Food Acquisition Locations and Food Groups Acquired According to Levels of Food Insecurity in Brazil
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Ethical Statement
2.2. Data Source, Population, and Sampling
2.3. Places of Food Acquisition
2.4. Food Groups
2.5. Household Food Insecurity
2.6. Covariates
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO); World Health Organization (WHO). The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2024: Financing to End Hunger, Food Insecurity and Malnutrition in All Its Forms; WHO: Rome, Italy, 2024. [Google Scholar]
- Brasil. Lei nº 11.346, de 15 de Setembro de 2006. Cria o Sistema Nacional de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional (SISAN) com Vistas em Assegurar o Direito Humano à Alimentação Adequada e dá Outras Providências. Diário Oficial da República Federativa do Brasil. Available online: https://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ato2004-2006/2006/lei/l11346.htm (accessed on 18 September 2021).
- de Bem Lignani, L.J.; de Araujo Palmeira, P.; Antunes, M.M.L.; Salles-Costa, R. Relationship between social indicators and food insecurity: A systematic review. Rev. Bras. Epidemiol. 2020, 2, e200068. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Food and Agriculture Organization. O Estado da Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional no Brasil: Um Retrato Multidimensional; Food and Agriculture Organization: Brasília, Brazil, 2014. [Google Scholar]
- Glanz, K.; Johnson, L.; Yaroch, A.L.; Phillips, M.; Ayala, G.X.; Davis, E.L. Measures of retail food store environments and sales: Review and implications for healthy eating initiatives. J. Nutr. Educ. Behav. 2016, 48, 280–288. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mendes, L.L.; Cardoso, L.d.O.; Menezes, M.C.d.; Pessoa, M.C. A incorporação dos ambientes alimentares na Política Nacional de Alimentação e Nutrição: Uma abordagem de possibilidades, avanços e desafios. Cad. Saúde Pública 2021, 37, e00038621. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- International Panel of Experts on Sustainable Food Systems (IPES-FOOD). Unraveling the Food Health Nexus: Addressing Practices, Political Economy, and Power Relations to Build Healthier Food Systems; The Global Alliance for the Future of Food and IPES-Food: Geneva, Switzerland, 2017. [Google Scholar]
- Glanz, K.; Sallis, J.F.; Saelens, B.E.; Frank, L.D. Healthy nutrition environments: Concepts and measures. Am. J. Health Promot. 2005, 19, 330–333. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fortes, M.F.; Borges, C.A.; Miranda WCd Jaime, P.C. Mapeando as desigualdades socioeconômicas na distribuição do comércio varejista local. Segurança Aliment. Nutr. 2018, 25, 45–58. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pérez-Escamilla, R. Food and nutrition security definitions, constructs, frameworks, measurements, and applications: Global lessons. Front. Public Health 2024, 12, 1340149. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lopes, A.C.S.; Menezes, M.C.D.; Araújo, M.L.D. O ambiente alimentar e o acesso a frutas e hortaliças: Uma metrópole em perspectiva. Saúde Soc. 2017, 26, 764–773. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Salles-Costa, R.; Segall-Corrêa, A.M.; Alexandre-Weiss, V.P.; Pasquim, E.M.; Paula, N.M.d.; Lignani, J.d.B.; Del Grossi, M.E.; Zimmermann, S.A.; de Medeiros, M.A.T.; Santos, S.M.C.D.; et al. Rise and fall of household food security in Brazil, 2004 to 2022. Cad. Saúde Pública. 2023, 39, e00191122. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gurgel, A.D.M.; Santos, C.C.S.D.; de Souza Alves, K.P.; de Araujo, J.M.; Leal, V.S. Estratégias governamentais para a garantia do direito humano à alimentação adequada e saudável no enfrentamento à pandemia de COVID-19 no Brasil. Cien Saude Colet 2020, 25, 4945–4956. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares 2017–2018: Primeiros Resultados; IBGE: Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2019; pp. 1–72. [Google Scholar]
- de Menezes, M.C.; Pereira de Castro Junior, P.C.; Kroker-Lobos, M.F.; Ferrer, C.P.; Tumas, N.; de Castro, I.R.R.; Cardoso, L.O. Is it appropriate to import existing food retail environment definitions for the Latin American context? A systematic search and expert knowledge. Cities Health 2023, 7, 46–58. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Costa, J.C.; Claro, R.M.; Martins, A.P.B.; Levy, R.B. Food purchasing sites: Repercussions for healthy eating. Appetite 2013, 70, 99–103. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Machado, P.P.; Claro, R.M.; Martins, A.P.B.; Costa, J.C.; Levy, R.B. Is food store type associated with the consumption of ultra-processed food and drink products in Brazil? Public Health Nutr. 2018, 21, 201–209. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares 2017–2018: Avaliação Nutricional da Disponibilidade Domiciliar de Alimentos No Brasil; IBGE: Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2020; pp. 1–56. [Google Scholar]
- Segall-Corrêa, A.M.; Marin-León, L.; Melgar-Quiñonez, H.; Pérez-Escamilla, R. Refinement of the Brazilian Household Food Insecurity Measurement Scale: Recommendation for a 14-item EBIA. Rev. Nutr. 2014, 27, 241–251. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares 2017–2018: Análise da Segurança Alimentar; IBGE: Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2020; pp. 1–59. [Google Scholar]
- Cherol, C.C.d.S.; Ferreira, A.A.; Lignani, J.d.B.; Salles-Costa, R. Regional and social inequalities in food insecurity in Brazil, 2013–2018. Cad. Saúde Pública. 2023, 38, e00083822. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Santos, L.A.; Pérez-Escamilla, R.; Cherol, C.C.d.S.; Ferreira, A.A.; Salles-Costa, R. Gender, skin color, and household composition explain inequities in household food insecurity in Brazil. PLOS Glob. Public Health 2023, 3, e0002324. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gubert, M.B.; Benício, M.H.D.A.; Silva, J.P.; Rosa, T.E.C.; Santos, S.M.; Santos, L.M.P. Use of a predictive model for food insecurity estimates in Brazil. Arch. Latinoam. Nutr. 2010, 60, 119–125. [Google Scholar]
- Gubert, M.B.; Segall-Correa, A.M.; Spaniol, A.M.; Pedroso, J.; Coelho, S.E.A.C.; Perez-Escamilla, R. Household food insecurity in black-slaves descendant communities in Brazil: Has the legacy of slavery truly ended? Public Health Nutr. 2017, 20, 1513–1522. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bezerra, J.E. Geografia, comércio e consumo: Os supermercados como tema geográfico. Rev. Espaço Geogr. 2020, 23, 143–161. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Matioli, V.; Peres, J. Donos do Mercado: Como os Grandes Supermercados Exploram Trabalhadores, Fornecedores e a Sociedade; Editora Elefante: São Paulo, Brazil, 2020. [Google Scholar]
- Duran, A.C.d.F.L. Ambiente Alimentar Urbano em São Paulo, Brasil: Avaliação, Desigualdades e Associação com Consumo Alimentar. Ph.D. Thesis, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil, 2013. [Google Scholar]
- Taillie, L.S.; Ng, S.W.; Popkin, B.M. Global growth of “big box” stores and the potential impact on human health and nutrition. Nutr. Rev. 2016, 74, 83–97. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Monteiro, C.A.; Cannon, G.; Levy, R.B.; Moubarac, J.-C.; Louzada, M.L.; Rauber, F.; Khandpur, N.; Cediel, G.; Neri, D.; Martinez-Steele, E.; et al. Ultra-processed foods: What they are and how to identify them. Public Health Nutr. 2019, 22, 936–941. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Beslay, M.; Srour, B.; Méjean, C.; Allès, B.; Fiolet, T.; Debras, C.; Chazelas, E.; Deschasaux, M.; Wendeu-Foyet, M.G.; Hercberg, S.; et al. Ultra-processed food intake in association with BMI change and risk of overweight and obesity: A prospective analysis of the French NutriNet-Santé cohort. PLoS Med. 2020, 17, e1003256. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Moura, T.L. Formatos de Varejo de Alimentos: Um Estudo Sobre as Preferências do Consumidor. Master’s Thesis, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil, 2005. [Google Scholar]
- Narciso Gomes Junior, N.; Loureiro Borges, B. O varejo moderno de alimentos: Modernidade e insegurança alimentar e nutricional. Retratos Assentamentos 2019, 22, 11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Farina, E.M.M.Q.; Nunes, R.; Monteiro, G.F.d.A. Supermarkets and their impacts on the agrifood system of Brazil: The competition among retailers. Agribusiness 2005, 21, 133–147. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Parente, J. Varejo no Brasil: Gestão e Estratégia; Editora Atlas: São Paulo, Brazil, 2000. [Google Scholar]
- Associação Brasileira de Supermercados (ABRAS). ABRAS/SuperHiper. PSE Pequeno Supermercado Eficiente. June 2018. Year 44. No. 503. Available online: https://www.abras.com.br/edicoes-anteriores/Main.php?MagNo=232#page/1 (accessed on 7 September 2021).
- Ministério da Saúde (MS). Guia Alimentar para a População Brasileira. 2014. Available online: https://www.gov.br/saude/pt-br/assuntos/saude-brasil/publicacoes-para-promocao-a-saude/guia_alimentar_populacao_brasileira_2ed.pdf/view (accessed on 20 October 2021).
- da Luz, L.F.; Maluf, R.S. Social participation in political spaces and the valuing of culture as empowering resources to promote access to quality food in Brazil. Rev. Int. Des Études Du Développement 2019, 237, 115–136. [Google Scholar]
- Preiss, P.V.; Schneider, S.; Coelho-de-Souza, G. A Contribuição Brasileira à Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional Sustentável; Editora da UFRGS: Porto Alegre, Brazil, 2020. [Google Scholar]
- Maluf, R.S. Decentralized food systems and eating in localities: A multi-scale approach. Rev. Econ. Sociol Rural. 2021, 59, 238782. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Brasil. Portaria Interministerial MDA/SG-PR/MAPA/MDS/MMA/MS/MCTI nº 7, de 16 de Outubro de 2024. Available online: https://www.in.gov.br/en/web/dou/-/portaria-interministerial-mda/sg-pr/mapa/mds/mma/ms/mcti-n-7-590823503 (accessed on 12 November 2024).
Food Groups | Included Foods |
---|---|
Rice | White rice, polished rice, parboiled rice |
Beans | Black-eyed peas, black beans, cowpeas, other beans |
Vegetables and greens | Cabbage, chard, kale, parsley, watercress, lettuce, cauliflower, tomato, bell pepper, beetroot, eggplant, carrot, okra, pumpkin, jiló (a type of bitter eggplant), string beans, onion, chayote, other vegetables and greens |
Fruits | Banana, orange, apple, lemon, melon, watermelon, pineapple, avocado, mango, guava, strawberry, grape, pear, papaya, persimmon, tangerine, other fruits |
Red meats | First-cut beef, second-cut beef |
Fish | Fresh fish, frozen filleted fish, freshwater fish, saltwater fish |
Poultry | Chicken wing, chicken breast, chicken thigh, chicken back, other chicken cuts |
Eggs | Chicken egg |
Milk and dairy products | Pasteurized cow’s milk, fresh cow’s milk, cream, condensed milk, whole milk powder, skim milk powder, other dairy products |
Bread | Industrialized sliced bread, cheese bread, corn bread, whole grain bread, sweet bread, other breads |
Biscuits | Filled/sweet cookies, savory cookies |
Sugary drinks | Soft drinks, powdered fruit juice, bottled fruit juice, energy drinks, other beverages |
Sociodemographic Characteristics | Brazil | North | Northeast | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% | 95% CI | % | 95% CI | % | 95% CI | |
Monthly per capita income (minimum wage) | ||||||
≤1 | 29.9 | (29.0; 30.8) | 58.5 | (55.6; 61.4) | 49.7 | (48.2; 51.2) |
>1 e ≤ 2 | 34.0 | (33.1; 34.9) | 26.5 | (24.1; 28.5) | 31.5 | (30.3; 33.0) |
>2 | 36.1 | (34.9; 37.4) | 15.2 | (13.2; 17.5) | 18.7 | (17.2; 20.2) |
Area | ||||||
Urban | 88.4 | (87.9; 89.0) | 81.3 | (79.5; 83.0) | 79.2 | (77.7; 80.6) |
Rural | 11.6 | (11.0; 12.1) | 18.7 | (17.0; 20.5) | 20.8 | (19.4; 22.3) |
Place of purchase | ||||||
Supermarkets | 45.0 | (44.1; 46.0) | 33.8 | (31.1; 36.5) | 28.2 | (27.0; 29.5) |
Small markets | 36.1 | (35.3; 37.0) | 48.0 | (46.5; 50.4) | 47.0 | (45.8; 48.2) |
Street fair/fruit and vegetable stores/public markets | 14.5 | (14.0; 15.0) | 12.3 | (10.6; 14.2) | 19.6 | (18.8; 20.5) |
Others | 4.3 | (4.1; 4.5) | 5.9 | (5.3; 6.6) | 5.1 | (4.7; 5.5) |
South | Southeast | Center–West | ||||
(%) | 95% CI | (%) | 95% CI | (%) | 95% CI | |
Monthly per capita income (minimum wage) | ||||||
≤1 | 19.8 | (18.4; 21.2) | 17.1 | (15.7; 18.7) | 21.6 | (19.6; 23.8) |
>1 e ≤ 2 | 35.7 | (34.0; 37.4) | 35.2 | (33.1; 37.4) | 37.1 | (34.2; 40.0) |
>2 | 44.5 | (42.3; 46.9) | 47.6 | (45.3; 50.0) | 41.3 | (37.6; 45.1) |
Área | ||||||
Urban | 94.8 | (94.0; 95.5) | 87.5 | (86.3; 88.7) | 92.0 | (91.2; 92.8) |
Rural | 5.2 | (4.5; 6.0) | 12.5 | (11.3; 13.7) | 8.0 | (7.2; 8.9) |
Place of purchase | ||||||
Supermarkets | 53.1 | (51.4; 54.8) | 52.8 | (50.6; 55.1) | 49.7 | (46.7; 52.7) |
Small markets | 29.8 | (28.4; 31.3) | 33.4 | (31.4; 35.6) | 29.7 | (27.4; 32.1) |
Street fair/fruit and vegetable stores/public markets | 14.1 | (13.1; 15.2) | 8.0 | (7.3; 8.7) | 15.4 | (14.1; 16.8) |
Others | 2.9 | (2.7; 3.2) | 5.7 | (5.1; 6.4) | 5.2 | (4.7; 5.7) |
Variables | Supermarkets | Small Markets | Street Fairs/Fruit and Vegetable Stores/Public Markets | Others | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% | 95% CI | % | 95% CI | % | 95% CI | % | 95% CI | |
North * | ||||||||
SA | 40.2 | (36.4; 44.1) | 41.8 | (38.7; 44.9) | 13.1 | (10.3; 16.5) | 4.9 | (4.1; 5.8) |
Mild FI | 33.1 | (29.0; 37.6) | 48.3 | (44.7; 52.0) | 12.7 | (9.7; 16.4) | 5.8 | (4.9; 7.0) |
Moderate/ Severe FI | 25.1 | (21.8; 28.7) | 56.8 | (53.3; 60.2) | 10.7 | (9.2; 12.3) | 7.4 | (6.3; 8.7) |
Northeast * | ||||||||
SA | 32.0 | (30.2; 34.0) | 43.2 | (41.6; 44.8) | 20.0 | (18.9; 21.2) | 4.7 | (4.3; 5.2) |
Mild FI | 25.9 | (24.2; 27.6) | 49.5 | (47.8; 51.2) | 19.3 | (18.1; 20.6) | 5.3 | (4.8; 5.8) |
Moderate/ Severe FI | 21.2 | (19.2; 29.5) | 54.0 | (51.9; 56.0) | 19.1 | (17.6; 20.6) | 5.7 | (4.9; 6.7) |
South * | ||||||||
SA | 54.9 | (53.0; 56.7) | 29.7 | (26.3; 29.6) | 14.4 | (13.2; 15.8) | 2.8 | (2.5; 3.1) |
Mild FI | 51.9 | (47.8; 54.2) | 32.4 | (29.9; 34.9) | 13.4 | (11.4; 15.6) | 3.2 | (2.6; 3.9) |
Moderate/ Severe FI | 43.2 | (36.4; 45.3) | 42.2 | (37.9; 46.6) | 13.1 | (10.8; 15.8) | 3.9 | (3.1; 5.0) |
Southeast * | ||||||||
SA | 53.6 | (51.2; 55.9) | 32.4 | (30.3; 40.5) | 8.2 | (7.4; 9.0) | 5.8 | (5.1; 6.7) |
Mild FI | 51.4 | (46.9; 55.8) | 36.3 | (29.9; 34.9) | 7.0 | (5.6; 8.5) | 5.4 | (4.2; 6.8) |
Moderate/ Severe FI | 43.2 | (35.2; 51.5) | 44.1 | (36.3; 52.2) | 8.0 | (5.0; 10.7) | 4.7 | (3.2; 6.7) |
Center–West * | ||||||||
SA | 52.0 | (48.5; 55.5) | 27.2 | (24.7; 29.8) | 15.6 | (13.9; 17.5) | 5.2 | (4.6; 5.8) |
Mild FI | 47.5 | (43.8; 51.2) | 33.2 | (30.3; 36.6) | 13.8 | (11.6; 16.3) | 5.5 | (4.5; 6.7) |
Moderate/ Severe FI | 38.2 | (32.3; 44.3) | 39.6 | (34.4; 45.0) | 17.7 | (13.9; 22.3) | 4.5 | (3.4; 6.0) |
Food Groups | Supermarkets | Small Markets | Street Fairs/Fruit and Vegetable Stores/ Public Markets | Others | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% | 95% CI | % | 95% CI | % | 95% CI | % | 95% CI | |
Rice | 50.6 | (49.0; 52.1) | 38.9 | (37.3; 40.5) | 9.8 | (8.9; 10.8) | 0.7 | (0.5; 1.0) |
Beans | 50.6 | (48.9; 52.3) | 32.9 | (31.3; 34.5) | 13.1 | (12.1; 14.3) | 3.4 | (2.7; 4.1) |
Vegetables and greens | 40.0 | (38.5; 41.1) | 18.0 | (17.1; 18.9) | 34.0 | (32.8; 35.2) | 8.2 | (7.6; 8.9) |
Fruits | 42.4 | (41.0; 43.9) | 16.2 | (15.3; 17.2) | 36.1 | (34.8; 37.5) | 5.2 | (4.8; 5.7) |
Red meats | 44.5 | (43.2; 45.8) | 46.9 | (45.7; 48.2) | 7.2 | (6.6; 7.9) | 1.4 | (1.1; 1.7) |
Fish | 24.7 | (22.5; 27.1) | 31.0 | (28.7; 33.3) | 32.6 | (30.1; 35.3) | 11.6 | (10.0; 13.5) |
Poultry | 45.6 | (44.4; 47.1) | 40.6 | (39.3; 42.0) | 10.0 | (9.3; 10.7) | 3.6 | (3.3; 4.0) |
Eggs | 31.4 | (29.9; 32.9) | 31.3 | (29.9; 32.7) | 13.6 | (12.6; 14.7) | 23.7 | (21.8; 25.6) |
Milk and dairy products | 40.8 | (35.6; 38.9) | 37.3 | (35.8; 38.9) | 8.8 | (8.1; 9.6) | 13.1 | (11.9; 14.3) |
Bread | 18.0 | (17.2; 18.8) | 76.5 | (75.5; 77.4) | 2.9 | (2.6; 3.3) | 2.6 | (2.3; 3.0) |
Biscuits | 52.3 | (50.6; 53.9) | 37.2 | (35.7; 38.8) | 9.3 | (8.2; 10.4) | 1.2 | (0.9; 1.6) |
Sugary drinks | 51.4 | (49.7; 53.0) | 37.7 | (36.2; 39.2) | 7.5 | (6.6; 8.4) | 3.5 | (3.0; 4.0) |
Food Groups | Supermarkets | Small Markets | Street Fairs/Fruit and Vegetable Stores/ Public Markets | Others | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% | 95% CI | % | 95% CI | % | 95% CI | % | 95% CI | |
SA * | ||||||||
Rice | 57.2 | (55.3; 59.1) | 33.6 | (31.7; 35.5) | 8.6 | (7.5; 9.9) | 0.5 | (0.3; 0.9) |
Beans | 56.1 | (53.9; 58.2) | 28.6 | (26.6; 30.6) | 12.2 | (10.7; 13.9) | 3.1 | (2.5; 4.0) |
Vegetables and greens | 42.7 | (41.2; 44.3) | 16.4 | (15.4; 17.5) | 32.9 | (31.5; 34.3) | 8.0 | (7.2; 8.8) |
Fruits | 45.8 | (44.1; 47.5) | 15.3 | (14.2; 16.5) | 34.4 | (32.8; 36.1) | 4.5 | (4.1; 5.0) |
Red meats | 47.9 | (46.2; 48.5) | 44.1 | (42.5; 45.7) | 6.6 | (5.7; 7.5) | 1.4 | (1.1; 1.8) |
Fish | 33.4 | (30.1; 37.0) | 31.7 | (28.7; 34.8) | 26.8 | (23.8; 29.9) | 8.1 | (6.7; 9.7) |
Poultry | 51.2 | (49.4; 52.9) | 36.5 | (34.8; 38.2) | 8.9 | (8.0; 9.8) | 3.5 | (3.0; 3.9) |
Eggs | 35.7 | (33.9; 37.6) | 25.3 | (23.8; 27.0) | 14.9 | (13.5; 16.4) | 24.1 | (21.9; 26.4) |
Milk and dairy products | 44.3 | (42.5; 46.2) | 35.0 | (33.2; 36.9) | 8.1 | (7.3; 8.9) | 12.6 | (11.3; 14.0) |
Bread | 22.2 | (21.2; 23.3) | 72.9 | (71.8; 74.1) | 2.8 | (2.4; 3.3) | 2.0 | (1.7; 2.4) |
Biscuits | 56.3 | (54.3; 58.3) | 33.7 | (31.9; 35.9) | 8.7 | (7.5; 10.4) | 1.1 | (0.7; 1.8) |
Sugary drinks | 54.9 | (52.9; 56.8) | 34.0 | (32.2; 35.8) | 7.6 | (6.5; 8.9) | 3.5 | (2.9; 4.3) |
Mild FI * | ||||||||
Rice | 48.9 | (46.1; 51.7) | 40.3 | (37.7; 42.9) | 10.1 | (8.7; 11.8) | 0.7 | (0.4; 1.1) |
Beans | 48.4 | (45.7; 51.2) | 34.5 | (32.0; 37.1) | 13.5 | (11.7; 15.6) | 3,5 | (2.4; 5.0) |
Vegetables and greens | 36.0 | (33.7; 38.4) | 20.2 | (18.6; 21.9) | 35.5 | (33.3; 37.8) | 8.3 | (7.2; 9.5) |
Fruits | 35.7 | (33.2; 38.2) | 17.9 | (16.2; 19.8) | 40.0 | (37.7; 42.5) | 6.3 | (5.5; 7.2) |
Red meats | 42.2 | (39.8; 44.7) | 49.3 | (46.9; 51.7) | 7.4 | (6.6; 8.3) | 1.1 | (0.7; 1.6) |
Fish | 20.5 | (17.4; 23.9) | 31.2 | (27.6; 35.0) | 35.7 | (31.5; 40.2) | 12.5 | (10.1; 15.5) |
Poultry | 41.7 | (39.5; 44.0) | 43.5 | (41.3; 45.7) | 11.2 | (10.0; 12.6) | 3.5 | (3.0; 4.2) |
Eggs | 27.7 | (25.3; 30.3) | 37.4 | (34.8; 40.2) | 11.1 | (9.5; 12.9) | 23.8 | (20.8; 27.0) |
Milk and dairy products | 35.8 | (33.5; 38.2) | 39.5 | (37.0; 42.0) | 10.5 | (8.6; 11.8) | 14.6 | (12.8; 16.7) |
Bread | 13.1 | (11.9; 14.3) | 80.8 | (79.4; 82.3) | 2.9 | (2.4; 3.5) | 3.2 | (2.5; 3.9) |
Biscuits | 48.3 | (45.5; 51.0) | 40.3 | (37.8; 42.8) | 10.1 | (8.3; 12.3) | 1.3 | (0.9; 1.8) |
Sugary drinks | 47.3 | (44.3; 50.2) | 42.4 | (39.7; 45.2) | 7.0 | (5.5; 9.1) | 3.3 | (2.7; 4.0) |
Moderate/Severe FI * | ||||||||
Rice | 34.0 | (31.2; 36.8) | 52.1 | (48.8; 55.4) | 12.7 | (10.7; 15.2) | 1.2 | (0.6; 2.3) |
Beans | 35.6 | (32.3; 38.6) | 45.0 | (41.8; 48.3) | 15.7 | (13.5; 18.1) | 3.9 | (2.8; 5.5) |
Vegetables and greens | 26.4 | (23.7; 29.4) | 24.6 | (22.3; 27.2) | 38.8 | (35.7; 42.0) | 10.1 | (8.4; 12.1) |
Fruits | 25.3 | (22.2; 28.6) | 21.4 | (18.9; 24.2) | 43.3 | (39.9; 46.9) | 10.0 | (8.3; 11.9) |
Red meats | 29.6 | (26.9; 32.4) | 58.2 | (55.3; 61.1) | 10.3 | (9.1; 11.8) | 1.9 | (1.3; 2.7) |
Fish | 9.9 | (7.8; 12.6) | 28.9 | (25.0; 33.1) | 42.3 | (37.3; 47.5) | 18.8 | (19.9; 23.4) |
Poultry | 30.8 | (28.0; 33.7) | 52.5 | (49.6; 55.4) | 12.1 | (10.5; 14.0) | 4.6 | (3.7; 5.7) |
Eggs | 18.0 | (15.8; 20.5) | 47.7 | (44.2; 51.1) | 12.6 | (10.5; 14.9) | 21.7 | (18.2; 25.6) |
Milk and dairy products | 28.0 | (24.7; 31.5) | 47.9 | (43.6; 52.3) | 11.3 | (9.2; 13.9) | 12.8 | (9.9; 16.3) |
Bread | 7.7 | (6.7; 8.9) | 84.5 | (82.7; 86.1) | 3.5 | (2.7; 4.5) | 4.3 | (3.3; 5.5) |
Biscuits | 38.0 | (34.6; 41.5) | 51.2 | (47.8; 54.7) | 9.7 | (7.9; 11.8) | 1.1 | (0.7; 1.6) |
Sugary drinks | 36.2 | (32.5; 40.1) | 53.1 | (49.0; 57.1) | 7.2 | (5.7; 9.1) | 3.5 | (2.5; 4.8) |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
de Oliveira, R.T.; Castro Junior, P.C.P.d.; Suéte Matos, Y.A.C.; Ferreira, A.A.; Salles-Costa, R. Food Acquisition Locations and Food Groups Acquired According to Levels of Food Insecurity in Brazil. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2024, 21, 1577. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21121577
de Oliveira RT, Castro Junior PCPd, Suéte Matos YAC, Ferreira AA, Salles-Costa R. Food Acquisition Locations and Food Groups Acquired According to Levels of Food Insecurity in Brazil. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2024; 21(12):1577. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21121577
Chicago/Turabian Stylede Oliveira, Roberta Teixeira, Paulo César Pereira de Castro Junior, Yoko Ametista Carvalho Suéte Matos, Aline Alves Ferreira, and Rosana Salles-Costa. 2024. "Food Acquisition Locations and Food Groups Acquired According to Levels of Food Insecurity in Brazil" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 21, no. 12: 1577. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21121577
APA Stylede Oliveira, R. T., Castro Junior, P. C. P. d., Suéte Matos, Y. A. C., Ferreira, A. A., & Salles-Costa, R. (2024). Food Acquisition Locations and Food Groups Acquired According to Levels of Food Insecurity in Brazil. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 21(12), 1577. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21121577