Study of the Trace Element Composition of Drinking Water in Almaty City and Human Health Risk Assessment
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Study Area
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Sampling
3.2. Analytical Techniques
3.3. Quality Control and Assurance
3.4. Heavy Metal Index
3.5. Calculation of Carcinogenic and Non-Carcinogenic Risks
- AT—average time (days): dermal exposure: adult: 10,950; child: 2190; oral exposure: adult: 2550; child: 3650.
- EF—exposure frequency (days/year): 365.
- CU—concentration of uranium in water (µg/L).
- SFU—uranium slope factor (Risk/pCi) (Table 1).
- I(L)—lifetime water consumption, calculated as IR × EF × ED, which equals 56,210 L for adults and 25,550 L for children.
Element | RfD Dermal (µg/kg × day) | RfD Oral (µg/kg × day) | SF Dermal (µg/kg/day)−1 | SForal (µg/kg/day)−1 | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fe. | 300. | 700. | -. | -. | [32]… |
Mn. | 0.8. | 140. | -. | -. | [32,44]… |
Co. | 0.015. | 0.3. | -. | 35,000. | [45,46]… |
Cr. | 0.015. | 3. | 20,000. | 420. | [32,44,47]… |
Cu. | 12. | 40. | 42,500. | -. | [32,48]… |
Mo. | 1.9. | 5. | -. | -. | [32,44]… |
Ni. | 5.4. | 20. | -. | 900. | [32,44,47]… |
Pb. | 0.42. | 3.5. | -. | 8.5. | [32,44,47]… |
U. | -. | 3. | -. | 6.4 × 10−11(Risk/pCi). | [44,45,49]… |
Zn. | 60. | 300. | -. | -. | [32,44]… |
3.6. Statistical Analysis
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Heavy Metal Concentrations
4.2. Assessment of Carcinogenic and Non-Carcinogenic Risks
4.3. Correlation and Cluster Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample Code. | Co. | Cu. | Li. | Mo. | Ni. | Pb. | U. | Al. | Ba. | Cr… |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD, μg/L | ||||||||||
1 | 0.36 ± 0.20 | 1.27 ± 1.03 | 3.41 ± 0.66 | 4.78 ± 1.28 | 4.15 ± 2.57 | 0.07 ± 0.04 | 11.1 ± 3.4 | <3.00 | 33.8 ± 5.9 | 1.96 ± 1.26 |
2 | 0.24 ± 0.11 | 0.71 ± 0.46 | 3.19 ± 0.52 | 3.04 ± 0.17 | 3.14 ± 0.70 | <0.05 | 12.6 ± 6.8 | <3.00 | 59.1 ± 4.5 | 2.23 ± 0.47 |
3 | <0.07 | 1.03 ± 0.61 | 0.79 ± 0.26 | 5.63 ± 2.65 | 1.59 ± 1.12 | <0.05 | 8.7 ± 6.8 | 24.5 ± 14.0 | 30.8 ± 5.8 | <0.70 |
4 | <0.07 | 0.74 ± 0.31 | 3.10 ± 1.58 | 7.85 ± 0.91 | 0.68 ± 0.32 | <0.05 | 9.6 ± 3.0 | 4.63 ± 1.48 | 27.5 ± 1.6 | 14.0 ± 16.6 |
5 | 0.13 ± 0.06 | 2.60 ± 0.81 | 1.88 ± 0.15 | 3.50 ± 0.67 | 2.39 ± 0.58 | <0.05 | 13.8 ± 1.4 | 5.90 ± 3.87 | 46.1 ± 3.1 | 0.85 ± 0.26 |
6 | 3.46 ± 5.78 | 6.40 ± 5.19 | 3.00 ± 1.40 | 4.57 ± 1.17 | 122 ± 207 | 0.23 ± 0.31 | 16.7 ± 3.9 | 13.5 ± 7.3 | 34.4 ± 3.7 | 3.02 ± 2.01 |
7 | 0.17 ± 0.17 | 4.59 ± 3.81 | 2.34 ± 1.21 | 6.09 ± 1.05 | 2.05 ± 0.55 | 0.20 ± 0.13 | 10.7 ± 7.9 | 5.70 ± 4.68 | 29.8 ± 3.7 | 1.93 ± 1.68 |
8 | 0.26 ± 0.22 | 1.27 ± 1.14 | 3.31 ± 0.59 | 5.66 ± 0.57 | 1.75 ± 0.39 | 0.07 ± 0.03 | 12.7 ± 8.7 | <3.00 | 29.6 ± 1.3 | 2.86 ± 0.74 |
9 | 0.20 ± 0.22 | 1.15 ± 0.66 | 2.80 ± 0.51 | 5.45 ± 0.37 | 1.73 ± 0.53 | <0.05 | 16.5 ± 8.2 | <3.00 | 27.7 ± 0.7 | 2.74 ± 0.62 |
10 | 0.14 ± 0.11 | 4.60 ± 3.98 | 3.00 ± 1.67 | 6.87 ± 1.38 | 1.64 ± 1.04 | 0.14 ± 0.08 | 15.9 ± 4.9 | <3.00 | 26.2 ± 12.7 | 3.55 ± 0.74 |
11 | 4.00 ± 6.00 | 5.27 ± 2.96 | 3.95 ± 0.75 | 17.2 ± 23.2 | 124 ± 210 | 0.10 ± 0.08 | 14.6 ± 7.1 | 3.74 ± 1.28 | 35.3 ± 4.2 | 3.26 ± 2.17 |
12 | 0.12 ± 0.08 | 2.19 ± 1.27 | 0.68 ± 0.14 | 5.50 ± 2.87 | 6.55 ± 9.67 | 0.07 ± 0.03 | 13.1 ± 5.5 | 19.9 ± 13.8 | 31.2 ± 9.2 | <0.70 |
13 | 0.39 ± 0.14 | 6.33 ± 5.04 | 3.02 ± 0.05 | 6.11 ± 0.13 | 3.32 ± 1.76 | 0.33 ± 0.16 | 8.8 ± 3.7 | 25.6 ± 11.0 | 31.3 ± 2.7 | 3.91 ± 0.54 |
14 | 0.09 ± 0.04 | 6.83 ± 4.08 | 0.79 ± 0.23 | 5.74 ± 2.39 | 1.74 ± 1.11 | 0.17 ± 0.16 | 8.6 ± 3.2 | 14.6 ± 1.83 | 20.0 ± 10.2 | <0.70 |
15 | 0.14 ± 0.12 | 3.32 ± 1.97 | 2.26 ± 0.74 | 4.86 ± 0.51 | 2.89 ± 1.22 | 0.07 ± 0.03 | 13.9 ± 2.4 | <3.00 | 47.6 ± 15.8 | 2.09 ± 0.26 |
16 | 0.14 ± 0.12 | 1.61 ± 1.21 | 1.67 ± 1.54 | 6.69 ± 1.23 | 1.93 ± 1.52 | 0.06 ± 0.02 | 11.1 ± 4.0 | 10.7 ± 6.9 | 34.3 ± 6.9 | 2.27 ± 2.73 |
17 | 0.15 ± 0.11 | 5.63 ± 4.38 | 2.33 ± 0.32 | 5.01 ± 0.98 | 2.17 ± 0.14 | 0.25 ± 0.11 | 18.6 ± 9.5 | 5.52 ± 2.90 | 41.5 ± 6.5 | 2.19 ± 0.13 |
18 | 0.34 ± 0.07 | 2.80 ± 0.35 | 2.76 ± 0.33 | 6.06 ± 0.27 | 2.35 ± 0.72 | 0.13 ± 0.11 | 9.0 ± 4.7 | <3.00 | 33.6 ± 3.1 | 3.55 ± 0.51 |
19 | 0.21 ± 0.12 | 4.33 ± 1.00 | 2.47 ± 0.50 | 5.71 ± 0.26 | 2.29 ± 0.57 | 0.07 ± 0.03 | 13.7 ± 2.0 | 3.73 ± 1.27 | 28.8 ± 3.1 | 2.68 ± 0.32 |
20 | <0.07 | 4.57 ± 2.64 | 0.60 ± 0.15 | 5.41 ± 2.51 | 1.67 ± 0.98 | 0.28 ± 0.40 | 14.2 ± 7.1 | 22.7 ± 6.8 | 29.0 ± 4.5 | <0.70 |
21 | <0.07 | 1.78 ± 0.70 | 0.56 ± 0.14 | 5.73 ± 2.72 | 1.38 ± 0.93 | <0.05 | 8.0 ± 0.6 | 24.4 ± 13.1 | 28.5 ± 6.1 | <0.70 |
22 | 0.16 ± 0.04 | 6.76 ± 6.39 | 1.55 ± 0.02 | 3.66 ± 1.54 | 2.51 ± 0.75 | <0.05 | 14.5 ± 0.7 | 7.72 ± 2.64 | 47.0 ± 6.4 | 0.87 ± 0.23 |
23 | 0.19 ± 0.10 | 1.15 ± 0.81 | 2.23 ± 0.36 | 6.06 ± 0.18 | 2.51 ± 0.78 | <0.05 | 12.0 ± 2.9 | <3.00 | 40.8 ± 7.7 | 2.16 ± 0.38 |
24 | 0.34 ± 0.42 | 3.02 ± 2.71 | 1.20 ± 1.06 | 6.07 ± 1.22 | 3.05 ± 2.53 | <0.05 | 13.7 ± 7.9 | 12.8 ± 11.0 | 30.0 ± 5.2 | <0.70 |
25 | 0.12 ± 0.08 | 1.73 ± 0.43 | 3.37 ± 0.07 | 7.33 ± 0.36 | 2.78 ± 1.74 | <0.05 | 10.2 ± 3.1 | <3.00 | 36.5 ± 6.3 | 5.64 ± 0.29 |
26 | 0.16 ± 0.16 | 1.43 ± 0.97 | 2.43 ± 0.04 | 5.49 ± 0.61 | 2.60 ± 1.27 | 0.12 ± 0.12 | 14.0 ± 7.0 | 3.68 ± 1.17 | 29.4 ± 3.5 | 5.26 ± 3.06 |
Detection limit | 0.07 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.05 | 0.03 | 3.0 | 0.5 | 0.7 |
Hazard class valid in Kazakhstan | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 |
MAC valid in Kazakhstan | 100 | 1000 | 30 | 250 | 100 | 30 | - | 500 | 700 | 50 |
MAC USEPA | 100 | - | 100 | 15 | 30 | - | 2000 | |||
MAC WHO | - | - | 70 | 70 | 10 | 30 | - | 700 | ||
Sample Code | Fe | Mn | Sr | V | Zn | Ca | K | Mg | Na | HMI |
Mean ± SD, μg/L | Mean ± SD, mg/L | |||||||||
1 | 4.91 ± 1.95 | 0.69 ± 0.33 | 528 ± 108 | 1.36 ± 0.62 | 40.9 ± 54.5 | 70.9 ± 9.3 | 1.97 ± 0.08 | 16.1 ± 1.7 | 20.4 ± 0.4 | 0.74 |
2 | 1.33 ± 0.80 | <0.50 | 569 ± 14 | <1.00 | 6.0 ± 3.6 | 70.9 ± 8.8 | 3.13 ± 0.13 | 13.5 ± 0.7 | 9.5 ± 0.9 | 0.76 |
3 | 20.2 ± 17.6 | 2.36 ± 2.65 | 109 ± 19 | <1.00 | 2.0 ± 0.4 | 22.4 ± 3.6 | 1.01 ± 0.28 | 2.17 ± 0.52 | 3.7 ± 0.8 | 0.47 |
4 | 19.6 ± 31.5 | 1.42 ± 1.60 | 184 ± 5 | 3.68 ± 0.26 | 8.4 ± 12.7 | 20.4 ± 0.6 | 1.65 ± 0.10 | 3.72 ± 0.16 | 9.9 ± 0.7 | 0.58 |
5 | 3.26 ± 3.17 | <0.50 | 293 ± 23 | <1.00 | 6.6 ± 0.4 | 56.0 ± 5.9 | 2.15 ± 0.24 | 6.13 ± 0.94 | 10.8 ± 0.8 | 0.71 |
6 | 20.7 ± 17.4 | 15.7 ± 24.9 | 450 ± 121 | 1.24 ± 0.41 | 145 ± 223 | 51.4 ± 5.1 | 1.98 ± 0.16 | 12.2 ± 3.4 | 14.3 ± 5.0 | 0.93 |
7 | 10.2 ± 10.9 | 1.05 ± 0.53 | 366 ± 229 | 1.39 ± 0.68 | 44.1 ± 55.8 | 36.1 ± 22.0 | 1.69 ± 0.49 | 9.74 ± 6.50 | 13.0 ± 8.9 | 0.64 |
8 | 1.94 ± 1.29 | <0.50 | 493 ± 48 | 1.17 ± 0.29 | 7.4 ± 6.0 | 44.4 ± 17.7 | 1.83 ± 0.12 | 13.5 ± 1.0 | 16.2 ± 3.8 | 0.76 |
9 | 2.13 ± 1.70 | <0.50 | 458 ± 76 | <1.00 | 3.1 ± 2.6 | 46.4 ± 20.4 | 1.91 ± 0.22 | 13.2 ± 1.6 | 14.4 ± 4.3 | 0.85 |
10 | 7.18 ± 4.68 | <0.50 | 422 ± 233 | 2.15 ± 0.59 | 6.3 ± 4.7 | 37.8 ± 17.6 | 1.78 ± 0.11 | 11.1 ± 6.6 | 16.9 ± 8.2 | 0.85 |
11 | 10.9 ± 12.2 | 1.63 ± 1.95 | 511 ± 47 | 1.13 ± 0.23 | 17.7 ± 17.6 | 84.5 ± 8.0 | 2.06 ± 0.18 | 16.1 ± 1.6 | 20.7 ± 5.3 | 0.97 |
12 | 12.4 ± 10.3 | 3.53 ± 4.85 | 105 ± 13 | <1.00 | 5.8 ± 5.6 | 22.3 ± 3.6 | 0.98 ± 0.28 | 2.16 ± 0.41 | 3.5 ± 0.8 | 0.60 |
13 | 5.98 ± 1.10 | <0.50 | 526 ± 6 | 1.91 ± 0.09 | 300 ± 71 | 56.0 ± 1.5 | 1.89 ± 0.20 | 14.1 ± 0.4 | 17.7 ± 2.1 | 0.69 |
14 | 14.5 ± 11.7 | 3.45 ± 2.38 | 119 ± 23 | <1.00 | 9.4 ± 3.3 | 24.6 ± 5.3 | 0.86 ± 0.13 | 2.88 ± 0.98 | 4.7 ± 1.8 | 0.44 |
15 | 2.73 ± 1.80 | <0.50 | 447 ± 68 | 1.24 ± 0.42 | 6.7 ± 5.7 | 66.9 ± 6.1 | 2.63 ± 0.11 | 12.0 ± 1.4 | 8.8 ± 1.5 | 0.74 |
16 | 15.1 ± 10.5 | <0.50 | 297 ± 291 | 1.58 ± 0.57 | 7.5 ± 4.7 | 35.7 ± 17.7 | 1.37 ± 0.33 | 7.15 ± 7.67 | 11.2 ± 12.5 | 0.63 |
17 | 3.04 ± 3.23 | <0.50 | 415 ± 18 | 1.55 ± 0.56 | 3.6 ± 2.6 | 52.0 ± 18.6 | 2.55 ± 0.09 | 11.1 ± 0.3 | 8.6 ± 1.3 | 0.90 |
18 | 5.24 ± 1.74 | <0.50 | 550 ± 8 | 1.41 ± 0.58 | 8.5 ± 2.3 | 56.7 ± 2.5 | 1.96 ± 0.15 | 14.4 ± 0.3 | 19.4 ± 0.6 | 0.65 |
19 | 2.89 ± 1.06 | <0.50 | 478 ± 40 | 1.37 ± 0.64 | 14.1 ± 2.9 | 55.6 ± 3.0 | 1.91 ± 0.13 | 13.0 ± 1.4 | 14.8 ± 0.4 | 0.76 |
20 | 10.0 ± 8.50 | 2.21 ± 2.48 | 104 ± 21 | <1.00 | 17.4 ± 24.1 | 21.3 ± 3.9 | 0.98 ± 0.30 | 2.06 ± 0.55 | 3.6 ± 0.7 | 0.64 |
21 | 8.15 ± 8.18 | 2.72 ± 3.84 | 102 ± 22 | <1.00 | 5.8 ± 1.0 | 21.7 ± 5.0 | 0.95 ± 0.31 | 2.18 ± 0.64 | 3.5 ± 1.1 | 0.43 |
22 | 4.88 ± 3.48 | 0.68 ± 0.25 | 279 ± 10 | <1.00 | 11.2 ± 7.0 | 54.1 ± 0.7 | 2.04 ± 0.04 | 5.54 ± 0.04 | 9.6 ± 2.1 | 0.72 |
23 | 2.65 ± 1.38 | <0.50 | 402 ± 29 | 1.70 ± 0.61 | 8.7 ± 1.2 | 63.8 ± 2.6 | 2.46 ± 0.10 | 11.3 ± 0.4 | 8.7 ± 1.5 | 0.67 |
24 | 5.15 ± 4.38 | 24.1 ± 30.8 | 253 ± 251 | <1.00 | 63.8 ± 96.3 | 37.6 ± 27.3 | 1.24 ± 0.51 | 6.46 ± 7.44 | 9.0 ± 9.8 | 0.68 |
25 | 5.13 ± 2.43 | 1.74 ± 1.75 | 451 ± 1 | 3.88 ± 0.43 | 7.1 ± 1.0 | 36.7 ± 4.1 | 1.55 ± 0.18 | 10.9 ± 1.01 | 27.2 ± 4.0 | 0.74 |
26 | 4.91 ± 1.95 | <0.50 | 502 ± 79 | 1.98 ± 0.49 | 80.7 ± 83.7 | 49.5 ± 14.8 | 1.96 ± 0.10 | 13.6 ± 1.2 | 15.6 ± 5.7 | 0.77 |
Detection limit | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 1.0 | 0.7 | 0.01 | 0.015 | 0.03 | 0.01 | |
Hazard class valid in Kazakhstan | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | |||
MAC valid in Kazakhstan | 300 | 100 | 7000 | 100 | 5000 | 30 | 20 | 200 | ||
MAC USEPA | 300 | 50 | - | - | 5000 | - | - | - | ||
MAC WHO | - | 400 | - | - | 5000 | - | - | 200 |
Sampling Point | Adults | Children | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dermal | Oral | CR | Dermal | Oral | CR | |
1 | 4.83 × 10−8 | 5.77 × 10−4 | 5.78 × 10−4 | 4.96 × 10−8 | 7.02 × 10−4 | 7.02 × 10−4 |
2 | 5.24 × 10−8 | 4.92 × 10−4 | 4.92 × 10−4 | 5.38 × 10−8 | 5.89 × 10−4 | 5.89 × 10−4 |
3 | 1.93 × 10−8 | 3.14 × 10−4 | 3.14 × 10−4 | 1.98 × 10−8 | 3.74 × 10−4 | 3.74 × 10−4 |
4 | 3.16 × 10−7 | 1.28 × 10−3 | 1.28 × 10−3 | 3.24 × 10−7 | 1.60 × 10−4 | 1.60 × 10−3 |
5 | 2.81 × 10−8 | 3.65 × 10−4 | 3.65 × 10−4 | 2.89 × 10−8 | 4.24 × 10−4 | 4.24 × 10−4 |
6 | 9.00 × 10−8 | 5.38 × 10−3 | 5.38 × 10−3 | 9.24 × 10−8 | 6.80 × 10−4 | 6.80 × 10−3 |
7 | 5.93 × 10−8 | 9.81 × 10−4 | 9.82 × 10−4 | 6.09 × 10−8 | 1.22 × 10−4 | 1.22 × 10−3 |
8 | 6.84 × 10−8 | 5.65 × 10−4 | 5.65 × 10−4 | 7.03 × 10−8 | 6.81 × 10−4 | 6.81 × 10−4 |
9 | 6.53 × 10−8 | 4.90 × 10−4 | 4.90 × 10−4 | 6.71 × 10−8 | 5.75 × 10−4 | 5.75 × 10−4 |
10 | 9.56 × 10−8 | 8.79 × 10−4 | 8.79 × 10−4 | 9.81 × 10−8 | 1.07 × 10−3 | 1.07 × 10−3 |
11 | 9.14 × 10−8 | 4.98 × 10−3 | 4.98 × 10−3 | 9.39 × 10−8 | 6.30 × 10−3 | 6.30 × 10−3 |
12 | 2.33 × 10−8 | 5.72 × 10−4 | 5.72 × 10−4 | 2.40 × 10−8 | 6.89 × 10−4 | 6.89 × 10−4 |
13 | 1.10 × 10−7 | 1.65 × 10−3 | 1.65 × 10−3 | 1.13 × 10−7 | 2.07 × 10−3 | 2.07 × 10−3 |
14 | 3.96 × 10−8 | 7.63 × 10−4 | 7.63 × 10−4 | 4.07 × 10−8 | 9.45 × 10−4 | 9.45 × 10−4 |
15 | 5.84 × 10−8 | 5.50 × 10−4 | 5.50 × 10−4 | 6.00 × 10−8 | 6.59 × 10−4 | 6.59 × 10−4 |
16 | 5.64 × 10−8 | 4.86 × 10−4 | 4.86 × 10−4 | 5.79 × 10−8 | 5.86 × 10−4 | 5.86 × 10−4 |
17 | 6.88 × 10−8 | 1.21 × 10−3 | 1.21 × 10−3 | 7.06 × 10−8 | 1.48 × 10−3 | 1.48 × 10−3 |
18 | 8.92 × 10−8 | 8.50 × 10−4 | 8.50 × 10−4 | 9.16 × 10−8 | 1.06 × 10−3 | 1.06 × 10−3 |
19 | 7.52 × 10−8 | 5.73 × 10−4 | 5.73 × 10−4 | 7.72 × 10−8 | 6.88 × 10−4 | 6.88 × 10−4 |
20 | 3.17 × 10−8 | 1.18 × 10−3 | 1.18 × 10−3 | 3.25 × 10−8 | 1.46 × 10−3 | 1.46 × 10−3 |
21 | 2.19 × 10−8 | 3.05 × 10−4 | 3.05 × 10−4 | 2.25 × 10−8 | 3.64 × 10−4 | 3.64 × 10−4 |
22 | 4.32 × 10−8 | 3.73 × 10−4 | 3.73 × 10−4 | 4.43 × 10−8 | 4.31 × 10−4 | 4.32 × 10−4 |
23 | 5.24 × 10−8 | 4.63 × 10−4 | 4.63 × 10−4 | 5.38 × 10−8 | 5.54 × 10−4 | 5.54 × 10−4 |
24 | 2.63 × 10−8 | 3.77 × 10−4 | 3.77 × 10−4 | 2.70 × 10−8 | 4.39 × 10−4 | 4.39 × 10−4 |
25 | 1.32 × 10−7 | 7.29 × 10−4 | 7.29 × 10−4 | 1.36 × 10−7 | 8.97 × 10−4 | 8.97 × 10−4 |
26 | 1.23 × 10−7 | 9.62 × 10−4 | 9.62 × 10−4 | 1.26 × 10−7 | 1.18 × 10−3 | 1.18 × 10−3 |
Max | 3.16 × 10−7 | 5.38 × 10−3 | 5.38 × 10−3 | 3.24 × 10−7 | 6.80 × 10−3 | 6.80 × 10−3 |
Min | 1.93 × 10−8 | 3.05 × 10−4 | 3.05 × 10−4 | 1.98 × 10−8 | 3.64 × 10−4 | 3.64 × 10−4 |
Co | Cu | Li | Mo | Ni | Pb | U | Al | Ba | Cr | Fe | Mn | Sr | V | Zn | Ca | K | Mg | Na | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Co | 1.00 | ||||||||||||||||||
Cu | 0.37 | 1.00 | |||||||||||||||||
Li | 0.41 | −0.07 | 1.00 | ||||||||||||||||
Mo | 0.61 | 0.12 | 0.35 | 1.00 | |||||||||||||||
Ni | 0.99 | 0.37 | 0.36 | 0.57 | 1.00 | ||||||||||||||
Pb | 0.20 | 0.68 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.20 | 1.00 | |||||||||||||
U | 0.31 | 0.27 | 0.20 | −0.03 | 0.32 | 0.14 | 1.00 | ||||||||||||
Al | −0.04 | 0.22 | −0.68 | −0.10 | −0.01 | 0.36 | −0.35 | 1.00 | |||||||||||
Ba | 0.03 | −0.10 | 0.20 | −0.26 | 0.03 | −0.24 | 0.26 | −0.32 | 1.00 | ||||||||||
Cr | 0.04 | −0.24 | 0.54 | 0.27 | 0.04 | −0.06 | −0.13 | −0.34 | −0.15 | 1.00 | |||||||||
Fe | 0.33 | 0.13 | −0.26 | 0.23 | 0.39 | 0.15 | −0.28 | 0.49 | −0.41 | 0.22 | 1.00 | ||||||||
Mn | 0.32 | 0.17 | −0.21 | −0.03 | 0.34 | 0.03 | 0.16 | 0.26 | −0.16 | −0.16 | 0.26 | 1.00 | |||||||
Sr | 0.29 | −0.01 | 0.86 | 0.11 | 0.22 | 0.09 | 0.28 | −0.66 | 0.34 | 0.19 | −0.54 | −0.20 | 1.00 | ||||||
V | −0.09 | −0.19 | 0.49 | 0.23 | −0.09 | −0.01 | −0.19 | −0.32 | −0.13 | 0.83 | 0.11 | −0.18 | 0.21 | 1.00 | |||||
Zn | 0.25 | 0.39 | 0.21 | −0.03 | 0.23 | 0.62 | −0.10 | 0.39 | −0.13 | 0.10 | 0.09 | 0.25 | 0.28 | 0.10 | 1.00 | ||||
Ca | 0.44 | 0.10 | 0.65 | 0.19 | 0.37 | −0.04 | 0.33 | −0.56 | 0.60 | −0.06 | −0.53 | −0.16 | 0.81 | −0.12 | 0.15 | 1.00 | |||
K | 0.16 | −0.03 | 0.64 | −0.11 | 0.12 | −0.05 | 0.43 | −0.67 | 0.76 | 0.15 | −0.56 | −0.27 | 0.76 | 0.07 | 0.04 | 0.82 | 1.00 | ||
Mg | 0.36 | 0.00 | 0.85 | 0.21 | 0.29 | 0.12 | 0.29 | −0.63 | 0.24 | 0.17 | −0.51 | −0.18 | 0.98 | 0.17 | 0.28 | 0.81 | 0.70 | 1.00 | |
Na | 0.32 | −0.01 | 0.84 | 0.36 | 0.26 | 0.03 | 0.05 | −0.56 | −0.01 | 0.37 | −0.28 | −0.14 | 0.78 | 0.52 | 0.25 | 0.50 | 0.33 | 0.78 | 1.00 |
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Krasnopyorova, M.; Gorlachev, I.; Kharkin, P.; Severinenko, M.; Zheltov, D. Study of the Trace Element Composition of Drinking Water in Almaty City and Human Health Risk Assessment. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2025, 22, 560. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22040560
Krasnopyorova M, Gorlachev I, Kharkin P, Severinenko M, Zheltov D. Study of the Trace Element Composition of Drinking Water in Almaty City and Human Health Risk Assessment. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2025; 22(4):560. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22040560
Chicago/Turabian StyleKrasnopyorova, Marina, Igor Gorlachev, Pavel Kharkin, Mariya Severinenko, and Dmitriy Zheltov. 2025. "Study of the Trace Element Composition of Drinking Water in Almaty City and Human Health Risk Assessment" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 22, no. 4: 560. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22040560
APA StyleKrasnopyorova, M., Gorlachev, I., Kharkin, P., Severinenko, M., & Zheltov, D. (2025). Study of the Trace Element Composition of Drinking Water in Almaty City and Human Health Risk Assessment. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 22(4), 560. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22040560