In Vitro Chronic Hyperinsulinemia Induces Remodelling of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells from Young Men and Women in a Sex Hormone Independent Manner
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Isolation and Culturing of Human Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells
2.2. Pretreatment with High Insulin Levels and Sexual Hormones
2.3. Quantitve 3D Confocal Microscopy
2.4. Determination of the Cell Volume
2.5. Loading with the Calcium, Glutathione, and ROS Fluorescent Probes
2.6. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Effect of a 48 h Treatment of Hyperinsulinemia (80 μU/mL) on the Volume of VSMCs from Men and Women
3.2. Effect of 48 h Treatment of Hyperinsulinemia (80 μU/mL) on the Intracellular Ca2+ Levels of VSMCs from Men and Women
3.3. Effect of 48 h Treatment of Hyperinsulinemia (80 μU/mL) on the Intracellular ROS+ Levels of VSMCs from Men and Women
3.4. Effect of 48 h Treatment of Hyperinsulinemia (80 μU/mL) on the Intracellular Glutathione Levels of VSMCs from Men and Women
3.5. Effect of 48 h Treatment of Hyperinsulinemia (80 μU/mL) in the Absence and Presence of Testosterone (10−9 M) or Estrogen (10−10) M on the Volume of VSMCs from Men and Women
3.6. Effect of 48 h Treatment of Hyperinsulinemia (80 μU/mL) in the Absence and Presence of Testosterone (10−9 M) or Estrogen (10−10) M on the Whole Cells and Their Nuclear Ca2+ Levels of VSMCs from Men and Women
4. Discussion and Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Jazzar, A.; Jacques, D.; Abou-Aichi, A.; Bkaily, G. In Vitro Chronic Hyperinsulinemia Induces Remodelling of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells from Young Men and Women in a Sex Hormone Independent Manner. Pathophysiology 2025, 32, 12. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathophysiology32010012
Jazzar A, Jacques D, Abou-Aichi A, Bkaily G. In Vitro Chronic Hyperinsulinemia Induces Remodelling of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells from Young Men and Women in a Sex Hormone Independent Manner. Pathophysiology. 2025; 32(1):12. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathophysiology32010012
Chicago/Turabian StyleJazzar, Ashley, Danielle Jacques, Amira Abou-Aichi, and Ghassan Bkaily. 2025. "In Vitro Chronic Hyperinsulinemia Induces Remodelling of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells from Young Men and Women in a Sex Hormone Independent Manner" Pathophysiology 32, no. 1: 12. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathophysiology32010012
APA StyleJazzar, A., Jacques, D., Abou-Aichi, A., & Bkaily, G. (2025). In Vitro Chronic Hyperinsulinemia Induces Remodelling of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells from Young Men and Women in a Sex Hormone Independent Manner. Pathophysiology, 32(1), 12. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathophysiology32010012