Using Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) to Explore Spatial Varying Relationships of Immature Mosquitoes and Human Densities with the Incidence of Dengue

Lin, Chia-Hsien; Wen, Tzai-Hung

doi:10.3390/ijerph8072798

Volume 8, Issue 7

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Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2011, 8(7), 2798-2815; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph8072798

Using Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) to Explore Spatial Varying Relationships of Immature Mosquitoes and Human Densities with the Incidence of Dengue

Chia-Hsien Lin

and Tzai-Hung Wen *

Department of Geography, College of Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan

Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

Received: 10 June 2011 / Revised: 27 June 2011 / Accepted: 29 June 2011 / Published: 6 July 2011

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Geostatistics in Environmental Pollution and Risk Assessment)

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Abstract

The only way for dengue to spread in the human population is through the human-mosquito-human cycle. Most research in this field discusses the dengue-mosquito or dengue-human relationships over a particular study area, but few have explored the local spatial variations of dengue-mosquito and dengue-human relationships within a study area. This study examined whether spatial heterogeneity exists in these relationships. We used Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) and Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) models to analyze spatial relationships and identify the geographical heterogeneities by using the information of entomology and dengue cases in the cities of Kaohsiung and Fengshan in 2002. Our findings indicate that dengue-mosquito and dengue-human relationships were significantly spatially non-stationary. This means that in some areas higher dengue incidences were associated with higher vector/host densities, but in some areas higher incidences were related to lower vector/host densities. We demonstrated that a GWR model can be used to geographically differentiate the relationships of dengue incidence with immature mosquito and human densities. This study provides more insights into spatial targeting of intervention and control programs against dengue outbreaks within the study areas. View Full-Text

Keywords: dengue; spatial heterogeneity; geographically weighted regression (GWR); human density; Aedes mosquitoes

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 3.0).

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Lin, C.-H.; Wen, T.-H. Using Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) to Explore Spatial Varying Relationships of Immature Mosquitoes and Human Densities with the Incidence of Dengue. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2011, 8, 2798-2815.