What Characterizes Employees with Emotional Exhaustion and Employees with Work Overload?

Emotional exhaustion has been discussed as a major contributor to work ability problems, with substantial economic, individual, and social consequences. Research largely focuses on specific professions and sometimes overlooks that exhaustion and work overload problems are partly distinct. This study uses a differential analysis to explore working conditions and individual characteristics in employees with emotional exhaustion or perceived work overload, aiming to identify potential common risk factors. A representative German cross-sectional sample of 2289 employees aged 15–67, working at least 10 h per week, was analyzed. Employees with and without treatment for exhaustion, and with and without perceived work overload, were compared using variance analysis. Overloaded employees reported more work demands, while exhausted employees appear to be more often female and not in their preferred occupation. Several psychosocial work factors (e.g., responsibility) were more consistently associated with the overload and exhaustion groups than many of the physical work conditions. Employee characteristics such as openness and internal locus of control appeared to be similarly distributed across groups. Overload without exhaustion can be distinguished from combined exhaustion and overload, suggesting that work overload may occur with or without exhaustion, in relation to individual psychosocial resources. Preventive interventions for work ability may benefit from addressing overload as a distinct risk factor, besides illness-related exhaustion.