A Model of Ultra-Short Pulsed Laser Ablation of Metal with Considering Plasma Shielding and Non-Fourier Effect
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Theoretical Model
2.1. Heat Conduction Equation for Two Different Stages
2.1.1. Heat Conduction Equation before Evaporation
2.1.2. Heat Conduction Equation after Evaporation
2.2. Plasma Expansion and Plasma Shielding
2.3. Properties of Al
2.4. Numerical Method
3. Results and Discussions
3.1. The Effect of Plasma Shielding
3.2. The Effect of Relaxation Time
3.3. The Effect of Laser Fluence
3.4. Model Validation
4. Conclusions
- The plasma shielding is an important physical mechanism that cannot be ignored in the process of ultra-short pulsed laser ablation, especially at high laser fluence.
- The non-Fourier effect has a notable effect on the temperature characteristics and ablation depth of the target. The maintenance time of phase explosion decreases with the increase of relaxation time and the ablation depth is shallower with the increase of the relaxation time.
- The ablation depth increases with the increase of the laser fluence and the biggest difference in ablation depth under different laser fluences is at the FWHM of the laser, and the difference of ablation depth caused by other time is small.
- The ablation mechanism of ultra-short pulsed laser ablation is dominated by phase explosion and the ultra-short pulsed laser ablation can effectively reduce the heat affected zone compared to nanosecond pulsed laser ablation.
- The comparison between the simulation results and the experimental results in literature shows that the model without considering the plasma shielding and the non-Fourier effect may result in overestimation of the ablation depth. On the contrary, the simulation results based on the model considering plasma shielding and the non-Fourier effect are in better agreement with the experimental results which indicates that the model with considering the plasma shielding and the non-Fourier effect can better simulate the ultra-short pulsed laser ablation process.
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Nomenclature
specific heat, J/(kg·K) | |
vaporization coefficient | |
laser fluence, J/m2 | |
Planck constant, J·s | |
length of plasma shielding, m | |
incident laser intensity, W/m2 | |
the first ionization potential, eV | |
the laser intensity reaching the target surface, W/m2 | |
maximum laser intensity, W/m2 | |
thermal conductivity, W/(m·K) | |
Boltzmann constant, J/K | |
length of target, m | |
latent heat of vaporization, J/kg | |
mass of a Al atom, kg | |
number density of neutral atoms, 1/m3 | |
ion density, 1/m3 | |
extinction coefficient | |
refractive index | |
boiling pressure, Pa | |
heat flux vector, W/m3 | |
heating term, W/m3 | |
ablation depth, m | |
room temperature, K | |
time for the surface to reach the boiling temperature, s | |
boiling point, K | |
critical temperature, K | |
melting point, K | |
the time to reach the maximum laser intensity, s | |
pulse time, s | |
temperature of the plasma, K | |
surface temperature, K | |
velocity of evaporation, m/s | |
initial velocity of the plasma, m/s | |
expansion velocity of the plasma, m/s | |
expansion distance of the plasma, m | |
average ionic charge | |
absorption coefficient, 1/m | |
absorptivity | |
emissivity of target surface | |
density, kg/m3 | |
density at surface temperature, kg/m3 | |
Stefan-Boltzmann constant, W/(m2·K4) | |
electrical conductivity, S/m | |
relaxation time, s | |
frequency of the laser, Hz |
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Parameters | Symbols | Values | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Melting point/K | 933.47 | [76] | |
Boiling point/K | 2792.15 | [76] | |
Latent heat of vaporization/(J/kg) | 1.05 × 107 | [76] | |
First ionization potential/eV | 5.98 | [76] | |
Critical temperature/K | 8944.00 | [77] | |
Evaporation coefficient | 0.82 | [67] | |
Electrical conductivity/(S/m) | [77,78] | ||
Thermal conductivity/(W/(m·K)) | [76] | ||
Density/(kg/m3) | [76] | ||
Specific heat/(J/(kg·K)) | [76] | ||
refractive index | The calculation equation is shown in Reference [71] | [71] | |
extinction coefficient | The calculation equation is shown in Reference [71] | [71] | |
Absorption coefficient/(1/m) | [71] | ||
Absorptivity | [71] |
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Tan, S.; Wu, J.; Zhang, Y.; Wang, M.; Ou, Y. A Model of Ultra-Short Pulsed Laser Ablation of Metal with Considering Plasma Shielding and Non-Fourier Effect. Energies 2018, 11, 3163. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11113163
Tan S, Wu J, Zhang Y, Wang M, Ou Y. A Model of Ultra-Short Pulsed Laser Ablation of Metal with Considering Plasma Shielding and Non-Fourier Effect. Energies. 2018; 11(11):3163. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11113163
Chicago/Turabian StyleTan, Sheng, Jianjun Wu, Yu Zhang, Moge Wang, and Yang Ou. 2018. "A Model of Ultra-Short Pulsed Laser Ablation of Metal with Considering Plasma Shielding and Non-Fourier Effect" Energies 11, no. 11: 3163. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11113163