Cervical Cancer Screening Uptake Among Women with Disabilities: Findings from a Cross-Sectional Study in Chile
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Cervical Cancer and Women with Disabilities in Chile
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data
2.2. Variables
- Age groups: 18–24/25–34/35–49/50–64/65–75. Survey question: What is your age?
- Civil status: married/living with or in a relationship/separated, divorced, annulled/widowed/single. Survey question: What is your marital or civil status?
- Zone: urban/rural. This information was provided by the trained interviewer, depending on the location of the private home;
- Education: did not attend school/special/primary/secondary/tertiary. Survey question: What is the highest educational level that you achieved?
- Employment: employed/unemployed/inactive (‘inactive’ people are those who do not work, and neither do they seek employment). This variable was generated by the Ministry of Social Development and Family, based on a number of employment-related variables;
- Per capita family income: 0–350,000/350,001–500,000/500,001–1,000,000/1,000,001+ Chilean pesos (CHP). This variable was generated by the UN Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean based on a number of income-related variables;
- Health insurance: FONASA (public)/ISAPRE (private)/armed forces and order/none (out-of-pocket). Survey question: To what health insurance system are you affiliated?
- Medical treatment: No/Yes (question on whether people receive treatment for at least one out of 22 diseases, such as hypertension, diabetes, depression, and various types of cancer). Survey question: In the last 12 months, have you been in medical treatment for any of the following diseases?
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | n = 71,989 | ||
---|---|---|---|
Women with Disabilities (n = 11,041) | Women Without Disabilities (n = 60,948) | p Value | |
Papanicolaou test | |||
Yes | 6007 (54.5%) | 36,932 (61.0%) | p < 0.001 |
No | 5034 (45.5%) | 24,016 (39.0%) | |
Age groups | |||
18–24 | 594 (5.9%) | 8424 (13.4%) | p < 0.001 |
25–34 | 880 (9.5%) | 12,460 (23.7%) | |
35–49 | 1832 (19.8%) | 16,610 (30.2%) | |
50–64 | 4309 (35.9%) | 16,115 (22.8%) | |
65–75 | 3426 (28.9%) | 7339 (10.0%) | |
Civil status | |||
Married | 3871 (35.4%) | 18,761 (31.3%) | p < 0.001 |
Living with or in a relationship | 1422 (14.4%) | 12,800 (24.2%) | |
Separated, divorced or annulled | 1520 (13.6%) | 5501 (8.3%) | |
Widowed | 1172 (9.4%) | 2687 (3.6%) | |
Single | 3056 (27.2%) | 21,199 (32.6%) | |
Zone | |||
Urban | 8928 (88.5%) | 49,283 (89%) | p = 0.024 |
Rural | 2113 (11.5%) | 11,665 (10.7%) | |
Education | |||
Did not attend school | 414 (3.9%) | 448 (0.5%) | p < 0.001 |
Special | 251 (2.3%) | 54 (0.09%) | |
Primary | 4028 (31.5%) | 11,126 (14.0%) | |
Secondary | 4285 (39.5%) | 26,725 (41.7%) | |
Tertiary | 2063 (23.9%) | 22,595 (43.7%) | |
Employment | |||
Employed | 3415 (34.9%) | 30,678 (54.5%) | p < 0.001 |
Unemployed | 427 (4.2%) | 3467 (6.0%) | |
Inactive | 7199 (60.9%) | 26,803 (39.5%) | |
Per capita family income * | |||
0–350,000 | 5735 (48.4%) | 31,628 (47.2%) | p < 0.001 |
350,001–500,000 | 2660 (23.7%) | 12,229 (19.7%) | |
500,001–1,000,000 | 2185 (21.5%) | 12,499 (22.0%) | |
1,000,001+ | 461 (6.4%) | 4592 (11.1%) | |
Health Insurance | |||
FONASA (Public) | 10,126 (88.5%) | 52,448 (80.8%) | p < 0.001 |
ISAPRE (Private) | 563 (8.3%) | 5917 (14.8%) | |
Armed Forces and Order | 135 (1.4%) | 797 (1.3%) | |
None (Out-of-Pocket) | 184 (1.9%) | 1557 (3.2%) | |
Medical Treatment | |||
No | 2826 (27.8%) | 38,242 (65.7%) | p < 0.001 |
Yes | 8105 (72.1%) | 21,894 (34.3%) |
OR | 95% CI | Obs. | Sub-Population Size | F (p Value) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Simple logistic regression | |||||
Women with disabilities | 0.765 | 0.726–0.807 | 71,989 | 6,746,130 | 96.66 (p < 0.001) |
Multivariable logistic regression * | |||||
Women with disabilities | 0.820 | 0.771–0.871 | 71,067 | 6,658,856 | 239.13 (p < 0.001) |
Coefficient | Std. Error | OR | 95% CI | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age groups (Reference: 18–24) | |||||
25–34 | 1.668 | 0.156 | 5.302 | 3.906–7.199 | p < 0.001 |
35–49 | 2.111 | 0.158 | 8.259 | 6.056–11.263 | p < 0.001 |
50–64 | 1.766 | 0.150 | 5.850 | 4.361–7.847 | p < 0.001 |
65–75 | 0.612 | 0.156 | 1.845 | 1.358–2.506 | p < 0.001 |
Civil status (Reference: Married) | |||||
Living with or in a relationship | 0.140 | 0.091 | 1.150 | 0.962–1.374 | p = 0.125 |
Separated, divorced, annulled | −0.166 | 0.088 | 0.847 | 0.713–1.006 | p = 0.058 |
Widowed | −0.297 | 0.093 | 0.743 | 0.620–0.891 | p = 0.001 |
Single | −0.496 | 0.077 | 0.609 | 0.524–0.708 | p < 0.001 |
Zone (Reference: Urban) | |||||
Rural | 0.284 | 0.065 | 1.328 | 1.168–1.509 | p < 0.001 |
Education (Reference: Did not attend school) | |||||
Special | −0.913 | 0.244 | 0.401 | 0.248–0.648 | p = 0.004 |
Primary | 0.500 | 0.136 | 1.649 | 1.264–2.152 | p < 0.001 |
Secondary | 0.620 | 0.138 | 1.859 | 1.418–2.437 | p < 0.001 |
Tertiary | 0.608 | 0.153 | 1.836 | 1.361–2.478 | p < 0.001 |
Employment (Reference: Employed) | |||||
Unemployed | −0.029 | 0.147 | 0.971 | 0.728–1.295 | p = 0.842 |
Inactive | −0.475 | 0.066 | 0.622 | 0.546–0.708 | p < 0.001 |
Per capita family income (Reference: 0–350,000 CHP) | |||||
350,001–500,000 | 0.049 | 0.064 | 1.050 | 0.927–1.190 | p = 0.442 |
500,001–1,000,000 | −0.028 | 0.076 | 0.973 | 0.837–1.130 | p = 0.718 |
1,000,001+ | −0.216 | 0.197 | 0.806 | 0.548–1.184 | p = 0.272 |
Health insurance (Reference: FONASA) | |||||
ISAPRE (private) | 0.283 | 0.185 | 1.327 | 0.924–1.905 | p = 0.126 |
Armed Forces and Order | 0.216 | 0.231 | 1.242 | 0.790–1.953 | p = 0.349 |
None (out-of-pocket) | −0.190 | 0.228 | 0.827 | 0.529–1.294 | p = 0.406 |
Medical treatment (Reference: No) | |||||
Yes | 0.359 | 0.067 | 1.432 | 1.255–1.633 | p < 0.001 |
Observations | 10,931 | ||||
Sub-population size | 902,130 | ||||
F | 44.32 | ||||
p | p < 0.001 |
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Jara-Rosales, S.; Rotarou, E.S. Cervical Cancer Screening Uptake Among Women with Disabilities: Findings from a Cross-Sectional Study in Chile. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2024, 21, 1578. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21121578
Jara-Rosales S, Rotarou ES. Cervical Cancer Screening Uptake Among Women with Disabilities: Findings from a Cross-Sectional Study in Chile. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2024; 21(12):1578. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21121578
Chicago/Turabian StyleJara-Rosales, Sergio, and Elena S. Rotarou. 2024. "Cervical Cancer Screening Uptake Among Women with Disabilities: Findings from a Cross-Sectional Study in Chile" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 21, no. 12: 1578. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21121578
APA StyleJara-Rosales, S., & Rotarou, E. S. (2024). Cervical Cancer Screening Uptake Among Women with Disabilities: Findings from a Cross-Sectional Study in Chile. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 21(12), 1578. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21121578