Assessment of Sport and Physical Recreation Participation for Children and Youth with Disabilities: A Systematic Review
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Registration
2.2. Search Strategy
2.3. Inclusion/Exclusion Criteria
- They reported on assessments that
- evaluated participation [49], including at least one of the following:
- Attendance diversity (what activity) +/− frequency (how often, or for how long) or
- Involvement.
- They were relevant to sport and physical recreation, either because they included
- ≥20% sport or physical recreation specific items or
- a subscale specific to sport and/or physical recreation, regardless of the overall make-up of the assessment.
- They included original psychometric data on validity or reliability
- for children or youth with disabilities aged 0–24 years or
- for any population if the paper reported on the original development of an included assessment.
- They were full-text papers, written in English and published in peer-reviewed journals.
2.4. Data Extraction and Analysis
2.5. Assessment Content
2.5.1. Sport
“A human activity involving physical exertion and skill as the primary focus of the activity, with elements of competition where rules and patterns of behaviour governing the activity exist formally through organisations and is generally recognised as a sport.”(p. 7)
2.5.2. Physical Recreation
“Activities engaged in for the purpose of relaxation, health and wellbeing or enjoyment with the primary activity requiring physical exertion, and the primary focus on human activity.”(p. 7)
2.6. Assessment Psychometrics
2.7. Recommendations
3. Results
3.1. Excluded Assessments
3.2. Content of Assessments
3.3. Populations Evaluated
3.4. Proportion of Relevant Items
3.5. Participation Construct
3.6. Data Type
3.7. Quality of Evidence for Psychometric Properties
3.8. Validity
3.9. Reliability
3.10. GRADE Summary
4. Discussion
5. Limitations
Future Directions
6. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Assessment Name | Participation Component | Included Studies | Administration (Mode, Time) | Target Population | Cultural Adaptations | Cost (AUD) | Sport/Physical Recreation Items (%) | Relevant Subscales |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Assessments of attendance and involvement | ||||||||
Children’s Assessment of Participation and Enjoyment (CAPE) [64] | Attendance (Frequency and Diversity) Involvement (Enjoyment) | [54,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98,99] | Self/parent-administered or interview 30–45 min | 6–21 years, non-disabled or people with physical or intellectual disability | Arabic [65], Brazilian Portuguese [98], Chinese [100], Dutch [69], German [72], Greek [66], Norwegian [83], Portuguese [89,95], Spanish [80], Swedish [93] | $289 (Test kit and forms) | 27% (15/55 items) | Active physical (9/13 items) Skill-based (5/10 items) |
Assessments of attendance | ||||||||
Children’s Leisure Assessment Scale (CLASS) [55] | Attendance (Frequency and Diversity) | [55,101,102] | Self-administered 15 min | 10–18 years, non-disabled or people with physical or intellectual disability | Developed in Hebrew [55] | No Cost (on request from authors) | 23% (7/30 items) | Games and Sports (3/5 items) |
Leisure Assessment Inventory (LAI) [56] | Attendance (Diversity) | [103,104,105] | Interview 45 min | >30 years, non-disabled or people with ID | Spanish [104] | $337 (Test kit and forms) | 31% (16/52 items) | No relevant subscale |
Paediatric Activity Card Sort (Pre-ACS) [57] | Attendance (Frequency and Diversity) | [106] | Parent interview 30–60 min | 5–14 years, non-disabled or people with physical or intellectual disability | Japanese [107] | $134 (Test kit and forms) | 24% (18/75 items) | Sports (12/12 items) |
Preschool Activity Card Sort (PACS) [58] | Attendance (Diversity) | [58,108] | Parent interview 30–60 min | 3–6 years, non-disabled or people with ID | Arabic (95 activities) [109], Brazilian Portuguese [110], Spanish [111] | $70 (Test kit and forms) | 19% (16/85 items) | High physical demand leisure (9/12 items) |
Physical Activity Questionnaire (PAQ) for Older Children or Adolescents [59] | Attendance (Frequency and Diversity) | [9,112,113] | Self-administered 20 min | 8–14 years (PAQ-C) 14–19 years (PAQ-A) | Arabic [114], Brazilian Portuguese [115], Czech [116], Chinese [117,118], Dutch [119], English [120], Ethiopian [121], Gujarati [122], Hungarian [123], Italian [124], Japanese [125], Korean [126], Malay [127], Polish [128], Turkish [129] | No Cost | 88–90% (8/9–10 items) The PAQ-A removes one question relating to ‘recess’. | No relevant subscale |
Assessments of involvement | ||||||||
Measure of Experiential Aspects of Participation (MEAP) [60] | Involvement (Autonomy, Belongingness, Challenge, Engagement, Mastery, Meaning) | [60,130] | Self-administered Time not reported | >19 years, people with physical disability | None identified | No Cost | 100% (context dependent) | No relevant subscale |
Participatory Experience Survey (PES) [61] | Involvement (Environment, Skill Development, Experience) | [131,132] | Interview 3 min | 14–22 years, people with intellectual disability | None identified | No Cost | 100% (context dependent) | No relevant subscale |
Self-reported Experiences of Activity Settings (SEAS) [133] | Involvement | [133,134,135] | Self-administered Time not reported | 13–23 years, non-disabled or people with physical or intellectual disability | Polish [135] | No Cost | 100% (context dependent) | No relevant subscale |
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Clutterbuck, G.L.; Wen, E.; Petroccitto, S. Assessment of Sport and Physical Recreation Participation for Children and Youth with Disabilities: A Systematic Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2025, 22, 557. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22040557
Clutterbuck GL, Wen E, Petroccitto S. Assessment of Sport and Physical Recreation Participation for Children and Youth with Disabilities: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2025; 22(4):557. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22040557
Chicago/Turabian StyleClutterbuck, Georgina Leigh, Eugeenia Wen, and Sara Petroccitto. 2025. "Assessment of Sport and Physical Recreation Participation for Children and Youth with Disabilities: A Systematic Review" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 22, no. 4: 557. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22040557
APA StyleClutterbuck, G. L., Wen, E., & Petroccitto, S. (2025). Assessment of Sport and Physical Recreation Participation for Children and Youth with Disabilities: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 22(4), 557. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22040557