbances)
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Versions Notes

Abstract

:
This paper proposes the study and analysis of harmonics, energy consumption and power quality of light emitting diode (LED) lamps equipped in building lighting systems. LED lamps with external (LED MR16) and internal (LED light bulb) drivers are investigated using an experimental setup to compare the results. The power quality of both LED lamps is studied by using a power quality meter to measure the generated harmonic currents from various case studies. The case study is divided into four major cases: one LED lamp is turned on with one driver, two LED lamps are turned on using the two drivers, eight LED lamps are turned on with one driver, and eight LED lamps are turned on with the eight drivers. As harmonics are related to total power factor (PF), which affects the energy savings of the building, hence, a filtering circuit to reduce harmonic current has been designed and implemented to improve power quality and/or power factor of the system. The different cases of harmonic filter insertion at the input of an LED lamp’s driver are discussed and then compared with a lighting standard to show the effectiveness of the passive filtering technique used in the studied system. In addition, the obtained result can be applied to both newly built and retrofitted buildings that aim to use LED technology to increase energy efficiency and decrease energy costs, and could be a helpful guide for end-users and manufacturers in addressing and developing LED issues.

1. Introduction

The world is facing significant energy challenges due to the rapid increase in energy demand stemming from the constantly growing world economy and population. With the rapid increase in energy consumption rates, limited fossil fuel resources and associated environmental issue, many countries are pushing energy policies with the objective of supporting renewable energy and increasing energy efficiency in every sector, in particular in urban buildings [1,2]. According to data from Energy Policy & Planning Office (EPPO) of the Ministry of Energy [3], Thailand’s total energy consumption in 2014 has been steadily increasing at a rate of 2.6% over the previous year. Considering the share of electricity consumption by sector in Thailand, based on historical energy data and statistical review [3,4,5], the growth of energy consumption in the business and residential sectors considerably surpassed economic growth. With this energy trend, the near future power generation capacity may not be able to keep up with electricity demand. It is worldwide accepted that energy conservation and energy efficiency improvement are essential issues to address the aforementioned challenges.
One of the methodologies to improve energy situation is increasing energy conservation and energy efficiency in building. The efficient use of lighting in buildings is another effective method for improving energy efficiency since lighting electricity systems account for so much energy use, typically approximately 20% to 30% of the electricity consumption in the building [6]. Thus, lighting is an important concern for building owners, and therefore to the entire economy. In general, the residential use of fluorescent lighting is varied, depending on many factors, such as the price of energy, financial and environmental concerns of the local people, and light output acceptability. In Thailand, Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT) successfully persuaded consumers and/or users to use various kinds of high-efficiency lamps to achieve the energy efficiency of lighting system. The light emitting diode (LED) is the most popular energy-efficient source of lighting that used in many application areas. The LED lamps have recently come into the lighting market as an energy efficient alternative compared to traditional light sources such as incandescent and fluorescent bulbs. In recent years, along with the upward economic development trend of the emerging economy, the LED lighting market in Thailand has become a significant one that is drawing global attention. Nonetheless, the present energy savings will ultimately depend on the commitment of both industry and government.
However, power quality issue caused by increasing power electronic equipment such as LED lamps must be also taken into consideration. Since the LED lamp has a driver, which is a switching device that can generate harmonics and electromagnetic interference (EMI), so it is important to control the volume and noise reduction to avoid negative impacts on the building’s electrical system. In business, many dealers are not always aware of or even ignore the fact that these products should fulfil electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) requirements or electromagnetic interference (EMI) in the system due to the functioning of the switching devices of the LED driver. The measured results were compared directly with the limits in the harmonic standard without taking into account the measurement uncertainty. By considering the EMC for the lighting system, generally, the standard for lighting equipment is International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 61000-3-2:2018 which is the standard for harmonic current emissions limits (equipment with a rated input current ≤16 A). The considered IEC 61000-3-2:2018 standard is the update version; it concerns for example lighting equipment with a rated power ≤25 W taken into account for new type of lighting equipment, the modification of the requirements applied to the dimmers when operating non-incandescent lamps, and a clarification for lighting equipment including a control module with an active input power ≤2 W, and etc. [7]. For the lighting equipment, IEC 61000-3-2:2018 classifies lighting in class C and class D permitted value has been using for lighting equipment with rated power less than 25 W. Limit of harmonic current of lighting equipment for class C and D is described in Table 1.
Despite some advantages of LED lamps, many power quality issues resulting from the switching devices inside LED drivers must be taken into consideration, so this paper proposes an analysis of power quality from LED lamps in terms of generated harmonics in the lighting system. LED lamps with both external drivers (LED MR16 type) and internal drivers (LED light bulb type) that are commercially available in Thailand have been used and an experimental setup has been built. Section 2 presents the experimental setup used in this research and measures different parameters of power quality in terms of generated harmonic current from LED lamps in various case studies. The methodology in paper consists of building an experimental setup for LED lamps. Power quality meters and an oscilloscope have been used to obtain electrical parameters, the harmonic current in each order, voltage and current waveforms. Harmonic filter design is then carried out to overcome the harmonic problem. Section 3 proposes a filtering circuit to reduce harmonic current and improve total harmonic distortion (THD). The obtained harmonic currents before and after adding the filtering circuit are compared to the standard value set by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). Conclusions and the discussion appear in Section 4. The obtained results from this research can be applied to buildings that are considering the replacement of conventional luminaires by LED luminaires, or newer buildings that are taking energy savings into account.

2. Literature Review

Research and studies from Thailand and various other countries in the field of energy efficiency technology and measurement implemented to reduce energy consumption have been reviewed [9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25]. To achieve their targets, energy consumption and various related factors such as climate must be considered and discussed to evaluate energy usage and energy saving potential [9,10,11]. A methodology for estimating building energy consumption and energy cost was presented by Gruber et al. [6]. The impact of climate change on energy demand and electric consumption in urban heat islands have been discussed in research by Santamouris et al. [10]. The results indicated that the increase of ambient temperature can increase electric demand by 0.5–8.5% per degree of temperature. Parkpoom and Harrison’s research [11] has evaluated the effect of temperature rising on electricity demand in Thailand. Their research forecasted that electrical peak demand will be increased 1.5–3.1% in 2020. In [12], an assessment of energy-saving solutions in high-rise office building in The Netherlands was presented. The results indicated that high-performance envelope design could contribute to energy savings of up to 42%. A new scheme for real time home power management (RTHPM) has been proposed by Hanife [13]. The proposed system produced a real-time solution for smart homes to avoid the high peak demand problem and save energy costs. Study on smart home energy management have been presented by many researchers with different kinds of control strategies to reduce energy consumption and energy cost while increasing comfort in the household [14,15,16]. In [19], a study by Sun et al. proposed an energy management system in buildings that integrated heating, cooling, shading and ventilation. The results showed that the proposed strategy could effectively reduce energy consumption in buildings. For energy usage in the lighting system in residential sector, Popoola et al.’s research has presented a methodology for estimating lighting usage patterns with considerations of natural light and occupancy using the Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System model [22]. Another study estimating energy use in lighting systems was presented in Parise et al.’s research [23]. The suggested procedure has taken lighting control and behavior of the occupants into consideration. From the literature discussed above, it can be seen that researchers from various countries are constantly studying and developing newer methodologies and technologies that can be implemented in the buildings to increase energy efficiency and reduce energy consumption.
In fact, researchers have continually investigated LED for energy efficiency improvement and energy conservation in developing countries [26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35]. In [26,27], energy saving calculations were done for LED technology alone. Solid-state lighting, especially LEDs, is one of the promising and quickly developing lighting technologies for replacing old technologies. Even though the LED’s development leads to increase lighting consumption, energy savings are still important when considering the situation of using current technology. The results showed the potential of using LEDs by reducing household lighting energy use and corresponding CO2 emissions in Finland. The energy savings estimations in this paper, however, were based on the current level of household lighting energy use. In [28,29], the study has focused on the change of the lighting set, especially LEDs, at home. The proposed LED lighting system used multi-sensors and wireless communication technology for controlling an LED luminaire in accordance with the user’s state and the surroundings were presented in [28]. A smart LED lighting system for industrial and domestic use was implemented, and taken into account for visual comfort and energy savings of interior lighting were discussed in [29]. Another analysis of LED lamps concentrate on life cycle assessment showing that with current technology, LEDs have few advantages over compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) [30]. A LED driver is an important component of a LED lamp, so the high efficiency driver affects to smooth lighting and energy saving in lighting application [31]. As a result, todays, although LED lamps have many advantages and their performance greatly improved, LEDs also have some disadvantages or side effects [20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29]. Without standards, customers have difficulty when purchasing LED-based products and the market can easily become full of confusion and disorder. Most LED lighting equipment is manufactured in China, with only a few sets of equipment being manufactured in Europe. Many lighting products in the market have been imported by dealers or retailers from third countries and sold under their own brand name. Sometimes, these dealers are not aware of or even ignore the fact that these products should follow or meet EMC requirements or EMI in the system due to the functioning of the switching devices in the LED driver. The measured results were compared directly with the limits in the harmonic standard without taking into account the measurement uncertainty.
A light emitting diode (LED) lamp is a harmonic source because it consists of an AC to DC rectifier and a current source converter to regulate the current that supplies LED arrays. Thus, the topic of the harmonic emission of LED lamps is studied in many research articles. In [30], incandescent lamps, fluorescent lamps, CFLs, and LEDs, which are the general lamps for the residential sector, are compared. The results showed that the fluorescent lamp, CFL, and LED are the source of harmonics, with CFLs and LEDs being the major sources. The existing electronic ballast has some major power quality problems: poor power factor (PF), high crest factor (CF) and high total harmonic distortion (%THD), which do not together meet the IEC61000-3-2 standard for class C lighting equipment. Saxena et al. [32] investigated the power quality of different household light sources: an incandescent lamp, fluorescent lamps with magnetic and electronic ballast, CFL, and LED. The measurement of power quality i.e., total harmonic distortion (THD), power consumption, luminous performance and power factors, were discussed. The results revealed that LED has the worst power quality, which provides the greatest THD and the lowest power factors, damaging sensitive electronic devices and utility assets. Experimental results comparing measurements with the standards are still lacking. Gil-de-Castro et al. [33] presented measurements of harmonic emissions from household appliances when conventional lighting is replaced with CFL and LED lamps. The results were compared with the IEC 61000-3-12 and IEEE 519 standards. It can be concluded that the use of CFL and LED lamps will cause an increase or decrease of harmonic emission. In addition, large-scale installation of the CFL and LED lamps might increase harmonics at higher frequencies. However, the total emission of study cases is satisfied for the limits set of the standards. Khan and Abas [34] compared the power quality parameters of different light sources. Although LED lamps provide great energy efficiency, they causes poor power quality due to their high current harmonic distortion and low power factors.
Rönnberg et al. [35,36,37] presented the impact of power quality when incandescent lamps are changed to LED lamps in order to achieve more energy savings. The power quality measurements based on laboratory tests were implemented for a domestic customer [35], a hotel [36], and an urban area [37]. The use of LED lamps leads to an increase in current harmonic distortion of 3rd, 5th, 7th orders. However, the amplitude of the harmonics is somewhat small due to their low power rating, and it is found to be below the IEC61000-3-12 standard. Hence, the harmonic effect on the electrical grid does not noticeably increase when a large number of LED lamps are employed. However, LED lamps are widespread not only in households due to the important role they play in saving energy. As a result, a decrease in the power quality of power distribution as a large number of LED lamps are usually connected to the same bus, resulting in high current harmonic distortion fed into the power system. For this reason, the power quality resulting from using LED lamps in power distribution systems needs to be studied and analyzed [38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45]. In Molina et al.’s work [38], a frequency-domain low-watt LED lamp model for current harmonic distortion calculation, which is applied for large-scale harmonic penetration, is discussed. Blanco and Parra [39] analyzed the voltage and current harmonic distortion of distribution systems when supplying energy to LED lamps.
Verma et al. [41] investigated the effect of harmonic generated from LED’s driver. Various LED brands were selected and compared. Additionally, the combination of different LED brands aimed to reduce the harmonic distortion is proposed. The results show that each brand of LED lamp gives a great variety of harmonic distortion values compared to the standard IEC 61000-3-2 class C, and the combination method can reduce the harmonic emission. Gil-de-Castro et al. [43] studied the power quality results of 24 different LED lamps in terms of harmonics and flicker. The LED lamps were measured and compared based on the harmonic current spectrum and light intensity variations at the same voltage magnitude. The results revealed that the harmonic emission of the LED lamps depends considerably on technology, i.e., power electronics, used within the LED lamps. Thus, the active power and the prices of LED lamps have no connection with the harmonic distortion they produce. Dolara and Leva [44] conducted measurements of power quality in indoor lighting systems using several types of LED and CFL lamps. The results showed that the use of drivers and ballasts in LED and CFL lamps, respectively, caused harmonic generation. Different lamp manufacturers use many driver technologies, leading to various current harmonic distortion values generated from the lamps. Many researches which have studied the harmonic emissions of LED lamps and drivers show that LED lamps can generate a lot of harmonic emissions. The IEC 61000-3-2 class C is used to compare with the harmonic emission of LED lamps, but some studies use lower 25-watt LED lamps which are not consistent with the IEC 61000-3-2 class C. Therefore, this paper employs the IEC 61000-3-2 class C and D to consider the harmonic emission. Additionally, many studies use different brands of LED lamps, but all of them use the E-27 lamp socket and internal LED driver. In this research, internal and external drivers are studied using two brands of LED lamps with each driver and varying the number of lamps and drivers.
There are numerous traditional and innovative techniques [45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52] that can be used to reduce or suppress harmonics unintentionally produced in any electrical/electronic system. Harmonics generated by lighting equipment and reduction methods have been presented in Chiradeja et al.’s research [5]. The study used fluorescent lamps with both magnetic and electronic ballasts to evaluate the harmonic issues in each type of luminaire. A study by Karim and et al. [45] proposed a low pass filter which could be used for LED harmonic attenuation. The experiment used an 18 W LED lamp with the external driver as the harmonic source. The harmonic emission is compared with the IEC 61000-3-2 class C and the total harmonic distortion (THDI) was 176.6% and 25.3% without and with the low pass filter, respectively. Shi’s research [46] presented a method to mitigate this harmonic distortion. The grid system is divided into three positions for placing the harmonic filter, including installing a three-phase filter at the substation, installing a single-phase filter at the secondary side of the transformer and installing a single-phase filter at the house. The set of combined single-tuned passive filters is employed to reduce the 3rd, 5th, 7th characteristic harmonics in a residence. It can reduce the harmonic voltage by 16–34% and the harmonic current by around 30%. Harmonic attenuation can be achieved by using different techniques. One of the most popular ways is the use of a passive low-pass filter which is presented in this research. This method is capable of reducing the harmonic emission from the lighting system in a satisfactory, effective, inexpensive, and easy to use way, so it is suitable for use in harmonic attenuation of indoor lighting systems where the user does not need to have extensive knowledge of electrical systems. In this research, the attenuation performance of the low-pass filter, which affects internal and external drivers, is compared.

3. Experimental Setup and Harmonic Results

In this section, an experimental setup with two types of LED lamp has been employed to evaluate their impact on power quality in terms of generated harmonics. LED lamps with an external driver (LED MR16 type) and with an internal driver (LED light bulb type) presently available on the market in Thailand were investigated. The objective was to discover the effect of the number of drivers and type of drivers on harmonic generation.

3.1. The LED Lamp with External Driver

The experimental setup for the LED lamp with an external driver is shown in Figure 1, while the detailed schematic layout of equipment in this setup is presented in Table 2. As shown in Figure 1, the experimental setup is a rack consisting of three layers. A layout diagram of the LED lamp and driver in each layer of experimental setup are illustrated in Figure 2. Each layer consists of nine LED lamps, nine LED drivers, and nine ON/OFF switches to operate each LED lamp and LED driver individually, as shown in Figure 1 and Figure 2. For the driver, two brands are used to evaluate the power quality and the quality of different commercial brands. Considering Figure 2b, the LED driver needs alternative current (AC) from the laboratory, line (L) and neutral (N), and its output is direct current (DC) supplied to the LED lamp through connection points (V+), and (V−). The LED lamp receives DC current from the LED driver at connection points (R), and (B) and the switches S1–S9 are used for ON/OFF operation for each LED lamp and driver, as depicted in Figure 2a.
The case study is divided into two major cases. The first case examines only brand A; this case is also divided into four subcases cases: one LED lamp is turned on with the one driver (in the case of one LED lamp and one driver), two LED lamps are turned on using the two drivers (in the case of two LED lamps and two drivers), eight LED lamps are turned on with one driver (in the case of eight LED lamps and one driver), and eight LED lamps are turned on with the eight drivers (in the case of eight LED lamps and eight drivers). The objective is to discover the effect of the number of drivers and type of drivers for generating harmonics. The next major case study concerns only brand B, and is carried out in the same way as for brand A: one LED lamp and one driver, two LED lamps and two drivers, eight LED lamps and one driver, and eight LED lamps and eight drivers. The wiring diagram of LED lamp and driver for each case study is illustrated in Figure 3.
From the wiring diagram of the LED driver, it can be seen that the driver can separately control each LED lamp using SB1 through SB9 switches, while one switch can control the multi-LED lamp using the one driver that can operate by connecting the V+ terminal in driver to the R in the LED lamp, as depicted in Figure 3. However, in case of eight LED lamps and one LED driver as shown in Figure 3e,f, only one switch is operating for one LED drivers and other LED lamps has been connected in parallel from connecting terminal R, and B.
The single line diagram of the overall experimental setup is presented in Figure 4. The experimental setup is carried out at a voltage level of 230 V that is the single-phase power supply from laboratory (number 1 in Figure 4). In addition, the 30 A circuit breaker from the test bench and 5 A fuse (number 2 in Figure 4), which are the protective devices for the experimental setup (number 5 in Figure 4), are used.
A power quality meter (435-II, Fluke, Everett, Washington, United States) is used to measure the electrical parameters and harmonics, while the current waveform of each case study can be captured from oscilloscope (WaveSurfer 3000 Series Oscilloscopes, Teledyne LeCroy, Chestnut Ridge, New York, United States).
After performing the various case studies, the obtained results can be summarized as shown in Table 3, while the current waveforms and harmonic current spectra are illustrated in Figure 5, Figure 6, Figure 7 and Figure 8. By considering the data of brand A driver in Table 3, one LED lamp with one driver (in the case of one LED lamp and one driver) is considered as the base case for brand A. It can be observed that the real power is approximately 5 W at a current of 0.049 A, while the percentage of total harmonic current distortion (%THDi) has a value of 187.6%; this indicates that the lighting system using LED has low energy consumption, but would generate high levels of harmonics in a system or building. By increasing the number of lamps and drivers (in the case of two LED lamps and two drivers), the current and all power increase significantly, by approximately 2=fold but the %THDi exhibits a small change. Moreover, it can be seen that the percentage of total harmonic voltage distortion (%THDv) and the power factor do not experience a significant change. Further analysis of brand A in Table 3, shows that when the number of LED lamps is changed from one lamp to eight lamps but the number of drivers remains the same (in the case of eight LED lamps and one driver), the current and all power tend to increase approximately 8-fold in comparison with the base case of the brand A driver (the case of one LED lamp and one driver) but the %THDi decreases slightly. Finally, when the number of LED lamps and drivers changes from one lamp to eight lamps (in the case of eight LED lamps and eight drivers), the current and all power tend to increase approximately 8-fold in comparison with the base case of the brand A driver, and the change is same as for the eight LED lamps and one driver setup; this indicates that the number of LED lamps is the factor that should be considered to save energy in a building, while the number of drivers has little or no impact on energy savings. By considering the %THDi in all cases of brand A, it can be noticed that the harmonic reduction should be improved.
After carrying out the various driver cases with brand B, one LED lamp with one driver is also considered as the base case for brand B, as shown in Table 3. By considering the base case of one driver with brand B in Table 3, it can be observed that the real power is approximately 6 W at a current of 0.068 A, while the %THDi has a value of 99.5%; this indicates that there is a slight mismatch between the energy consumption and power quality in the LED lighting system. Moreover, the power factor of brand B is less than that of the base case of brand A. Based on a further analysis of all case studies of drivers with brand B, it can be seen that the all parameters exhibit the same behavior as the driver with brand A for each case study, but the all parameters of the brand B driver have a higher value than those of brand A, except for the power factor and %THDi.
The current waveforms obtained by using an oscilloscope for the various case studies with brand A are illustrated in Figure 5. It can be observed that the current waveform has been heavily distorted from a sinusoidal wave due to switching the device in the LED driver; this is also aligned with %THDi, which is measured from a power quality meter as presented in Table 3. In addition, when the number of LED lamps increases, the current amplitude is increased and is further changed to a sinusoidal wave, whereas, when the number of LED drivers increases, the current waveform is slightly distorted and results in higher %THDi values, as presented in Table 3.
The waveform results of changing the LED driver brand from brand A to brand B are illustrated in Figure 8 for each case study. These waveforms in Figure 6 clearly show that the current waveform is similar to a sinusoidal wave with a spike when the LED driver is switched; thus, the %THDi value is lower than the case of the LED driver with brand A. By increasing the number of LED lamps from 1 lamp to 8, the obtained current waveform is considerably distorted with the sinusoidal part changing steadily into a straight line and the spike having a larger gap, resulting in higher %THDi compared to another driver case with brand B. As a result, the obtained %THDi results in Table 3 were also aligned with the current waveform obtained from oscilloscope, as illustrated in Figure 7 and Figure 8.
As previously mentioned, the LED driver can generate harmonics in a lighting system, so the current harmonics must be carefully considered. The obtained current harmonics in each order generated from various LED drivers are measured and analysed using a power quality meter. The results of all case studies are presented in terms of their harmonic current spectrum as illustrated in Figure 7, while the harmonic current spectrum in the case of eight LED lamps with eight drivers of each brand is compared in Figure 8.
By considering the LED driver with brand A, as illustrated in Figure 7a, it can be observed that the harmonic current spectrum for odd orders are higher than even orders, which would be treated as zero percent and can be neglected. The 3rd order shows the highest harmonics and the harmonics steadily decrease as the order increases. These values are higher than the standard value. In the case of using eight lamps and one driver, harmonics in order 7 and higher are lower than the other cases while the 3rd and the 5th orders have higher values. The LED of brand B is similar to the previous case; harmonics that have an effect are odd orders with a higher value than the standard. In the case of using eight lamps and one driver, the harmonics increase as the number of LED lamp increases. This indicates that LED lamps are implied to be a source of harmonics. For LED lamps and drivers of brand A mixed with brand B, the trend is also similar in this case. The current harmonics are lower than those of brand A but higher than those of brand B as a result of the different brand in use. In the case of four LED lamps and one driver, harmonics from order 3 to 9 are higher than the other cases. The generated current harmonics obtained from the power quality meter are in accordance with summarized data and current waveforms as discussed above. The generated current harmonic results of different brands are shown in Figure 8. Brand A has larger harmonic current compared to the other brand, and when mixing between two brands, the harmonic value becomes significantly lower.

3.2. The LED Lamp with Internal Driver

As noted above, the LED lamp with an internal driver (LED light bulb type) was investigated as a case study in this paper. The single line diagram of the experimental setup is illustrated in Figure 9a, while the experimental setup and instrument are illustrated in Figure 9b. The experimental setup consists of eight E27 base LED light bulbs with four switches controlling on/off. Likewise, the power quality meter and oscilloscope are also used to obtain electric parameters and waveforms. In addition, two brands of LED lamps with internal drivers are also used to evaluate the power quality and the quality of different commercial brands.
The experimental setup of the two major case studies was carried out in detail as follows: one case study using only brand C, and a second using only brand D. By considering the first major case study, the experimental setup with only brand C is also divided into four case studies: one LED lamp, two LED lamps, four LED lamps, and eight LED lamps. The same set up is used for the brand D case study.
After carrying out the various major case studies, the obtained results can be summarized as presented in Table 4, while the current waveforms and harmonic current spectrum are illustrated in Figure 10, Figure 11, Figure 12 and Figure 13. By considering the data from brand C in Table 4, one LED lamp is considered as the base case for brand C, and it can be observed that the real power is approximately 10.5 W at a current of 0.05 A, while the percentage of %THDi is 22.9%. By increasing the number of LED lamps, the current and all power significantly increases which is correlated with the number of lamps while the %THDi changes little. The total power of the base case (one LED lamp of brand C) is compared with the base case in Table 3; it can be noted that the real power of brand C exceeds that of the base case in Table 3. The real power of brand C is higher but the reactive power is less than that of base case in Table 3, so the apparent power is equal to that of the base case in Table 3. The current waveform of brand C is captured using the oscilloscope for various case studies as illustrated in Figure 10; it can be observed that the obtained current waveform has a slight distortion due to harmonics generated from internal LED drivers, but the distortion of current waveform is less than that of the LED lamp with external drivers for all case studies. By increasing the number of LED lamps, the current waveform tends to be distorted from a sinusoidal wave with the amount of LED lamps, but the current waveform is slightly distorted in comparison with the case study of the LED lamp with external drivers in Figure 4 and Figure 5.
Further analyzing brand D in Table 4, one LED lamp is considered as the base case for this brand. It can be observed that the real power is approximately 8.6 W at a current of 0.039 A, while the percentage of %THDi is 16.6%. Likewise, by increasing the number of LED lamps, the current and all power tends to increase, which is correlated with the number of lamps as in the brand C study, while the %THDi changes little. Figure 11 shows that the current waveform is slightly distorted from the sinusoidal wave with a spike in comparison to the LED lamp with external drivers in Figure 4 and Figure 5. A spike occurs in the waveform with an amplitude higher than that of brand C, so the current waveform is further distorted with the amplitude of the spike increase and correlated with the number of lamp.
When comparing the results of brand A, B, C and D as presented in Table 3 and Table 4, it is found that the LED light bulb type with internal driver (brands C and D) consumes more real power than the LED lamp with external driver (brands A and B) in the same configuration, but they consume less reactive power with similar apparent power. That is why the power factor of brands C and D is higher than that of brands A and B, resulting in less %THDi. This shows that brands C and D are more appropriate for use in building lighting systems when the focusing is on harmonics or power quality. The overall trend is fairly the same when the number of LED lamps or drivers increases.
The generated current harmonics in each order from LED light bulb type measured by a power quality meter are shown in Figure 12a–c. In the case of brand C LED light bulbs, as shown in Figure 12a, only an odd harmonic order is generated and with highest value in the 3rd order. The number of lamps does not have any effect on current harmonics, and as the number of lamps increases, the current harmonics remain unchanged, except in the case of eight lamps. The current harmonics are increased in every order except for the 5th order, which is lower than the previous case. In the case of brand D LED light bulbs, as shown in Figure 12b, only odd order current harmonics are clearly noticeable. The current harmonics in the 3rd order are the highest when using one lamp, while the 5th order using two and four lamps cause the highest current harmonics of these orders and from order 7 and higher, the eight lamp-setup has the highest current harmonic value. Increasing the number of lamps does not affect current harmonics. The figure indicates that current harmonics are also aligned with current waveform, as discussed above.
Figure 13 shows a comparison of current harmonics in each order among different brands in the case of using 8 LED lamps. It can be seen that brand C has the highest harmonics in every order compared to brand D and mixing case except for the harmonics of the order 5. When mixing between two brands, some harmonic orders cancel each other out, resulting in reducing current harmonics in some orders such as order 7 and 15. In the 5th order, however, current harmonics from two brands superimpose each other causing higher current harmonics than in the case of only brand C or brand D.
For LED light bulb type, power consumption is higher than LED lamps with external drivers. The power factor is higher, and its value is close to 1. This type of LED light bulb does not have an effect on %THDv. For %THDi, it is significantly lower than LED lamps with external drivers. For brand C LED light bulbs, when increasing the number of lamps, current is steadily distorted as shown in Table 4 that the %THDi value is increased when the number of lamps increases. For LEDs of brand D, the power factor is higher compared to brand A with low power consumption. After performing several case studies, the overall results can be summarized as follows:
  • In terms of energy consumption or real power consumed, LED light bulbs (brands C and D) consume more power than LED lamps with external driver (brands A and B). Bulbs consume less reactive power which is good and this leads to a high power factor and low %THDi.
  • For both types of LED lamps, when increasing the number of lamps or drivers, the %THDv remains unchanged. This is because the source voltage is not affected by the harmonic current generated by the LED’s driver.
  • The total harmonic distortion of current in the case of brands C and D is obviously less than that of brands A and B. This is because when considering the current waveform, it is distorted less than the sinusoidal wave, meaning that it contains less harmonic current. It reveals that the LED light bulb type is more appropriate than the LED lamp with external drivers in terms of harmonic mitigation and quality of waveform.

4. Reduction of Harmonics Using Passive Low-Pass Filter

As discussed in the previous section, according to the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 61000-3-2:2018 and Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) standard, the maximum harmonic for LED lamp equipment has been classified as follows: Class A, Class B, Class C and Class D. Each class addresses specific electric equipment [14]. Lighting equipment having a rated power greater than 25 W is classified in Class C and lighting equipment having a rated power between 5 W and 25 W are applied to class D harmonic current permitted. The maximum harmonic current permitted for class C and class D equipment has been summarized in Table 1.
Low pass filter circuits are designed and built to reduce harmonics generated from LED lamps, as depicted in Figure 14. The filter consists of one series toroidal inductor of 76.18 mH and five capacitors of 11 μF connected in parallel into a circuit. The designed circuit aims to cut off frequencies of approximately 174 Hz. The proposed filter circuit has been tested with LED lamps of both the external driver and light bulb type.
A comparison result of LED lamp with two driver types with IEC 61000-3-2:2018 standard class C and D has been done in case of with and without installed filter. In the case of LED lamps with external drivers, brand A’s LED lamp is focused on due to the highest current harmonics. A comparison between the IEC 61000-3-2 standard value and the harmonic current generated from LED external driver type with and without a filter circuit is shown in Figure 15a. The figure indicates that the LED lamp with external drivers has a larger current harmonic than the standard permitted value. The proposed filter circuit can reduce the current harmonic significantly; however, the current harmonic value is still higher than the standard.
The comparison for eternal driver LED lamp with standard class D is shown in Figure 15b. From the figure, it can be seen that harmonic current permitted is a bit higher compared to class C. However, without low pass filter circuit LED generated harmonic current higher than permitted value. After adding the low pass filter circuit, current harmonic in every order has been significantly reduced but these values are still higher than standard permitted value.
In the case of LED light bulb type, the brand C LED lamp connected with a low pass filter circuit has been studied. Figure 15b shows the comparison between IEC 61000-3-2 standard values with the harmonic current generated from LED light bulbs with and without a filter circuit. According to the results and figure, brand C LED light bulbs have an odd harmonic value after the 5th order that is higher than the standard permitted value. After inserting the low pass filter circuit, it can be seen that the current harmonics in every order decrease considerably. The results from the power quality meter indicate that the designed filter circuit can reduce the harmonics to within the standard value.
The comparison for external driver LED lamp with standard class D is shown in Figure 16b. From the figure, it can be seen that without low pass filter circuit LED generated harmonic current higher than permitted value. However, only harmonic current in 3rd and 5th order is within standard value. After inserting the low pass filter circuit, current harmonic in every order has been reduced significantly. In addition, harmonic current in all order is within standard permitted value.

5. Conclusions

The efficient use of lighting in the buildings is one way to support energy conservation, and the implementation of new technology and standards to reduce energy consumption have become an interesting topic for engineers and researchers. Concerning indoor lighting, the use of LED lamps in buildings is rapidly increasing owing to their low energy consumption and long life cycle. However, studies on their harmonic current emissions have rarely been carried out. This technical problem could be severe for nearby sensitive electrical equipment installed in the considered system or building. This paper presented an energy efficiency analysis in terms of energy consumption, harmonics and power quality for LED lamps equipped in a building lighting system. The experimental setup was built to evaluate the energy consumption and power quality issues and to measure the related electrical parameters. Two types of LED lamps commercially available on the market in Thailand market were used in the experiments: LED lamps with external drivers and LED light bulbs with internal driver.
The results obtained from the power quality meter and oscilloscope indicated that LEDs with external drivers caused severe harmonic distortion and power quality because the external driver can drive multiple lamps per driver. LED lamps with brand A external drivers exhibit higher harmonic values compared to brand B. When mixing between two brands, current harmonics are reduced but are still higher than for brand B. When comparing this value with the IEC 61000-3-2:2018 standard, the harmonic value is higher than the standard permitted value. In the case of LED light bulbs, only some current harmonic orders are higher than the standard. For this type of LED lamp, when mixing between two brands, current harmonics in some orders were increased. To reduce the harmonics and prevent them from surpassing the standard, the low pass filter circuit was designed and built. This circuit was tested in the experimental test bench using the LED lamp brand that generated the highest current harmonics. The comparison has been done with both class C and D harmonic permitted value. After adding the filter in the system, it can be seen that LED lamps with external drivers can reduce the harmonic value significantly even though it is still higher than the permitted value. LED light bulbs with the filter circuit reduced the harmonic value to be below the standard value. The obtained result can be applied to the large-scale installation of LED lamps in building lighting systems due to power quality issues. Harmonics from this type of luminaire combined with other appliances can cause damage or malfunction to other sensitive electrical equipment in the building. The countermeasure must be implemented to keep harmonic values within the standard in order to guarantee high power factor, leading to less energy consumption. The passive filtering circuit is one method that can reduce current harmonics and improve power quality and energy efficiency of the building lighting system.

Author Contributions

N.P., C.J., A.N. Conceptualization, C.J. and A.N.; Methodology, C.J.; Validation, N.P. and A.N.; Formal Analysis, N.P.; Investigation, N.P.; Resources, A.N.; Data Curation, N.P.; Writing-Original Draft Preparation, C.J. and A.N.; Writing-Review & Editing, C.J. and N.P.; Visualization, A.N.; Supervision, A.N.; Project Administration, A.N.; Funding Acquisition, A.N.

Funding

The work presented in this paper is part of a research project (No. 2558A11802136) sponsored by the King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang Research Fund. The author would like to thank them for the financial support.

Acknowledgments

The work presented in this paper is part of a research project sponsored (No. 2558A11802136) by the National Research Council of Thailand and the King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang Research Fund. The authors would like to thank them for their financial support.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Figure 1. Experimental setup of light emitting diode (LED) lamps and drivers.
Figure 1. Experimental setup of light emitting diode (LED) lamps and drivers.
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Figure 2. Schematic diagram layout of equipment in experimental setup. (a) Layout of the LED lamp of each layer; (b) Layout of LED Driver in each layer.
Figure 2. Schematic diagram layout of equipment in experimental setup. (a) Layout of the LED lamp of each layer; (b) Layout of LED Driver in each layer.
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Figure 3. Layout circuit wiring diagram of the LED equipment of each layer. (a) Wiring diagram of LED lamp in case of one LED lamp; (b) Wiring diagram of LED driver in case of one LED lamp and one LED driver; (c) Wiring diagram of LED lamp in case of two LED lamps and two LED drivers; (d) Wiring diagram of LED driver in case of two LED lamps and two LED drivers; (e) Wiring diagram of LED lamp in case of eight LED lamps and one LED driver; (f) Wiring diagram of LED driver in case of eight LED lamps and one LED driver; (g) Wiring diagram of LED lamp in case of eight LED lamps and eight LED drivers; (h) Wiring diagram of LED driver in case of eight LED lamps and eight LED drivers.
Figure 3. Layout circuit wiring diagram of the LED equipment of each layer. (a) Wiring diagram of LED lamp in case of one LED lamp; (b) Wiring diagram of LED driver in case of one LED lamp and one LED driver; (c) Wiring diagram of LED lamp in case of two LED lamps and two LED drivers; (d) Wiring diagram of LED driver in case of two LED lamps and two LED drivers; (e) Wiring diagram of LED lamp in case of eight LED lamps and one LED driver; (f) Wiring diagram of LED driver in case of eight LED lamps and one LED driver; (g) Wiring diagram of LED lamp in case of eight LED lamps and eight LED drivers; (h) Wiring diagram of LED driver in case of eight LED lamps and eight LED drivers.
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Figure 4. Overall diagram of LED lighting experimental setup.
Figure 4. Overall diagram of LED lighting experimental setup.
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Figure 5. Experimental waveform for case of LED lamp and driver with brand A. (a) Current waveform in the case of one lamp with one driver; (b) Current waveform in the case of two lamps with two drivers; (c) Current waveform in the case of eight lamps with one driver; (d) Current waveform in the case of eight lamps with eight drivers.
Figure 5. Experimental waveform for case of LED lamp and driver with brand A. (a) Current waveform in the case of one lamp with one driver; (b) Current waveform in the case of two lamps with two drivers; (c) Current waveform in the case of eight lamps with one driver; (d) Current waveform in the case of eight lamps with eight drivers.
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Figure 6. Experimental waveform for case of LED lamp and driver with brand B. (a) Current waveform in the case of one lamp with one driver; (b) Current waveform in the case of two lamps with two drivers; (c) Current waveform in the case of eight lamps with one driver; (d) Current waveform in the case of eight lamps with eight drivers.
Figure 6. Experimental waveform for case of LED lamp and driver with brand B. (a) Current waveform in the case of one lamp with one driver; (b) Current waveform in the case of two lamps with two drivers; (c) Current waveform in the case of eight lamps with one driver; (d) Current waveform in the case of eight lamps with eight drivers.
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Figure 7. Harmonic spectrum among cases of each LED lamp. (a) Harmonic spectrum of Brand A LED lamp (%f); (b) Harmonic spectrum of Brand A LED lamp (mA/W); (c) Harmonic spectrum of Brand B LED lamp (%f); (d) Harmonic spectrum of Brand B LED lamp (mA/W).
Figure 7. Harmonic spectrum among cases of each LED lamp. (a) Harmonic spectrum of Brand A LED lamp (%f); (b) Harmonic spectrum of Brand A LED lamp (mA/W); (c) Harmonic spectrum of Brand B LED lamp (%f); (d) Harmonic spectrum of Brand B LED lamp (mA/W).
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Figure 8. Comparison of harmonic spectrum for case of eight LED lamps with eight drivers among different brands of LED lamp. (a) Harmonic spectrum of LED lamp (%f); (b) Harmonic spectrum of LED lamp (mA/W).
Figure 8. Comparison of harmonic spectrum for case of eight LED lamps with eight drivers among different brands of LED lamp. (a) Harmonic spectrum of LED lamp (%f); (b) Harmonic spectrum of LED lamp (mA/W).
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Figure 9. Experimental setup in the case of LED lamp light bulb type. (a) Single line diagram of experimental setup; (b) Overall experimental setup.
Figure 9. Experimental setup in the case of LED lamp light bulb type. (a) Single line diagram of experimental setup; (b) Overall experimental setup.
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Figure 10. Waveform of LED lamp for brand C. (a) Current waveform in the case of one lamp; (b) Current waveform in the case of two lamps; (c) Current waveform in the case of four lamps; (d) Current waveform in the case of eight lamps.
Figure 10. Waveform of LED lamp for brand C. (a) Current waveform in the case of one lamp; (b) Current waveform in the case of two lamps; (c) Current waveform in the case of four lamps; (d) Current waveform in the case of eight lamps.
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Figure 11. Waveform of LED lamp for brand D. (a) Current waveform in the case of one lamp; (b) Current waveform in the case of two lamps; (c) Current waveform in the case of four4 lamps; (d) Current waveform in the case of eight lamps.
Figure 11. Waveform of LED lamp for brand D. (a) Current waveform in the case of one lamp; (b) Current waveform in the case of two lamps; (c) Current waveform in the case of four4 lamps; (d) Current waveform in the case of eight lamps.
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Figure 12. Harmonic spectrum among cases of each LED lamp with internal driver. (a) Harmonic spectrum of Brand C LED lamp (%f); (b) Harmonic spectrum of Brand C LED lamp (mA/W); (c) Harmonic spectrum of Brand D LED lamp (%f); (d) Harmonic spectrum of Brand D LED lamp (mA/W).
Figure 12. Harmonic spectrum among cases of each LED lamp with internal driver. (a) Harmonic spectrum of Brand C LED lamp (%f); (b) Harmonic spectrum of Brand C LED lamp (mA/W); (c) Harmonic spectrum of Brand D LED lamp (%f); (d) Harmonic spectrum of Brand D LED lamp (mA/W).
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Figure 13. Comparison of harmonic spectrum for case of 8 LED lamps with internal driver among different brands of LED lamp. (a) Harmonic spectrum of LED lamp (%f); (b) Harmonic spectrum of LED lamp (mA/W).
Figure 13. Comparison of harmonic spectrum for case of 8 LED lamps with internal driver among different brands of LED lamp. (a) Harmonic spectrum of LED lamp (%f); (b) Harmonic spectrum of LED lamp (mA/W).
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Figure 14. Low pass filter circuit.
Figure 14. Low pass filter circuit.
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Figure 15. Comparison of harmonic magnitude for lighting system with and without filter including IEC standard. (a) LED lamp with external driver including Class C IEC standard; (b) LED lamp with external driver including Class D IEC standard.
Figure 15. Comparison of harmonic magnitude for lighting system with and without filter including IEC standard. (a) LED lamp with external driver including Class C IEC standard; (b) LED lamp with external driver including Class D IEC standard.
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Figure 16. Comparison of harmonic magnitude for lighting system with and without filter including IEC standard. (a) LED lamp with internal driver including Class C IEC standard; (b) LED lamp with internal driver including Class D IEC standard.
Figure 16. Comparison of harmonic magnitude for lighting system with and without filter including IEC standard. (a) LED lamp with internal driver including Class C IEC standard; (b) LED lamp with internal driver including Class D IEC standard.
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Table
Table 1. Limit of harmonic current of lighting equipment (class C and D equipment) [8].
Table 1. Limit of harmonic current of lighting equipment (class C and D equipment) [8].
Harmonics Order (n)Class CClass D
Maximum Permissible Harmonic Current Expressed as a Percentage of the Input Current at the Fundamental Frequency (%)Maximum Permissible Harmonic (mA/W)Maximum Permissible Harmonic current (A)
223.42.30
330 × (power factor)1.91.14
5101.00.77
770.50.40
950.350.33
11 ≤ n ≤ 39 (odd harmonic only)33.85/nSee another specify table for relevant detail in the standard
Table
Table 2. List of lighting equipment for experimental setup.
Table 2. List of lighting equipment for experimental setup.
Layer No.List of Lighting EquipmentQuantity
1LED lamp9
Driver for LED lamp (Brand A)9
Switch for on-off lamp9
2LED lamp9
Driver for LED lamp (Brand B)9
Switch for on-off lamp9
3LED lamp9
Driver for LED lamp (Brand A and B)9
Switch for on-off lamp9
Table
Table 3. Summary results from experimental setup for each driver brand.
Table 3. Summary results from experimental setup for each driver brand.
ParameterBrand ABrand B
1 Lamp and 1 Driver2 Lamps and 2 Drivers8 Lamps and 1 Driver8 Lamps and 8 Drivers1 Lamp and 1 Driver2 Lamps and 2 Drivers8 Lamps and 1 Driver8 Lamps and 8 Drivers
Vrms (V)226.4226.7228.3227.2227.2227.4228.7228.1
Irms (A)0.0490.0970.3150.3580.0680.1310.3340.514
Real power (W)4.69.336.336.25.810.939.244.6
Reactive power (var)−10−20−62.2−72.8−14.3−27.8−65.7−108.5
Apparent power (VA)1122.17281.315.429.876.5117.3
Power factor0.410.410.470.410.280.370.50.38
Displacement power factor (DPF)0.920.940.970.950.560.520.930.53
%THDv1.31.41.41.41.51.51.51.5
%THDi187.6195.7162.7188.999.597.9151.694.1
Table
Table 4. Summary results from experimental setup for LED light bulb type.
Table 4. Summary results from experimental setup for LED light bulb type.
DataBrand CBrand D
1 Lamp2 Lamp4 Lamp8 Lamp1 Lamp2 Lamp4 Lamp8 Lamp
Vrms (V)224.56224.31224.42224.29224.63224.87224.81224.05
Irms (A)0.050.0990.1880.3670.0390.0720.1450.283
Real power (W)10.520.239.272.68.615.531.159.9
Reactive power (var)3.26.212.514.90.813.26.47.2
Apparent power (VA)11.321.742.382.48.916.232.463.3
Power factor0.930.930.930.880.960.960.960.94
%THDv1.11.11.11.11.11.11.11.1
%THDi22.92424.14216.619.118.626.2

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Phannil, N.; Jettanasen, C.; Ngaopitakkul, A. Harmonics and Reduction of Energy Consumption in Lighting Systems by Using LED Lamps. Energies 2018, 11, 3169. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11113169

AMA Style

Phannil N, Jettanasen C, Ngaopitakkul A. Harmonics and Reduction of Energy Consumption in Lighting Systems by Using LED Lamps. Energies. 2018; 11(11):3169. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11113169

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Phannil, Natthanon, Chaiyan Jettanasen, and Atthapol Ngaopitakkul. 2018. "Harmonics and Reduction of Energy Consumption in Lighting Systems by Using LED Lamps" Energies 11, no. 11: 3169. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11113169

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