Modernes Lipid-Management
Abstract
Cholesterin und Arteriosklerose
Cholesterin, Arteriosklerose und klinische Ereignisse
Genetik und Cholesterinmetabolismus
Cholesterinsenkung reduziert Infarkt und Herztod
Was ist ein normales Cholesterin?
Lipidsenkende Medikamente
Risiko-Assessment
Plasma-Lipid-Zielwerte
Position des Bundesamts für Gesundheit
- –
- bei Erwachsenen mit Hypercholesterinämie;
- –
- bei Erwachsenen mit heterozygoten familiären Hypercholesterinämie;
- –
- bei Erwachsenen und Jugendlichen ab einem Alter von 12 Jahren mit einer homozygoten familiären Hypercholesterinämie.
- –
- mit einem LDL-C >5.0 mmol/L bei Erwachsenen mit einer heterozygoten familiären Hypercholesterinämie;
- –
- mit einem LDL-C >5.0 mmol/L bei Erwachsenen und Jugendlichen ab einem Alter von 12 Jahren mit einer homozygoten familiären Hypercholesterinämie;
- –
- mit einem LDL-C >4.5 mmol/L bei Erwachsenen mit einer schweren heterozygoten familiären Hypercholesterinämie mit mindestens einem der folgenden zusätzlichen Risikofaktoren: Diabetes mellitus, erhöhtes Lipoprotein (a) >50 mg/dL bzw. 120 nmol/L und einer ausgeprägten arteriellen Hypertonie.
- –
- wenn über mindestens 3 Monate mit der maximal verträglichen Dosierung einer intensivierten LDL-Csenkenden Therapie mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Statinen mit oder ohne Ezetimib (oder Ezetimib mit oder ohne weiteren Lipidsenker bei Statin-Unverträglichkeit) die oben erwähnten LDL-C-Werte nicht erreicht werden und;
- –
- wenn der arterielle Blutdruck kontrolliert und eine Einstellung des Blutzuckers auf ein HbA1c-Wert <8% sowie eine Nikotinabstinenz angestrebt werden.
Konklusion
Disclosure statement
References
- Osler, W. Lectures on angina pectoris and allied states; D. Appleton: New York, 1897. [Google Scholar]
- Anitschkow, N.N. A history of experimentation on arterial atherosclerosis in animals. Cowdry’s arteriosclerosis: a survey of the problem; Charles C Thomas: Springfield, IL, 1967; pp. 21–44. [Google Scholar]
- Akhmedov, A.; Rozenberg, I.; Paneni, F.; Camici, G.G.; Shi, Y.; Doerries, C.; et al. Endothelial overexpression of LOX-1 increases plaque formation and promotes atherosclerosis in vivo. Eur Heart J. 2014, 35, 2839–48. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Libby, P.; Lichtman, A.H.; Hansson, G.K. Immune effector mechanisms implicated in atherosclerosis: from mice to humans. Immunity. 2013, 38, 1092–104. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tanner, F.C.; Noll, G.; Boulanger, C.M.; Lüscher, T.F. Oxidized low density lipoproteins inhibit relaxations of porcine coronary arteries. Role of scavenger receptor and endothelium-derived nitric oxide. Circulation 1991, 83, 2012–20. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gresham, G.A.; Howard, A.N.; McQueen, J.; Bowyer, D.E. ATHEROSCLEROSIS IN PRIMATES. Br J Exp Pathol. 1965, 46, 94–103. [Google Scholar]
- Boulanger, C.M.; Tanner, F.C.; Béa, M.L.; Hahn, A.W.; Werner, A.; Lüscher, T.F. Oxidized low density lipoproteins induce mRNA expression and release of endothelin from human and porcine endothelium. Circ Res. 1992, 70, 1191–7. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Libby, P.; Ridker, P.M.; Maseri, A. Inflammation and atherosclerosis. Circulation. 2002, 105, 1135–43. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tsao, C.W.; Preis, S.R.; Peloso, G.M.; Hwang, S.J.; Kathiresan, S.; Fox, C.S.; et al. Relations of long-term and contemporary lipid levels and lipid genetic risk scores with coronary artery calcium in the framingham heart study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012, 60, 2364–71. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Assmann, G.; Cullen, P.; Schulte, H. Simple scoring scheme for calculating the risk of acute coronary events based on the 10-year follow-up of the prospective cardiovascular Münster (PROCAM) study. Circulation. 2002, 105, 310–5. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Di Angelantonio, E.; Gao, P.; Pennells, L.; Kaptoge, S.; Caslake, M.; Thompson, A.; et al. Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration. Lipid-related markers and cardiovascular disease prediction. JAMA 2012, 307, 2499–506. [Google Scholar]
- Lewington, S.; Whitlock, G.; Clarke, R.; Sherliker, P.; Emberson, J.; Halsey, J.; et al. Prospective Studies Collaboration. Blood cholesterol and vascular mortality by age, sex, and blood pressure: a meta-analysis of individual data from 61 prospective studies with 55,000 vascular deaths. Lancet 2007, 370, 1829–39. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Brown, M.S.; Goldstein, J.L. A receptor-mediated pathway for cholesterol homeostasis. Science. 1986, 232, 34–47. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Willer, C.J.; Schmidt, E.M.; Sengupta, S.; Peloso, G.M.; Gustafsson, S.; Kanoni, S.; et al. Global Lipids Genetics Consortium. Discovery and refinement of loci associated with lipid levels. Nat Genet. 2013, 45, 1274–83. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cohen, J.C.; Boerwinkle, E.; Mosley, T.H., Jr.; Hobbs, H.H. Sequence variations in PCSK9, low LDL, and protection against coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med. 2006, 354, 1264–72. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hopkins, P.N.; Defesche, J.; Fouchier, S.W.; Bruckert, E.; Luc, G.; Cariou, B.; et al. Characterization of Autosomal Dominant Hypercholesterolemia Caused by PCSK9 Gain of Function Mutations and Its Specific Treatment With Alirocumab, a PCSK9 Monoclonal Antibody. Circ Cardiovasc Genet. 2015, 8, 823–31. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hobbs, H.H.; Brown, M.S.; Russell, D.W.; Davignon, J.; Goldstein, J.L. Deletion in the gene for the low-density-lipoprotein receptor in a majority of French Canadians with familial hypercholesterolemia. N Engl J Med. 1987, 317, 734–7. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mabuchi, H.; Koizumi, J.; Shimizu, M.; Kajinami, K.; Miyamoto, S.; Ueda, K.; et al. Hokuriku-FH-LDL-Apheresis Study Group. Long-term efficacy of low-density lipoprotein apheresis on coronary heart disease in familial hypercholesterolemia. Am J Cardiol. 1998, 82, 1489–95. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Endo, A. A gift from nature: the birth of the statins. Nat Med. 2008, 14, 1050–2. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Randomised trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Lancet. 1994, 344, 1383–9.
- Mihaylova, B.; Emberson, J.; Blackwell, L.; Keech, A.; Simes, J.; Barnes, E.H.; et al. Cholesterol Treatment Trialists’ (CTT) Collaborators. The effects of lowering LDL cholesterol with statin therapy in people at low risk of vascular disease: meta-analysis of individual data from 27 randomised trials. Lancet 2012, 380, 581–90. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- LaRosa, J.C.; Grundy, S.M.; Waters, D.D.; Shear, C.; Barter, P.; Fruchart, J.C.; et al. Treating to New Targets (TNT) Investigators. Intensive lipid lowering with atorvastatin in patients with stable coronary disease. N Engl J Med. 2005, 352, 1425–35. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cannon, C.P.; Blazing, M.A.; Giugliano, R.P.; McCagg, A.; White, J.A.; Theroux, P.; et al. IMPROVE-IT Investigators. Ezetimibe Added to Statin Therapy after Acute Coronary Syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2015, 372, 2387–97. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sabatine, M.S.; Giugliano, R.P.; Keech, A.C.; Honarpour, N.; Wiviott, S.D.; Murphy, S.A.; et al. FOURIER Steering Committee and Investigators. Evolocumab and clinical outcomes in patients with cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med. 2017, 376, 1713–22. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Giugliano, R.P.; Mach, F.; Zavitz, K.; Kurtz, C.; Im, K.; Kanevsky, E.; et al. EBBINGHAUS Investigators. Cognitive Function in a Randomized Trial of Evolocumab. N Engl J Med. 2017, 377, 633–43. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Harvey, P.D.; Sabbagh, M.N.; Harrison, J.E.; Ginsberg, H.N.; Chapman, M.J.; Manvelian, G.; et al. No evidence of neurocognitive adverse events associated with alirocumab treatment in 3340 patients from 14 randomized Phase 2 and 3 controlled trials: a meta-analysis of individual patient data. Eur Heart J. 2018, 39, 374–81. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ridker, P.M.; Revkin, J.; Amarenco, P.; Brunell, R.; Curto, M.; Civeira, F.; et al. SPIRE Cardiovascular Outcome Investigators. Cardiovascular Efficacy and Safety of Bococizumab in High-Risk Patients. N Engl J Med. 2017, 376, 1527–39. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ference, B.A.; Cannon, C.P.; Landmesser, U.; Lüscher, T.F.; Catapano, A.L.; Ray, K.K. Reduction of low density lipoprotein-cholesterol and cardiovascular events with proprotein convertase subtilisin-kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors and statins: an analysis of FOURIER, SPIRE, and the Cholesterol Treatment Trialists Collaboration. Eur Heart J. 2018, 39, 2540–5. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Schwartz, G.G.; Steg, P.G.; Szarek, M.; Bhatt, D.L.; Bittner, V.A.; Diaz, R.; et al. ODYSSEY OUTCOMES Committees and Investigators. Alirocumab and Cardiovascular Outcomes after Acute Coronary Syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2018, 379, 2097–107. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Koskinas, K.C.; Siontis, G.C.M.; Piccolo, R.; Mavridis, D.; Räber, L.; Mach, F.; et al. Effect of statins and non-statin LDL-lowering medications on cardiovascular outcomes in secondary prevention: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. Eur Heart J. 2018, 39, 1172–80. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lipinski, M.J.; Benedetto, U.; Escarcega, R.O.; Biondi-Zoccai, G.; Lhermusier, T.; Baker, N.C.; et al. The impact of proprotein convertase subtilisin-kexin type 9 serine protease inhibitors on lipid levels and outcomes in patients with primary hypercholesterolaemia: a network meta-analysis. Eur Heart J. 2016, 37, 536–45. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Thompson, R.C.; Allam, A.H.; Lombardi, G.P.; Wann, L.S.; Sutherland, M.L.; Sutherland, J.D.; et al. Atherosclerosis across 4000 years of human history: the Horus study of four ancient populations. Lancet. 2013, 381, 1211–22. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stroes, E.S.; Thompson, P.D.; Corsini, A.; Vladutiu, G.D.; Raal, F.J.; Ray, K.K.; et al. European Atherosclerosis Society Consensus Panel. Statin-associated muscle symptoms: impact on statin therapy-European Atherosclerosis Society Consensus Panel Statement on Assessment, Aetiology and Management. Eur Heart J. 2015, 36, 1012–22. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sattar, N.; Preiss, D.; Murray, H.M.; Welsh, P.; Buckley, B.M.; de Craen, A.J.; et al. Statins and risk of incident diabetes: a collaborative meta-analysis of randomised statin trials. Lancet. 2010, 375, 735–42. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kearney, P.M.; Blackwell, L.; Collins, R.; Keech, A.; Simes, J.; Peto, R.; et al. Cholesterol Treatment Trialists’ (CTT) Collaborators. Efficacy of cholesterol-lowering therapy in 18,686 people with diabetes in 14 randomised trials of statins: a meta-analysis. Lancet 2008, 371, 117–25. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Calabrò, P.; Gragnano, F.; Pirro, M. Cognitive Function in a Randomized Trial of Evolocumab. N Engl J Med. 2017, 377, 1996–7. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mach, F.; Baigent, C.; Catapano, A.L.; Koskinas, K.C.; Casula, M.; Badimon, L.; et al. ESC Scientific Document Group. 2019 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk. Eur Heart J. 2020, 41, 111–88. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Collins, R.; Reith, C.; Emberson, J.; Armitage, J.; Baigent, C.; Blackwell, L.; et al. Interpretation of the evidence for the efficacy and safety of statin therapy. Lancet. 2016, 388, 2532–61. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ference, B.A.; Ginsberg, H.N.; Graham, I.; Ray, K.K.; Packard, C.J.; Bruckert, E.; et al. Low-density lipoproteins cause atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. 1. Evidence from genetic, epidemiologic, and clinical studies. A consensus statement from the European Atherosclerosis Society Consensus Panel. Eur Heart J. 2017, 38, 2459–72. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sabatine, M.S.; Giugliano, R.P.; Keech, A.C.; Honarpour, N.; Wiviott, S.D.; Murphy, S.A.; et al. FOURIER Steering Committee and Investigators. Evolocumab and Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Cardiovascular Disease. N Engl J Med. 2017, 376, 1713–22. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]






© 2020 by the author. Attribution Non-Commercial NoDerivatives 4.0.
Share and Cite
Lüscher, T.F.; Gallino, A.; Haegeli, L.M.; Kobza, R.; Koskinas, K.; Miserez, A.; Nanchen, D.; Noll, G.; Pedrazzini, G.; Räber, L.; et al. Modernes Lipid-Management. Cardiovasc. Med. 2020, 23, w20102. https://doi.org/10.4414/cvm.2020.02102
Lüscher TF, Gallino A, Haegeli LM, Kobza R, Koskinas K, Miserez A, Nanchen D, Noll G, Pedrazzini G, Räber L, et al. Modernes Lipid-Management. Cardiovascular Medicine. 2020; 23(3):w20102. https://doi.org/10.4414/cvm.2020.02102
Chicago/Turabian StyleLüscher, Thomas F., Augusto Gallino, Laurent M. Haegeli, Richard Kobza, Konstantinos Koskinas, André Miserez, David Nanchen, Georg Noll, Giovanni Pedrazzini, Lorenz Räber, and et al. 2020. "Modernes Lipid-Management" Cardiovascular Medicine 23, no. 3: w20102. https://doi.org/10.4414/cvm.2020.02102
APA StyleLüscher, T. F., Gallino, A., Haegeli, L. M., Kobza, R., Koskinas, K., Miserez, A., Nanchen, D., Noll, G., Pedrazzini, G., Räber, L., Sudano, I., Twerenbold, R., Amstein, R., & Mach, F. (2020). Modernes Lipid-Management. Cardiovascular Medicine, 23(3), w20102. https://doi.org/10.4414/cvm.2020.02102
