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Craniomaxillofacial Trauma & Reconstruction is published by MDPI from Volume 18 Issue 1 (2025). Previous articles were published by another publisher in Open Access under a CC-BY (or CC-BY-NC-ND) licence, and they are hosted by MDPI on mdpi.com as a courtesy and upon agreement with Sage.
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Article

The Most Dangerous Game: A Review of Head and Neck Injuries in American Football and Rugby

by
Jordan Richardson
1,*,
Dani Stanbouly
2,
Harrison Moynihan
1,
Renée M. Reynolds
3,
Matthew J. Recker
3 and
Michael R. Markiewicz
4
1
Michigan State College of Osteopathic Medicine, 965 Wilson Rd, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
2
Columbia University College of Dental Medicine, New York, NY, USA
3
Department of Neurosurgery, University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, NY, USA
4
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University at Buffalo-The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Craniomaxillofac. Trauma Reconstr. 2023, 16(1), 15-22; https://doi.org/10.1177/19433875211073437
Submission received: 1 November 2021 / Revised: 1 December 2021 / Accepted: 1 January 2022 / Published: 13 January 2022

Abstract

Study Design: The investigators designed and implemented a 20-year cross-sectional study using the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System database. Objective: The purpose of this study is to estimate and compare hospital admission (danger) rates between rugby and football of those who presented to the emergency department with head and neck injuries after playing these sports. Methods: The primary predictor variable was sport played. The primary outcome variable was danger, measured by hospital admission rates. Results: Over the past 20 years, there has been a trend of decreasing incidence of injuries presenting to the emergency department in both sports. There was no difference in the rate of hospital admission when comparing football and rugby (OR, 1.2; p = 0.1). Male gender was associated with an increased risk of admission. Other variables associated with hospital admission included white racial group, injury taking place in the fall, being either young (15–24 years old) or senior (65 years of age and over), and being injured at school or at a sport/recreational facility. Conclusions: There is no difference in danger as measured by admission rates between American football and rugby. There exists, however, several variables that are associated with admission when sustaining injury to the head and neck, when playing these two sports.
Keywords: Rugby; American football; head and neck trauma; cross-sectional study Rugby; American football; head and neck trauma; cross-sectional study

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MDPI and ACS Style

Richardson, J.; Stanbouly, D.; Moynihan, H.; Reynolds, R.M.; Recker, M.J.; Markiewicz, M.R. The Most Dangerous Game: A Review of Head and Neck Injuries in American Football and Rugby. Craniomaxillofac. Trauma Reconstr. 2023, 16, 15-22. https://doi.org/10.1177/19433875211073437

AMA Style

Richardson J, Stanbouly D, Moynihan H, Reynolds RM, Recker MJ, Markiewicz MR. The Most Dangerous Game: A Review of Head and Neck Injuries in American Football and Rugby. Craniomaxillofacial Trauma & Reconstruction. 2023; 16(1):15-22. https://doi.org/10.1177/19433875211073437

Chicago/Turabian Style

Richardson, Jordan, Dani Stanbouly, Harrison Moynihan, Renée M. Reynolds, Matthew J. Recker, and Michael R. Markiewicz. 2023. "The Most Dangerous Game: A Review of Head and Neck Injuries in American Football and Rugby" Craniomaxillofacial Trauma & Reconstruction 16, no. 1: 15-22. https://doi.org/10.1177/19433875211073437

APA Style

Richardson, J., Stanbouly, D., Moynihan, H., Reynolds, R. M., Recker, M. J., & Markiewicz, M. R. (2023). The Most Dangerous Game: A Review of Head and Neck Injuries in American Football and Rugby. Craniomaxillofacial Trauma & Reconstruction, 16(1), 15-22. https://doi.org/10.1177/19433875211073437

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