Physical Activity as a Mediator in the Relationship Between Body Image Perception and Low Mood in Adolescents
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Design and Population
Measurements
2.2. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
Limitations and Strengths
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Frequency of Physical Activity (Days) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | Total (%) | ||
Age group (%) | Aged 10–12 years | 1570 (21.2) | 2882 (26.2) | 5149 (26.7) | 7352 (28.5) | 7396 (30.6) | 7530 (32.3) | 4991 (33.1) | 10,665 (37.8) | 47,535 (30.8) |
Aged 13–15 years | 2220 (29.9) | 3471 (31.5) | 6579 (34.2) | 8886 (34.5) | 8616 (35.6) | 8131 (34.9) | 5338 (35.4) | 9479 (33.6) | 52,720 (34.2) | |
Aged 16–17 years | 3626 (48.9) | 4656 (42.3) | 7529 (39.1) | 9527 (35.0) | 8160 (33.8) | 7655 (32.8) | 4741 (31.5) | 8034 (28.5) | 53,928 (35.0) | |
Sex (%) | Boy | 3093 (41.7) | 4335 (39.4) | 7598 (39.5) | 11,324 (44.0) | 11,623 (48.1) | 12,084 (51.8) | 8048 (53.4) | 16,663 (59.1) | 74,768 (48.5) |
Girls | 4323 (58.3) | 6674 (60.6) | 11,659 (60.5) | 14,441 (54.0) | 12,549 (51.9) | 11,232 (48.2) | 7022 (46.6) | 11,515 (40.9) | 79,415 (51.5) | |
BMI (%) | Thinness | 1122 (15.1) | 1639 (14.9) | 2275 (14.4) | 3538 (13.7) | 3281 (13.6) | 3134 (13.4) | 2056 (13.6) | 4367 (15.5) | 21,912 (14.2) |
Normal weight | 4820 (65.0) | 7357 (66.8) | 13,016 (67.6) | 17,730 (68.8) | 17,084 (70,7) | 16,789 (72.0) | 11,181 (74.2) | 20,353 (72.2) | 108,330 (70.3) | |
Overweight | 1159 (15.6) | 1611 (14.6) | 2754 (14.3) | 3685 (14.3) | 3114 (12.9) | 2866 (12.3) | 1574 (10.4) | 2909 (10.3) | 19,672 (12.8) | |
Obesity | 315 (4.2) | 402 (3.7) | 712 (3.7) | 812 (3.2) | 693 (2.9) | 527 (2.3) | 259 (1.7) | 549 (1.9) | 4269 (2.8) | |
Feeling low mood (%) | About every day | 1278 (17.2) | 1340 (12.2) | 2016 (10.5) | 2078 (8.1) | 1662 (6.9) | 1507 (6.5) | 816 (5.4) | 2074 (7.4) | 12,771 (8.3) |
More than once/week | 1090 (14.7) | 1729 (15.7) | 2475 (12.9) | 2123 (12.2) | 2529 (10.5) | 2234 (9.6) | 1312 (8.7) | 2298 (8.2) | 16,799 (10,9) | |
About every week | 949 (12.8) | 1565 (14.2) | 2752 (14.3) | 3549 (13.8) | 3223 (13.3) | 2799 (12.0) | 1839 (12.2) | 2805 (10.0) | 19,481 (12.6) | |
About every month | 1205 (16.2) | 2092 (19.0) | 4084 (21.2) | 5579 (21.7) | 5401 (22.3) | 5241 (22.5) | 3337 (22.1) | 5229 (18.6) | 32,168 (20.9) | |
Rarely or never | 2894 (39.0) | 4283 (38.9) | 7930 (41.2) | 11,427 (44.4) | 11,357 (47.0) | 11,535 (49.5) | 7766 (51.5) | 15,772 (56.0) | 72,964 (47.3) | |
Body image (%) | Much too thin | 401 (5.4) | 453 (4.1) | 716 (3.7) | 718 (2.8) | 705 (2.9) | 665 (2.9) | 423 (2.8) | 1290 (4.6) | 5371 (3.5) |
Bit too thin | 1125 (15.2) | 1521 (13.8) | 2725 (14.2) | 3625(14.1) | 3391 (14.0) | 3304 (14.2) | 2286 (15.0) | 4338 (15.4) | 22,315 (14.5) | |
About right | 3454 (46.6) | 5671 (51.5) | 9903 (51.4) | 13,833 (55.7) | 13,467 (55.7) | 13,543 (58.1) | 9092 (60.3) | 17,603(62.5) | 86,569 (56.1) | |
Bit too fat | 1903 (25.7) | 2856 (25.9) | 5126 (26.6) | 6614 (25.7) | 5882 (24.3) | 5155 (22.1) | 2920 (19.4) | 4301 (15.3) | 34,757 (22.5) | |
Much too fat | 530 (7.1) | 508 (4.6) | 787 (4.1) | 975 (3.8) | 727 (3.0) | 649 (2.8) | 349 (2.3) | 646 (2.3) | 5171 (3.4) |
Low Mood Category a | Variable Predictor | Beta | OR (95% IC) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
About every day | PA 0 days | 0.78 | 2.19 (2.01–2.38) | <0.001 |
PA 1 days | 0.52 | 1.69 (1.56–1.83) | <0.001 | |
PA 2 days | 0.32 | 1.38 (1.29–1.48) | <0.001 | |
PA 3 days | 0.05 | 1.05 (0.98–1.12) | 0.13 | |
PA 4 days | −0.09 | 0.91(0.84–0.97) | 0.01 | |
PA 5 days | −0.15 | 0.86 (0.80–0.92) | <0.001 | |
PA 6 days | −0.32 | 0.72 (0.66–0.79) | <0.001 | |
PA 7 days | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
More than once/week | PA 0 days | 0.61 | 1.84 (1.69–2.01) | <0.001 |
PA 1 days | 0.74 | 2.10 (1.95–2.25) | <0.001 | |
PA 2 days | 0.48 | 1.62 (1.52–1.73) | <0.001 | |
PA 3 days | 0.40 | 1.50 (1.41–1.59) | <0.001 | |
PA 4 days | 0.25 | 1.29 (1.21–1.37) | <0.001 | |
PA 5 days | 0.16 | 1.17 (1.10–1.25) | <0.001 | |
PA 6 days | 0.05 | 1.05 (0.98–1.14) | 0.12 | |
PA 7 days | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
About every week | PA 0 days | 0.36 | 1.44 (1.32–1.57) | <0.001 |
PA 1 days | 0.52 | 1.68 (1.56–1.80) | <0.001 | |
PA 2 days | 0.46 | 1.59 (1.50–1.69) | <0.001 | |
PA 3 days | 0.39 | 1.47 (1.39–1.56) | <0.001 | |
PA 4 days | 0.34 | 1.40 (1.32–1.48) | <0.001 | |
PA 5 days | 0.21 | 1.24 (1.17–1.31) | <0.001 | |
PA 6 days | 0.21 | 1.24 (1.16–1.32) | <0.001 | |
PA 7 days | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
About every month | PA 0 days | 0.09 | 1.10 (1.02–1.18) | 0.010 |
PA 1 days | 0.28 | 1.32 (1.24–1.40) | <0.001 | |
PA 2 days | 0.33 | 1.39 (1.32–1.46) | <0.001 | |
PA 3 days | 0.29 | 1.34 (1.28–1.40) | <0.001 | |
PA 4 days | 0.29 | 1.33 (1.27–1.40) | <0.001 | |
PA 5 days | 0.26 | 1.30 (1.24–1.36) | <0.001 | |
PA 6 days | 0.21 | 1.24 (1.18–1.31) | <0.001 | |
PA 7 days | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Low Mood Category a | Variable Predictor | Beta | OR (95% IC) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
About every day | BI—Much too thin | −1.09 | 0.33 (0.29–0.37) | <0.001 |
BI—Bit too thin | −1.75 | 0.17 (0.15–0.19) | <0.001 | |
BI—About right | −2.11 | 0.12 (0.11–0.13) | <0.001 | |
BI—Bit too fat | −1.26 | 0.28 (0.25–0.30) | <0.001 | |
BI—Much too fat | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
More than once/week | BI—Much too thin | −0.81 | 0.44 (0.32–0.50) | <0.001 |
BI—Bit too thin | −1.07 | 0.34 (0.30–0.37) | <0.001 | |
BI—About right | −1.34 | 0.26 (0.23–0.28) | <0.001 | |
BI—Bit fat | −0.67 | 0.50 (0.46–0.55) | <0.001 | |
BI—Much too fat | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
About every week | BI—Much too thin | −0.58 | 0.55 (0.48–0.63) | <0.001 |
BI—Bit too thin | −0.57 | 0.56 (0.50–0.62) | <0.001 | |
BI—About right | −0.85 | 0.42 (0.38–0.46) | <0.001 | |
BI—Bit too fat | −0.33 | 0.71 (0.64–0.79) | <0.001 | |
BI—Much too fat | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
About every month | BI—Much too thin | −0.45 | 0.63 (0.56–0.71) | <0.001 |
BI—Bit too thin | −0.26 | 0.76 (0.69–0.84) | <0.001 | |
BI—About right | −0.40 | 0.66 (0.60–0.73) | <0.001 | |
BI—Bit too fat | −0.10 | 0.90 (0.82–0.99) | 0.03 | |
BI—Much too fat | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Low Mood Category a | Variable Predictor | Beta | OR (95% IC) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
About every day | Age | 0.19 | 1.21 (1.20–1.23) | <0.001 |
Male | −0.90 | 0.40 (0.38–0.42) | <0.001 | |
Female | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
BMI—thinness | 0.27 | 1.32 (1.16–1.49) | <0.001 | |
BMI—normal weight | 0.25 | 1.29 (1.15–1.44) | <0.001 | |
BMI—overweight | 0.17 | 1.19 (1.06–1.34) | 0.003 | |
BMI—obesity | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
More than once/week | Age | 0.18 | 1.20 (1.18–1.21) | <0.001 |
Male | −0.75 | 0.46 (0.45–0.48) | <0.001 | |
Female | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
BMI—thinness | 0.18 | 1.19 (1.06–1.34) | 0.002 | |
BMI—normal weight | 0.18 | 1.20 (1.08–1.33) | <0.001 | |
BMI—overweight | 0.08 | 1.09 (0.97 -1.21) | 0.114 | |
BMI—obesity | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
About every week | Age | 0.15 | 1.16 (1.15–1.17) | <0.001 |
Male | −0.53 | 0.58 (0.56–0.60) | <0.001 | |
Female | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
BMI—thinness | 0.17 | 1.18 (1.05–1.32) | 0.003 | |
BMI—normal weight | 0.23 | 1.26 (1.14 -1.40) | <0.001 | |
BMI—overweight | 0.13 | 1.14 (1.02 -1.27) | 0.016 | |
BMI—obesity | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
About every month | Age | 0.09 | 1.10 (1.09–1.11) | <0.001 |
Male | −0.25 | 0.77 (0.75–0.79) | <0.001 | |
Female | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
BMI—thinness | 0.22 | 1.24 (1.13–1.37) | <0.001 | |
BMI—normal weight | 0.20 | 1.23 (1.12–1.34) | <0.001 | |
BMI—overweight | 0.12 | 1.13 (1.03–1.24) | <0.001 | |
BMI—obesity | 0 | 0 | 0 |
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Melo, G.L.R.; Alves Maciel, L.; Espírito Santo, R.; Brand, C.; Reuter, C.P.; Razbadauskas, A.; Rauckienė-Michaelsson, A.; Agostinis-Sobrinho, C. Physical Activity as a Mediator in the Relationship Between Body Image Perception and Low Mood in Adolescents. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2025, 22, 288. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22020288
Melo GLR, Alves Maciel L, Espírito Santo R, Brand C, Reuter CP, Razbadauskas A, Rauckienė-Michaelsson A, Agostinis-Sobrinho C. Physical Activity as a Mediator in the Relationship Between Body Image Perception and Low Mood in Adolescents. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2025; 22(2):288. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22020288
Chicago/Turabian StyleMelo, Geiziane Leite Rodrigues, Larissa Alves Maciel, Rafaela Espírito Santo, Caroline Brand, Cézane Priscila Reuter, Artūras Razbadauskas, Alona Rauckienė-Michaelsson, and Cesar Agostinis-Sobrinho. 2025. "Physical Activity as a Mediator in the Relationship Between Body Image Perception and Low Mood in Adolescents" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 22, no. 2: 288. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22020288
APA StyleMelo, G. L. R., Alves Maciel, L., Espírito Santo, R., Brand, C., Reuter, C. P., Razbadauskas, A., Rauckienė-Michaelsson, A., & Agostinis-Sobrinho, C. (2025). Physical Activity as a Mediator in the Relationship Between Body Image Perception and Low Mood in Adolescents. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 22(2), 288. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22020288