Coal Supply Chains: A Whole-Process-Based Measurement of Carbon Emissions in a Mining City of China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. General Situation of the Study Area
2.2. Data Sources
2.3. Research Methods
2.3.1. Trace of Coal Supply Chains
2.3.2. Inventory of Carbon Emissions in Coal Supply Chains
Carbon Emissions in the Coal Mining Process
Carbon Emissions in the Coal Selection and Washing Process
Carbon Emissions in the Coal Transportation Process
Carbon Emissions in the Coal Consumption Process
2.3.3. Analysis and Interpretation
3. Results and Analysis
3.1. Calculation of Carbon Emissions in Coal Supply Chains
3.1.1. Carbon Emissions in the Coal Mining Process
- CH4: 9.44 × 106 × 25 × 0.67 = 1.58 × 108 kg CH4 = 1.58 × 108 × 23 kg CO2 = 3.64 × 109 kg CO2
- CO2: 9.44 × 106 × 25 × 0.8 = 1.89 × 108 kg CO2
- Total: 3.64 × 109 + 1.89 × 108 = 3.83 × 109 kg CO2
- Coal consumption for heating boilers:CO2: 27.2 × 9.44 × 106 × 20,908 × 25.8 × 10−6 × 44/12 = 5.08 × 108 kg CO2
- Electricity consumption for mining equipment:CO2: 33.7 × 9.44 × 106 × 840.1914 × 10−3 = 2.67 × 108 kg CO2N2O: 33.7 × 9.44 × 106 × 0.053352 × 10−3 = 1.70 × 104 kg N2O = 1.70 × 104 × 296 kg CO2 = 5.03 × 106 kg CO2Total: 2.67 × 108 + 5.03 × 106 = 2.72 × 108 kg CO2
- Total:CO2: 5.08 × 108 + 2.72 × 108 = 7.80 × 108 kg CO2
3.1.2. Carbon Emissions in the Coal Selection and Washing Process
- By coal combustion:CO2: 9.44 × 109 × 1% × 20,908 × 25.8 × 10−6 × 44/12 = 1.87 × 108 kg CO2
- By electricity consumption:CO2: 9.44 × 106 × 3 × 840.1914 × 10−3 = 2.38 × 107 kg CO2N2O: 9.44 × 106 × 3 × 0.053352 × 10−3 = 1.51 × 103 kg CO2 = 1.51 × 103 × 296 kg CO2 = 4.50 × 105 kg CO2Total: 2.38 × 107 + 4.50 × 105 = 2.43 × 107 kg CO2
- Total carbon emission in coal selection and washing process:CO2: 1.87 × 108 + 2.43 × 107 = 2.11 × 108 kg CO2
3.1.3. Carbon Emissions in Coal Transportation Process
- By railway transport:CO2: 944 × 25% × 24.6 × 164.78 × 42,652 × 20.2 × 10−6 × 44/12 = 3.02 × 106 kg CO2
- By road transport:CO2: 944 × 75% × 650 × 386.22 × 42,652 × 20.2 × 10−6 × 44/12 = 5.61 × 108 kg CO2
- Total:CO2: 3.02 × 106 + 5.61 × 108 = 5.64 × 108 kg CO2
- By forest:CO2: 0.09 × 73.24 × 103 × 44/12 = 2.42 × 104 kg CO2
- By pasture:CO2: (2.26 + 1.09 + 3.32 + 0.91) × 6.20 × 103 × 44/12 = 1.72 × 105 kg CO2
- Total:CO2: 2.42 × 104 + 1.72 × 105 = 1.96 × 105 kg CO2
3.1.4. Carbon Emissions in the Coal Consumption Process
- By the combustion of fossil fuels:
- Raw coal:CO2: 41.70 × 107 × 20,908 × 25.8 × 10−6 × 44/12 = 8.25 × 108 kg CO2
- Cleaned coal:CO2: 233.26 × 107 × 26,344 × 26.209 × 10−6 × 44/12 = 5.90 × 109 kg CO2
- Coke:CO2: 610.19 × 107 × 28,435 × 29.2 × 10−6 × 75% × 44/12 = 1.39 × 1010 kg CO2
- Diesel fuel:CO2: 1.08 × 107 × 42,652 × 20.2 × 10−6 × 44/12 = 3.41 × 107 kg CO2
- Gasoline:CO2: 0.00476 × 107 × 43,070 × 18.9 × 10−6 × 44/12 = 1.42 × 105 kg CO2Total: 8.25 × 108 + 5.90 × 109 + 1.39 × 1010 + 3.41 × 107 + 1.42 × 105 = 2.07 × 1010 kg CO2
- By chemical reactionCO2: 610.19 × 107 × 25% × 3.1 = 4.73 × 109 kg CO2
- Total carbon emissions in the steel industry (electricity consumption not included)CO2: 2.07 × 1010 + 4.73 × 109 = 2.54 × 1010 kg CO2
- By the combustion of fossil fuels
- Raw coal:CO2: 17.04 × 107 × 20,908 × 25.8 × 10−6 × 44/12 = 3.37 × 108 kg CO2
- Diesel fuel:CO2: 0.0179 × 107 × 42,652 × 20.2 × 10−6 × 44/12 = 5.65 × 105 kg CO2Total: 3.37 × 108 + 5.65 × 105 = 3.38 × 108 kg CO2
- By the decomposition of limestoneCO2: 313.10 × 107 × 68% × 61% × 44/56 = 1.02 × 109 kg CO2
- Total carbon emissions in the cement industry (electricity consumption not included)CO2: 3.38 × 108 + 1.02 × 109 = 1.36 × 109 kg CO2
3.2. Inventory of Carbon Emissions in Coal Supply Chains
3.3. Analysis and Interpretation
3.3.1. Analysis by Different Processes
3.3.2. Analysis by Different Industrial Types
3.3.3. Analysis by Different Greenhouse Gas Types
4. Conclusions and Discussion
4.1. Main Achievements
4.2. Limitations and Uncertainties
4.3. Implications for Environmental Management
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Mining Type | Mining Depth (m) | Emission Factors (m3/t) |
---|---|---|
Underground coal mine | <200 | 10 |
<400 | 18 | |
>400 | 25 | |
Open strip mines | <25 | 0.3 |
<50 | 1.2 | |
>50 | 2 |
GHG | GWP Default Values (g CO2 Equivalent/g GHG) |
---|---|
CO2 | 1 |
CH4 | 23 |
N2O | 296 |
Type | Lower Calorific Value (kJ/kg kJ/m3) | Carbon Content (kg/GJ) |
---|---|---|
Raw coal | 20,908 | 25.8 |
Coke | 28,435 | 29.2 |
Washed coal | 26,344 | 26.2 |
Crude oil | 41,816 | 20 |
Gasoline | 43,070 | 18.9 |
Kerosene | 43,070 | 19.6 |
Diesel fuel | 42,652 | 20.2 |
Natural gas | 38,931 | 15.3 |
Land Use Type | Built-Up Land (ha) | Industrial and Mining Land (ha) |
---|---|---|
Cropland | 6.12/8.00 | 0.63/0.61 |
Forest | 0/0.09 | 0/0 |
Pasture | 2.26/3.32 | 1.09/0.91 |
Water body | 0.54/0.99 | 0.06/0.12 |
Built-up land | 20.16/37.77 | 3.19/3.03 |
Process | GHG Type | GHG Emission (kg) | CO2 Equivalent (kg) | Subtotal (kg) | Subtotal’ (kg) | Total (kg) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mining | Coalbed carbon leak | CO2 | 1.89 × 108 | 1.89 × 108 | 3.83 × 109 | 4.61 × 109 | 3.51 × 1010 | |
CH4 | 1.58 × 108 | 3.64 × 109 | ||||||
Energy consumption | CO2 | 7.75 × 108 | 7.75 × 108 | 7.80 × 108 | ||||
N2O | 1.70 × 104 | 5.03 × 106 | ||||||
Selecting and washing | Coal combustion | CO2 | 1.87 × 108 | 1.87 × 108 | 1.87 × 108 | 2.11 × 108 | ||
Electricity consumption | CO2 | 2.38 × 107 | 2.38 × 107 | 2.43 × 107 | ||||
N2O | 1.51 × 103 | 4.50 × 105 | ||||||
Transportation | Direct emission | CO2 | 5.64 × 108 | 5.64 × 108 | 5.64 × 108 | 5.64 × 108 | ||
Indirect emission | CO2 | 1.96 × 105 | 1.96 × 105 | 1.96 × 105 | ||||
Consumption | Electricity industry | CO2 | 2.91 × 109 | 2.91 × 109 | 2.96 × 109 | 2.97 × 1010 | ||
N2O | 1.85 × 105 | 5.48 × 107 | ||||||
Steel industry | Combustion of fossil fuels | CO2 | 2.07 × 1010 | 2.07 × 1010 | 2.54 × 1010 | |||
Chemical reaction | CO2 | 4.73 × 109 | 4.73 × 109 | |||||
Cement industry | Combustion of fossil fuels | CO2 | 3.38 × 108 | 3.38 × 108 | 1.36 × 109 | |||
Decomposition of limestone | CO2 | 1.02 × 109 | 1.02 × 109 | |||||
Chemical industry | CO2 | 1.54 × 107 | 1.54 × 107 | 1.54 × 107 |
Processes | Carbon Emission (1010 kg) | Proportion (%) |
---|---|---|
Mining | 0.46 | 13.10 |
Selecting and washing | 0.02 | 0.57 |
Transportation | 0.06 | 1.71 |
Consumption | 2.97 | 84.62 |
Total | 3.51 | 100 |
Industrial Types | Carbon Emission (1010 kg) | Proportion (%) |
---|---|---|
Electricity industry | 0.296 | 9.95 |
Steel industry | 2.540 | 85.41 |
Cement industry | 0.136 | 4.57 |
Chemical industry | 0.002 | 0.07 |
Total | 2.974 | 100 |
Greenhouse Gases | Equivalent Carbon Emission (1010 kg) | Proportion (%) |
---|---|---|
CO2 | 3.14 | 89.46 |
N2O | 0.01 | 0.28 |
CH4 | 0.36 | 10.26 |
Total | 3.51 | 100 |
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Luo, G.; Zhang, J.; Rao, Y.; Zhu, X.; Guo, Y. Coal Supply Chains: A Whole-Process-Based Measurement of Carbon Emissions in a Mining City of China. Energies 2017, 10, 1855. https://doi.org/10.3390/en10111855
Luo G, Zhang J, Rao Y, Zhu X, Guo Y. Coal Supply Chains: A Whole-Process-Based Measurement of Carbon Emissions in a Mining City of China. Energies. 2017; 10(11):1855. https://doi.org/10.3390/en10111855
Chicago/Turabian StyleLuo, Guangfang, Jianjun Zhang, Yongheng Rao, Xiaolei Zhu, and Yiqiang Guo. 2017. "Coal Supply Chains: A Whole-Process-Based Measurement of Carbon Emissions in a Mining City of China" Energies 10, no. 11: 1855. https://doi.org/10.3390/en10111855