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Craniomaxillofacial Trauma & Reconstruction is published by MDPI from Volume 18 Issue 1 (2025). Previous articles were published by another publisher in Open Access under a CC-BY (or CC-BY-NC-ND) licence, and they are hosted by MDPI on mdpi.com as a courtesy and upon agreement with Sage.
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Review

Facial Nerve Trauma: Evaluation and Considerations in Management

by
Eli Gordin
1,
Thomas S. Lee
2,
Yadranko Ducic
3,4,* and
Demetri Arnaoutakis
4
1
Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
2
Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA
3
Otolaryngology and Facial Plastic Surgery Associates, Fort Worth, TX 76104, USA
4
Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Craniomaxillofac. Trauma Reconstr. 2015, 8(1), 1-13; https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0034-1372522
Published: 8 December 2014

Abstract

The management of facial paralysis continues to evolve. Understanding the facial nerve anatomy and the different methods of evaluating the degree of facial nerve injury are crucial for successful management. When the facial nerve is transected, direct coaptation leads to the best outcome, followed by interpositional nerve grafting. In cases where motor end plates are still intact but a primary repair or graft is not feasible, a nerve transfer should be employed. When complete muscle atrophy has occurred, regional muscle transfer or free flap reconstruction is an option. When dynamic reanimation cannot be undertaken, static procedures offer some benefit. Adjunctive tools such as botulinum toxin injection and biofeedback can be helpful. Several new treatment modalities lie on the horizon which hold potential to alter the current treatment algorithm.
Keywords: facial nerve injury; intratemporal facial nerve trauma; facial paralysis rehabilitation; temporalis tendon transposition; facial sling; facial reanimation; hypoglossal-facial nerve transfer; free tissue transfer facial nerve injury; intratemporal facial nerve trauma; facial paralysis rehabilitation; temporalis tendon transposition; facial sling; facial reanimation; hypoglossal-facial nerve transfer; free tissue transfer

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MDPI and ACS Style

Gordin, E.; Lee, T.S.; Ducic, Y.; Arnaoutakis, D. Facial Nerve Trauma: Evaluation and Considerations in Management. Craniomaxillofac. Trauma Reconstr. 2015, 8, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0034-1372522

AMA Style

Gordin E, Lee TS, Ducic Y, Arnaoutakis D. Facial Nerve Trauma: Evaluation and Considerations in Management. Craniomaxillofacial Trauma & Reconstruction. 2015; 8(1):1-13. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0034-1372522

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gordin, Eli, Thomas S. Lee, Yadranko Ducic, and Demetri Arnaoutakis. 2015. "Facial Nerve Trauma: Evaluation and Considerations in Management" Craniomaxillofacial Trauma & Reconstruction 8, no. 1: 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0034-1372522

APA Style

Gordin, E., Lee, T. S., Ducic, Y., & Arnaoutakis, D. (2015). Facial Nerve Trauma: Evaluation and Considerations in Management. Craniomaxillofacial Trauma & Reconstruction, 8(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0034-1372522

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