Economic Power Schedule and Transactive Energy through an Intelligent Centralized Energy Management System for a DC Residential Distribution System
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Structures of the DC Residential Distributed System (RDS)
2.1. Power Architecture of the DC RDS
- (1)
- Distributed generators: composed of PV panels and wind turbines in series or in parallel. The maximum peak power tracking (MPPT) technology is implemented to emphasize high efficiency in the DC RDS.
- (2)
- Converters: these are responsible for the charge and discharge of buses with loads and generations. A unidirectional DC–DC converter is used for connecting PV and DC load with DC buses with different voltage levels; a bi-directional DC–DC converter is used for connecting batteries energy storage system (BESS) with 48 V DC bus. An AC–DC converter is used for AC distributed power with DC bus. The DC residential area is connected to the utility grid through a centralized bi-direction converter.
- (3)
- Buses: all system components including DGs, loads, ESS, etc., are connected to multi-voltage lever buses by converters. DC Buses with 230 V, 48 V, 24 V and 12 V are deployed in this DC RDS [25].
- (4)
- Energy storage system (ESS): composed of advances in the Li-ion battery technology in parallel or in a series, which can not only be utilized to absorb excessive power and to carry out charging and discharging as the signal from the EMS, but also has a fast response time following the cooperation control [26,27].
- (5)
- Information system (IS): this, with aid of wireless communication and the smart meter, is imperative for achieving TE. The DC living home lab in Aalborg is equipped with a Zigbee smart device that is flexible and comfortable for user experience [28].
2.2. Centralized Energy Management System
- Collecting and managing local information, e.g., load date, generation power, smart meter dates.
- Forecasting DER information, e.g., load, the power of WTs, PVs.
- Main grid information, e.g., real-time electrical price, demand response information.
- Monitoring the whole system, e.g., state of charge of the ESS, security and reliability constraints of the DC residential system.
- The expert system, e.g., optimization algorithms for various objectives, constraints and operational limits of units.
- The output variables of the EMS are the reference values for the control system (e.g., output power and/or terminal voltage) for each dispatchable DER.
3. The Control and Implementing System in the DC System
3.1. Adaptive Droop Control in the DC Distributed Power System (Network)
3.2. Flow Chart of Schedule and TE
4. Optimization for Economic Operation in the DC Residential System
4.1. Cost Composition in the DC System
4.2. Objective Function
4.3. Constraints
5. Case Study
6. Conclusions and Future Work
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Time | Load (48 V) | Load (24 V) | Load (12 V) | WT | PV |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
00–01 | 30.1 | 8.3 | 10 | 24 | 0 |
01–02 | 28.5 | 7.4 | 9.4 | 29 | 0 |
02–03 | 31.9 | 12.6 | 8.7 | 22.55 | 0 |
03–04 | 32.2 | 31.7 | 8.6 | 15.43 | 0 |
04–05 | 33.4 | 14.9 | 8.3 | 37.05 | 0 |
05–06 | 33.9 | 15.5 | 9.2 | 26.22 | 0 |
06–07 | 37.2 | 24.3 | 10.1 | 13.34 | 6.12 |
07–08 | 42.2 | 25.8 | 10.1 | 30.06 | 8.09 |
08–09 | 44.8 | 27.1 | 10.5 | 19.4 | 8.33 |
09–10 | 45 | 26 | 10.8 | 21.32 | 8.4 |
10–11 | 45.2 | 23.7 | 13.8 | 0.33 | 10.23 |
11–12 | 44.6 | 24 | 14.2 | 17.56 | 10.57 |
12–13 | 43.9 | 19.6 | 13.8 | 14.03 | 6.88 |
13–14 | 42 | 18 | 14.1 | 10.53 | 9.06 |
14–15 | 38 | 20 | 14.4 | 17.32 | 10.89 |
15–16 | 37.3 | 23.3 | 14.8 | 14.06 | 10.75 |
16–17 | 38.2 | 24 | 15.4 | 25.3 | 8.77 |
17–18 | 42.8 | 28.7 | 19.3 | 17.15 | 7.65 |
18–19 | 45 | 30.3 | 18.8 | 5.5 | 3.03 |
19–20 | 43.9 | 32.4 | 20.2 | 9.35 | 2.98 |
20–21 | 38.8 | 35.2 | 28.6 | 14.09 | 0 |
21–22 | 36.6 | 30.1 | 23.4 | 8.33 | 0 |
22–23 | 34.7 | 25.1 | 15 | 24.9 | 0 |
23–24 | 33.3 | 20.3 | 13 | 10.23 | 0 |
Time | 00–01 | 01–02 | 02–03 | 03–04 | 04–05 | 05–06 | 06–07 | 07–08 | 08–09 | 09–10 | 10–11 | 11–12 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Price | 27.16 | 26.54 | 26.37 | 26.39 | 26.28 | 25.96 | 26.27 | 26.85 | 27.69 | 28.06 | 28.12 | 27.57 |
Time | 12–13 | 13–14 | 14–15 | 15–16 | 16–17 | 17–18 | 18–19 | 19–20 | 20–21 | 21–22 | 22–23 | 23–24 |
price | 27.06 | 26.81 | 26.23 | 26.36 | 26.43 | 26.8 | 27.26 | 28.2 | 28.97 | 29.5 | 28.68 | 27.1 |
Controlled Units | Constraint |
---|---|
Utility | (−50, 50) |
ESS | (−40, 40) |
Fuel cell | (0, 50) |
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Yue, J.; Hu, Z.; Li, C.; Vasquez, J.C.; Guerrero, J.M. Economic Power Schedule and Transactive Energy through an Intelligent Centralized Energy Management System for a DC Residential Distribution System. Energies 2017, 10, 916. https://doi.org/10.3390/en10070916
Yue J, Hu Z, Li C, Vasquez JC, Guerrero JM. Economic Power Schedule and Transactive Energy through an Intelligent Centralized Energy Management System for a DC Residential Distribution System. Energies. 2017; 10(7):916. https://doi.org/10.3390/en10070916
Chicago/Turabian StyleYue, Jingpeng, Zhijian Hu, Chendan Li, Juan C. Vasquez, and Josep M. Guerrero. 2017. "Economic Power Schedule and Transactive Energy through an Intelligent Centralized Energy Management System for a DC Residential Distribution System" Energies 10, no. 7: 916. https://doi.org/10.3390/en10070916