Perception of Synchronized Online Teaching Using Blackboard Collaborate among Undergraduate Dental Students in Saudi Arabia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Survey Instrument
2.2. Ethical Consideration
2.3. Data Analysis
2.4. Results
3. Discussion
3.1. Intergroup Comparison
3.2. Recommendations
3.3. Limitations of the Study
3.4. Further Research
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | No. of Respondents | % of Respondents | |
---|---|---|---|
Sex | Male | 132 | 58.1 |
Female | 95 | 41.9 | |
Age group (years) | 18–22 | 109 | 48.0 |
23–27 | 118 | 52.0 | |
Current academic level | Year 3 (Levels 5–6) | 62 | 27.3 |
Year 4 (Levels 7–8) | 61 | 26.9 | |
Year 5 (Levels 9–10) | 54 | 23.8 | |
Year 6 (Levels 11–12) | 50 | 22.0 | |
Have you ever had online lecture sessions before the COVID-19 pandemic? | Yes | 164 | 72.2 |
No | 63 | 27.8 | |
Means of online lecture | Zoom | 48 | 21.1 |
Blackboard Collaborate | 162 | 71.4 | |
Other | 14 | 6.7 |
Duration of the Session | No. of Respondents | % of Respondents | |
---|---|---|---|
How many minutes was the longest online lecture session you attended? | 30 min | 21 | 9.3 |
45 min | 56 | 24.7 | |
60 min | 81 | 35.7 | |
75 min | 25 | 11.0 | |
90 min | 44 | 19.4 | |
How many minutes was the shortest online lecture session you attended? | <10 min | 23 | 10.1 |
15 min | 49 | 21.6 | |
20 min | 66 | 29.1 | |
25 min | 45 | 19.8 | |
30 min | 44 | 19.4 | |
What should be the maximum duration of a session for a topic in order to ensure good receptivity? | 30 min | 74 | 32.6 |
45 min | 113 | 49.8 | |
60 min | 30 | 13.2 | |
75 min | 6 | 2.6 | |
90 min | 4 | 1.8 | |
What should be the free time interval between two sessions for good receptivity? | 0–5 min | 25 | 11.0 |
6–10 min | 67 | 29.5 | |
11–15 min | 81 | 35.7 | |
16–20 min | 26 | 11.5 | |
21–25 min | 28 | 12.3 |
Related to Technical Session | No. of Respondents | % of Respondents | |
---|---|---|---|
Did you experience any technical problems regarding connectivity during the online sessions that affected your understanding of the lecture? | No problem | 41 | 18.1 |
Minimum problem | 85 | 37.4 | |
Moderate problem | 85 | 37.4 | |
Severe problem | 12 | 5.3 | |
Very severe problem | 4 | 1.8 | |
How convenient were the timings of the online sessions you attended? | Very convenient | 33 | 14.5 |
Convenient | 53 | 23.3 | |
Neutral | 120 | 52.9 | |
Not Convenient | 14 | 6.2 | |
Discomforting | 7 | 3.1 | |
How beneficial did you find the online sessions, especially concerning the effects on your remembering of the concepts of the lecture? | Very beneficial | 41 | 18.1 |
Somewhat beneficial | 66 | 29.1 | |
Neutral | 88 | 38.8 | |
Not Beneficial | 26 | 11.5 | |
Not at all beneficial | 6 | 2.6 | |
How comfortable was your learning experience with online sessions from your home as compared to face-to-face sessions? | Very comfortable and able to concentrate better | 88 | 38.8 |
Comfortable and not able to concentrate better | 88 | 38.8 | |
Not very comfortable but able to concentrate | 30 | 13.2 | |
Not comfortable and not able to concentrate better | 17 | 7.5 | |
Very uncomfortable and a waste of time | 4 | 1.8 | |
Please state your degree of support in favor of such online lecture sessions in the future. | Strongly supported | 44 | 19.4 |
Supported | 79 | 34.8 | |
Neutral | 83 | 36.6 | |
Unsupported | 17 | 7.5 | |
Strongly unsupported | 4 | 1.8 |
Related to Understanding of the Topic/Delivery of the Topic | No. of Respondents | % of Respondents | |
---|---|---|---|
Did you feel and agree that the session needs to be more interactive? | Strongly agree | 52 | 22.9 |
Agree | 95 | 41.9 | |
Neutral | 65 | 28.6 | |
Disagree | 12 | 5.3 | |
Strongly disagree | 3 | 1.3 | |
How easy do you think it would be to clarify your doubts as related to the lecture topic through Blackboard collaborate? | Very easy | 45 | 19.8 |
Easy | 64 | 28.2 | |
Neutral | 89 | 39.2 | |
Difficult | 25 | 11.0 | |
Very Difficult | 4 | 1.8 | |
How easy/difficult was it to understand the lecture concepts through the online sessions as compared to the face-to-face sessions? | Very Difficult | 17 | 7.5 |
Difficult | 43 | 18.9 | |
Neutral | 108 | 47.6 | |
Easy | 45 | 19.8 | |
Very easy | 14 | 6.2 | |
Do you agree that the visibility of the faculty members affects the understanding of the lectures? | Strongly agree | 28 | 12.3 |
Agree | 79 | 34.8 | |
Neutral | 89 | 39.2 | |
Disagree | 24 | 10.6 | |
Strongly disagree | 7 | 3.1 | |
How well did the faculty members explain topics on Blackboard as compared to face-to-face sessions? | Very good | 31 | 13.7 |
Good | 72 | 31.7 | |
Neutral | 98 | 43.2 | |
Bad | 23 | 10.1 | |
Very bad | 3 | 1.3 | |
What do you think about the performance of online sessions in relation to audio quality as compared to face-to-face lectures? | Very good | 31 | 13.7 |
Good | 52 | 22.9 | |
Neutral | 105 | 46.3 | |
Bad | 36 | 15.9 | |
Very bad | 3 | 1.3 | |
What do you think about the performance of online sessions in relation to the speed of content delivery? | Very fast | 24 | 10.6 |
Fast | 50 | 22.0 | |
Neutral | 128 | 56.4 | |
Slow | 20 | 8.8 | |
Very slow | 5 | 2.2 |
Year 3 (n = 62) | Year 4 (n = 61) | Year 5 (n = 54) | Year 6 (n = 50) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Related to Technical Session | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | p-Value | |
Did you experience any connectivity-related technical problems during the online sessions that affected your understanding of the lecture? | No problems | 10 | 16.1 | 9 | 14.8 | 12 | 22.2 | 10 | 20.0 | 0.594 NS |
Minimum problems | 18 | 29.0 | 23 | 37.7 | 20 | 37.0 | 24 | 48.0 | ||
Moderate problems | 30 | 48.4 | 23 | 37.7 | 19 | 35.2 | 13 | 26.0 | ||
Severe problems | 4 | 6.5 | 4 | 6.6 | 2 | 3.7 | 2 | 4.0 | ||
Very severe problems | 0 | 0.0 | 2 | 3.3 | 1 | 1.9 | 1 | 2.0 | ||
Mean ± SD | 2.45 ± 0.84 | 2.46 ± 0.94 | 2.26 ± 0.91 | 2.20 ± 0.88 | 0.304 NS | |||||
How convenient were the timings of the online sessions you attended? | Very convenient | 17 | 27.4 | 6 | 9.8 | 2 | 3.7 | 8 | 16.0 | 0.007 ** |
Convenient | 15 | 24.2 | 10 | 16.4 | 15 | 27.8 | 13 | 26.0 | ||
Neutral | 26 | 41.9 | 34 | 55.7 | 33 | 61.1 | 27 | 54.0 | ||
Not Convenient | 4 | 6.5 | 6 | 9.8 | 2 | 3.7 | 2 | 4.0 | ||
Discomforting | 0 | 0.0 | 5 | 8.2 | 2 | 3.7 | 0 | 0.0 | ||
Mean ± SD | 2.27 ± 0.94 | 2.90 ± 0.99 | 2.76 ± 0.75 | 2.46 ± 0.81 | 0.001 *** | |||||
How beneficial did you find the online sessions, especially concerning the effects on your remembering of the concepts of the lecture? | Very beneficial | 17 | 27.4 | 10 | 16.4 | 2 | 3.7 | 12 | 24.0 | 0.021 * |
Somewhat beneficial | 15 | 24.2 | 21 | 34.4 | 15 | 27.8 | 15 | 30.0 | ||
Neutral | 25 | 40.3 | 16 | 26.2 | 29 | 53.7 | 18 | 36.0 | ||
Not Beneficial | 4 | 6.5 | 11 | 18.0 | 6 | 11.1 | 5 | 10.0 | ||
Not at all beneficial | 1 | 1.6 | 3 | 4.9 | 2 | 3.7 | 0 | 0.0 | ||
Mean ± SD | 2.31 ± 1.00 | 2.61 ± 1.11 | 2.83 ± 0.82 | 2.32 ± 0.96 | 0.014 * | |||||
How comfortable was your learning experience with online sessions from home as compared to face-to-face sessions? | Very comfortable and able to concentrate better | 31 | 50.0 | 18 | 29.5 | 14 | 25.9 | 25 | 50.0 | 0.002 ** |
Comfortable and not able to concentrate better | 23 | 37.1 | 27 | 44.3 | 26 | 48.1 | 12 | 24.0 | ||
Not very comfortable but able to concentrate | 4 | 6.5 | 5 | 8.2 | 9 | 16.7 | 12 | 24.0 | ||
Not comfortable and not able to concentrate better | 4 | 6.5 | 9 | 14.8 | 3 | 5.6 | 1 | 2.0 | ||
Very uncomfortable and a waste of time | 0 | 0.0 | 2 | 3.3 | 2 | 3.7 | 0 | 0.0 | ||
Mean ± SD | 1.69 ± 0.86 | 2.18 ± 1.12 | 2.13 ± 0.99 | 1.78 ± 0.88 | 0.013 * | |||||
Please state your degree of support in favor of such online lecture sessions in the -future. | Strongly supported | 17 | 27.4 | 8 | 13.1 | 6 | 11.1 | 13 | 26.0 | 0.078 NS |
Supported | 16 | 25.8 | 19 | 31.1 | 26 | 48.1 | 18 | 36.0 | ||
Neutral | 25 | 40.3 | 24 | 39.3 | 18 | 33.3 | 16 | 32.0 | ||
Unsupported | 2 | 3.2 | 9 | 14.8 | 3 | 5.6 | 3 | 6.0 | ||
Strongly unsupported | 2 | 3.2 | 1 | 1.6 | 1 | 1.9 | 0 | 0.0 | ||
Mean ± SD | 2.29 ± 1.01 | 2.61 ± 0.95 | 2.39 ± 0.83 | 2.18 ± 0.89 | 0.093 NS |
Year 3 (n = 62) | Year 4 (n = 61) | Year 5 (n = 54) | Year 6 (n = 50) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Related to Understanding of the Topic/Delivery of the Topic | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | p-Value | |
Did you feel and agree that the session need to be more interactive? | Strongly agree | 14 | 22.6 | 12 | 19.7 | 11 | 20.4 | 15 | 30.0 | 0.935 NS |
Agree | 26 | 41.9 | 24 | 39.3 | 24 | 44.4 | 21 | 42.0 | ||
Neutral | 18 | 29.0 | 22 | 36.1 | 14 | 25.9 | 11 | 22.0 | ||
Disagree | 3 | 4.8 | 3 | 4.9 | 4 | 7.4 | 2 | 4.0 | ||
Strongly disagree | 1 | 1.6 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 1.9 | 1 | 2.0 | ||
Mean ± SD | 2.21 ± 0.91 | 2.26 ± 0.83 | 2.26 ± 0.93 | 2.06 ± 0.93 | 0.630 NS | |||||
How easy do you think it could be to clarify your doubts as related to the lecture topic through Blackboard collaborate? | Very easy | 18 | 29.0 | 11 | 18.0 | 8 | 14.8 | 8 | 16.0 | 0.008 ** |
Easy | 17 | 27.4 | 9 | 14.8 | 22 | 40.7 | 16 | 32.0 | ||
Neutral | 21 | 33.9 | 29 | 47.5 | 22 | 40.7 | 17 | 34.0 | ||
Difficult | 5 | 8.1 | 12 | 19.7 | 0 | 0.0 | 8 | 16.0 | ||
Very Difficult | 1 | 1.6 | 0 | 0.0 | 2 | 3.7 | 1 | 2.0 | ||
Mean ± SD | 2.26 ± 1.02 | 2.69 ± 0.99 | 2.37 ± 0.87 | 2.56 ± 1.01 | 0.078 NS | |||||
How easy/difficult was it to understand the lecture concepts through the online sessions as compared to the face-to-face sessions? | Very Difficult | 9 | 14.5 | 3 | 4.9 | 0 | 0.0 | 2 | 4.0 | 0.003 ** |
Difficult | 7 | 11.3 | 18 | 29.5 | 15 | 27.8 | 3 | 6.0 | ||
Neutral | 32 | 51.6 | 26 | 42.6 | 22 | 40.7 | 28 | 56.0 | ||
Easy | 10 | 16.1 | 8 | 13.1 | 14 | 25.9 | 13 | 26.0 | ||
Very easy | 4 | 6.5 | 6 | 9.8 | 3 | 5.6 | 4 | 8.0 | ||
Mean ± SD | 2.89 ± 1.06 | 2.93 ± 1.01 | 3.09 ± 0.87 | 3.28 ± 0.86 | 0.138 NS | |||||
Do you agree that the visibility of the faculty members affects the understanding of the lectures? | Strongly agree | 11 | 17.7 | 7 | 11.5 | 5 | 9.3 | 5 | 10.0 | 0.175 NS |
Agree | 15 | 24.2 | 22 | 36.1 | 19 | 35.2 | 23 | 46.0 | ||
Neutral | 23 | 37.1 | 27 | 44.3 | 21 | 38.9 | 18 | 36.0 | ||
Disagree | 9 | 14.5 | 3 | 4.9 | 9 | 16.7 | 3 | 6.0 | ||
Strongly disagree | 4 | 6.5 | 2 | 3.3 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 2.0 | ||
Mean ± SD | 2.68 ± 1.13 | 2.52 ± 0.89 | 2.63 ± 0.87 | 2.44 ± 0.84 | 0.554 NS | |||||
How well did the faculty members explain the topic on Blackboard as compared to face-to-face sessions? | Very good | 15 | 24.2 | 4 | 6.6 | 3 | 5.6 | 9 | 18.0 | 0.067 NS |
Good | 15 | 24.2 | 19 | 31.1 | 21 | 38.9 | 17 | 34.0 | ||
Neutral | 27 | 43.5 | 27 | 44.3 | 23 | 42.6 | 21 | 42.0 | ||
Bad | 5 | 8.1 | 9 | 14.8 | 7 | 13.0 | 2 | 4.0 | ||
Very bad | 0 | 0.0 | 2 | 3.3 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 2.0 | ||
Mean ± SD | 2.35 ± 0.94 | 2.77 ± 0.90 | 2.63 ± 0.78 | 2.38 ± 0.90 | 0.031 * | |||||
What do you think about the performance of online sessions in relation to audio quality as compared to face-to-face lectures? | Very good | 12 | 19.4 | 7 | 11.5 | 3 | 5.6 | 9 | 18.0 | 0.050 * |
Good | 10 | 16.1 | 16 | 26.2 | 15 | 27.8 | 11 | 22.0 | ||
Neutral | 26 | 41.9 | 28 | 45.9 | 25 | 46.3 | 26 | 52.0 | ||
Bad | 14 | 22.6 | 7 | 11.5 | 11 | 20.4 | 4 | 8.0 | ||
Very bad | 0 | 0.0 | 3 | 4.9 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | ||
Mean ± SD | 2.68 ± 1.04 | 2.72 ± 0.98 | 2.81 ± 0.82 | 2.50 ± 0.89 | 0.388 NS | |||||
What do you think about the performance of online sessions in relation to the speed of content delivery? | Very fast | 10 | 16.1 | 6 | 9.8 | 4 | 7.4 | 4 | 8.0 | 0.056 NS |
Fast | 11 | 17.7 | 11 | 18.0 | 14 | 25.9 | 14 | 28.0 | ||
Neutral | 38 | 61.3 | 31 | 50.8 | 29 | 53.7 | 30 | 60.0 | ||
Slow | 3 | 4.8 | 9 | 14.8 | 7 | 13.0 | 1 | 2.0 | ||
Very slow | 0 | 0.0 | 4 | 6.6 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 2.0 | ||
Mean ± SD | 2.55 ± 0.82 | 2.90 ± 0.99 | 2.72 ± 0.79 | 2.62 ± 0.75 | 0.121 NS |
Male (n = 132) | Female (n = 95) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Related to Technical Session | No. of Respondents | % of Respondents | No. of Respondents | % of Respondents | p-Value | |
Did you experience any connectivity-related technical problems during the online sessions that affected your understanding of the lecture? | No problems | 29 | 22.0 | 12 | 12.6 | 0.022 * |
Minimum problems | 39 | 29.5 | 46 | 48.4 | ||
Moderate problems | 53 | 40.2 | 32 | 33.7 | ||
Severe problems | 7 | 5.3 | 5 | 5.3 | ||
Very severe problems | 4 | 3.0 | 0 | 0.0 | ||
Mean ± SD | 2.38 ± 0.98 | 2.31 ± 0.76 | 0.603 NS | |||
How convenient were the timings of the online sessions you attended? | Very convenient | 31 | 23.5 | 2 | 2.1 | 0.001 *** |
Convenient | 21 | 15.9 | 32 | 33.7 | ||
Neutral | 65 | 49.2 | 55 | 57.9 | ||
Not Convenient | 8 | 6.1 | 6 | 6.3 | ||
Discomforting | 7 | 5.3 | 0 | 0.0 | ||
Mean ± SD | 2.54 ± 1.08 | 2.68 ± 0.62 | 0.237 NS | |||
How beneficial did you find the online sessions, especially concerning the effects on your remembering of the concepts of the lecture? | Very beneficial | 24 | 18.2 | 17 | 17.9 | 0.741 NS |
Somewhat beneficial | 38 | 28.8 | 28 | 29.5 | ||
Neutral | 48 | 36.4 | 40 | 42.1 | ||
Not Beneficial | 18 | 13.6 | 8 | 8.4 | ||
Not at all beneficial | 4 | 3.0 | 2 | 2.1 | ||
Mean ± SD | 2.54 ± 1.04 | 2.47 ± 0.95 | 0.595 NS | |||
How comfortable was your learning experience with online sessions from your home as compared to face-to-face sessions? | Very comfortable and able to concentrate better | 47 | 35.6 | 41 | 43.2 | 0.398 NS |
Comfortable and not able to concentrate better | 52 | 39.4 | 36 | 37.9 | ||
Not very comfortable but able to concentrate | 19 | 14.4 | 11 | 11.6 | ||
Not comfortable and not able to concentrate better | 10 | 7.6 | 7 | 7.4 | ||
Very uncomfortable and a waste of time | 4 | 3.0 | 0 | 0.0 | ||
Mean ± SD | 2.03 ± 1.04 | 1.83 ± 0.91 | 0.136 NS | |||
Please state your degree of support in favor of such online lecture sessions in the future? | Strongly supported | 31 | 23.5 | 13 | 13.7 | 0.100 NS |
Supported | 39 | 29.5 | 40 | 42.1 | ||
Neutral | 47 | 35.6 | 36 | 37.9 | ||
Unsupported | 13 | 9.8 | 4 | 4.2 | ||
Strongly unsupported | 2 | 1.5 | 2 | 2.1 | ||
Mean ± SD | 2.36 ± 0.99 | 2.39 ± 0.85 | 0.838 NS |
Male (n = 132) | Female (n = 95) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Related to Understanding of the Topic/Delivery of the Topic | No. of Respondents | % of Respondents | No. of Respondents | % of Respondents | p-Value | |
Did you feel and agree the sessions need to be more interactive? | Strongly agree | 31 | 23.5 | 21 | 22.1 | 0.961 NS |
Agree | 54 | 40.9 | 41 | 43.2 | ||
Neutral | 39 | 29.5 | 26 | 27.4 | ||
Disagree | 6 | 4.5 | 6 | 6.3 | ||
Strongly disagree | 2 | 1.5 | 1 | 1.1 | ||
Mean ± SD | 2.19 ± 0.90 | 2.21 ± 0.89 | 0.911 NS | |||
How easy do you think it could be to clarify your doubts as related to the lecture topic through Blackboard collaborate? | Very easy | 33 | 25.0 | 12 | 12.6 | 0.008 ** |
Easy | 30 | 22.7 | 34 | 35.8 | ||
Neutral | 47 | 35.6 | 42 | 44.2 | ||
Difficult | 20 | 15.2 | 5 | 5.3 | ||
Very Difficult | 2 | 1.5 | 2 | 2.1 | ||
Mean ± SD | 2.45 ± 1.07 | 2.48 ± 0.86 | 0.824 NS | |||
How easy/difficult was it to understand the lecture concepts through the online sessions as compared to the face-to-face sessions? | Very Difficult | 12 | 9.1 | 2 | 2.1 | 0.001 *** |
Difficult | 29 | 22.0 | 14 | 14.7 | ||
Neutral | 51 | 38.6 | 57 | 60.0 | ||
Easy | 25 | 18.9 | 20 | 21.1 | ||
Very easy | 15 | 11.4 | 2 | 2.1 | ||
Mean ± SD | 3.01 ± 1.11 | 3.06 ± 0.73 | 0.713 NS | |||
Do you agree that the visibility of the faculty members affects the understanding of the lectures? | Strongly agree | 15 | 11.4 | 13 | 13.7 | 0.233 NS |
Agree | 47 | 35.6 | 32 | 33.7 | ||
Neutral | 57 | 43.2 | 32 | 33.7 | ||
Disagree | 11 | 8.3 | 13 | 13.7 | ||
Strongly disagree | 2 | 1.5 | 5 | 5.3 | ||
Mean ± SD | 2.53 ± 0.86 | 2.63 ± 1.05 | 0.427 NS | |||
How well did the faculty members explain the topic on Blackboard as compared to face-to-face sessions? | Very good | 26 | 19.7 | 5 | 5.3 | 0.033 * |
Good | 38 | 28.8 | 34 | 35.8 | ||
Neutral | 52 | 39.4 | 46 | 48.4 | ||
Bad | 14 | 10.6 | 9 | 9.5 | ||
Very bad | 2 | 1.5 | 1 | 1.1 | ||
Mean ± SD | 2.45 ± 0.97 | 2.65 ± 0.77 | 0.101 NS | |||
What do you think about the performance of online sessions in relation to audio quality as compared to face-to-face lectures? | Very good | 25 | 18.9 | 6 | 6.3 | 0.012 * |
Good | 33 | 25.0 | 19 | 20.0 | ||
Neutral | 52 | 39.4 | 53 | 55.8 | ||
Bad | 19 | 14.4 | 17 | 17.9 | ||
Very bad | 3 | 2.3 | 0 | 0.0 | ||
Mean ± SD | 2.56 ± 1.03 | 2.85 ± 0.78 | 0.021 * | |||
What do you think about the performance of online sessions in relation to the speed of content delivery? | Very fast | 18 | 13.6 | 6 | 6.3 | 0.043 * |
Fast | 29 | 22.0 | 21 | 22.1 | ||
Neutral | 66 | 50.0 | 62 | 65.3 | ||
Slow | 14 | 10.6 | 6 | 6.3 | ||
Very slow | 5 | 3.8 | 0 | 0.0 | ||
Mean ± SD | 2.69 ± 0.97 | 2.71 ± 0.68 | 0.819 NS |
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Khan, A.A.; Onwuka, C.I.; Abullais, S.S.; Alqahtani, N.M.; Kota, M.Z.; Atta, A.S.; Shah, S.J.; Ibrahim, M.; Asif, S.M.; Elagib, M.F.A. Perception of Synchronized Online Teaching Using Blackboard Collaborate among Undergraduate Dental Students in Saudi Arabia. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 12825. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912825
Khan AA, Onwuka CI, Abullais SS, Alqahtani NM, Kota MZ, Atta AS, Shah SJ, Ibrahim M, Asif SM, Elagib MFA. Perception of Synchronized Online Teaching Using Blackboard Collaborate among Undergraduate Dental Students in Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(19):12825. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912825
Chicago/Turabian StyleKhan, Abdul Ahad, Chidozie Ifechi Onwuka, Shahabe Saquib Abullais, Nasser Mohammad Alqahtani, Mohammad Zahir Kota, Abosofyan Salih Atta, Shahi Jahan Shah, Mohammed Ibrahim, Shaik Mohammed Asif, and Mohamed Fadul A. Elagib. 2022. "Perception of Synchronized Online Teaching Using Blackboard Collaborate among Undergraduate Dental Students in Saudi Arabia" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19: 12825. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912825