“I Was Embarrassed to Go and See a Counsellor”: Stigma Experienced by Individuals Diagnosed with Mental Illness (A Systematic Review and Meta-Synthesis)

Background: Stigma is a persistent barrier to psychosocial wellbeing and recovery of individuals with mental illnesses. Aim: This study aims to examine stigma experienced by individuals diagnosed with mental illnesses. Method: A systematic review and meta-synthesis of peer-reviewed qualitative primary studies followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. Five databases: CINAHL Ultimate, APA PsycArticles, APA PsycINFO, MEDLINE Ultimate, and Embase were searched for studies published between 2021 and 2025. A total of 17 studies were included after rigorous screening. Results: Thematic analysis identified three major themes and fifteen sub-themes. These are manifestations of stigma (prevalence of stigma, operation of stigma, stigma related to mental health diagnosis, stigma related to motherhood and impacts of stigma), multiple factors shaping stigma (ignorance and misunderstanding, spiritual and religious beliefs, family and friends, cultural beliefs) and management of stigma (management strategies, internalising stigma, isolation due to stigma, disclosure of mental illness, non-disclosure of mental illness and help-seeking for mental illness). Conclusions: Stigma related to mental illness remains widespread and continues to influence individuals’ experiences, relationships, and help-seeking behaviours. Addressing stigma through improved mental health awareness and supportive environments is essential to promote recovery and wellbeing.