Analysis of Pressure Rise in a Closed Container Due to Internal Arcing
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Energy Balance of Arc Fault in an MV Switchgear
3. Calculation Method of the Pressure Rise Caused by Internal Arcing in the Switchgear
3.1. Calculation Process of Pressure Rise
3.2. CFD Calculation Method
3.2.1. Governing Equations
3.2.2. Energy Input and Boundary Conditions
3.3. Determination of the “kp-factor”
3.4. Influence of the Arc Volume on the Calculation of Pressure Rise
4. Internal Arc Fault Experiment and Pressure Rise Calculation in a Closed Container
4.1. Expermental Method and Arrangement
4.2. Change of the Arc Voltage with Current
4.3. Pressure Rise in the Container
4.4. Relationship Between Pressure Rise and Arc Energy
4.5. Simulation Results Verification and Pressure Distribution in the Container
4.5.1. Verification of the Simulation Method
4.5.2. Pressure Distribution in the Container
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- Arc volume has less influence on the calculation of pressure distribution when the arc duration is short and the arc length is relatively fixed. The relative error of the average pressure rise between the measurement and calculation is about 2%. Hence, the CFD-method can produce a good spatial pressure distribution in a closed container. The application in a real switchgear will be carried out in the further research.
- (2)
- The arc voltage shows fluctuations with the increase of pressure and temperature in a closed container, especially at the end period of arcing (at low currents). Arc voltage RMS changing with arc current shows a large degree of randomness, and the fluctuations of which increase with the increase of gap length. When the gap lengths are 5, 10 and 15 cm, the average potential gradients of the arc are about 26, 20 and 16 V/cm, respectively.
- (3)
- The pressure rise in the container increases with the increase of arc energy, and both show a good relation with linear function. The proportion (kp) of the arc energy leading to pressure rise in the container is about 44.9%. There is less influence of gap length and arc energy on kp when the arc energy is low. For higher arc energy, the change of the pressure rise and kp under different electrode types (rod or plane electrodes) needs to be performed in further research.
- (4)
- When the pressure waves reach the container wall, their reflection and superimposition effects will appear on the wall, which causes the maximum overpressure near the wall to increase. The peak value of the overpressure in the positions with a large corner is greater than in other areas with a small corner at the beginning of arcing. After a few milliseconds, pressure waves are no longer of any importance in a closed container.
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
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Melting Point (°C) | Density (g/cm3) | Specific Heat Capacity (kJ·kg−1·K−1) | Electrical Resistivity (Ω·m) |
---|---|---|---|
183 | 8.4 | 0.19 | 14.5 × 10−8 |
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Li, P.; Ruan, J.; Huang, D.; OuYang, Z.; Zhang, L.; Long, M.; Wei, M. Analysis of Pressure Rise in a Closed Container Due to Internal Arcing. Energies 2017, 10, 294. https://doi.org/10.3390/en10030294
Li P, Ruan J, Huang D, OuYang Z, Zhang L, Long M, Wei M. Analysis of Pressure Rise in a Closed Container Due to Internal Arcing. Energies. 2017; 10(3):294. https://doi.org/10.3390/en10030294
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Peng, Jiangjun Ruan, Daochun Huang, Ziqing OuYang, Li Zhang, Mingyang Long, and Mengting Wei. 2017. "Analysis of Pressure Rise in a Closed Container Due to Internal Arcing" Energies 10, no. 3: 294. https://doi.org/10.3390/en10030294
APA StyleLi, P., Ruan, J., Huang, D., OuYang, Z., Zhang, L., Long, M., & Wei, M. (2017). Analysis of Pressure Rise in a Closed Container Due to Internal Arcing. Energies, 10(3), 294. https://doi.org/10.3390/en10030294