Improving Metabolic Syndrome in Ghanaian Adults with Type 2 Diabetes through a Home-Based Physical Activity Program: A Feasibility Randomised Controlled Trial
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Participants
2.3. Study Interventions
2.3.1. Control Group (Usual Diabetes Care in Ghana)
2.3.2. Intervention Group (PA Program)
2.4. Outcome Measures
2.5. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Sample Characteristics
3.2. Physical Activity Program Participation
3.3. Effect of Physical Activity on Metabolic Syndrome Markers
3.4. Effect of Physical Activity on Quality of Life
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Intervention Group | Control Group | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
(n = 44) | (n = 43) | ||
Age | 56.2 ± 8.3 | 56.5 ± 8.5 | 0.89 |
Gender (%) | 0.41 | ||
Male | 38.6 | 30.2 | |
Female | 61.4 | 69.8 | |
Education status (%) | 0.96 | ||
No formal/primary | 77.3 | 79.1 | |
Secondary | 15.9 | 14.0 | |
Tertiary | 6.8 | 6.9 | |
Not employed (%) | 63.6 | 62.8 | 0.93 |
Married (%) | 34.1 | 30.2 | 0.70 |
Dietary management (%) | 6.8 | 2.3 | 0.31 |
Insulin treatment (%) | 11.4 | 11.6 | 0.61 |
Oral glycemic agents (%) | 86.4 | 93.0 | 0.25 |
Antihypertensive agents (%) | 90.7 | 91.0 | 0.97 |
Lipid-lowering agents (%) | 68.2 | 79.1 | 0.25 |
MetS markers (%) | |||
High FBG | 100 | 97.7 | 0.31 |
Reduced HDL | 18.2 | 25.6 | 0.40 |
High triglycerides | 34.1 | 28.0 | 0.53 |
High BP | 70.5 | 65.1 | 0.60 |
High WC | 95.5 | 100 | 0.16 |
Duration of diabetes | 6.1 ± 2.7 | 6.7 ± 3.3 | 0.33 |
PA level (MET) | 384.6 ± 45.8 | 387.6 ± 40.6 | 0.74 |
Variable | Intervention Group | Control Group | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Before n = 44 | After n = 43 | Δ % | ES | Before n = 43 | After n = 36 | Δ % | ES | p-Value | |
WC (cm) | 99.1 ± 12.9 | 93.7 ± 11.9 | 5.4 | 0.43 | 99.4 ± 11.1 | 99.8 ± 11.4 | 0.4 | 0.03 | 0.02 * |
HDL (mg/dL) | 1.4 ± 0.4 | 1.8 ± 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.25 | 1.6 ± 0.4 | 1.7 ± 0.5 | 0.1 | 0.77 | 0.11 |
TG (mg/dL) | 1.4 ± 0.6 | 1.6 ± 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.52 | 1.3 ± 0.5 | 1.4 ± 0.5 | 0.1 | 0.28 | 0.37 |
SBP (mmHg) | 141.5 ± 17.7 | 131.7 ± 14.3 | 9.8 | 0.61 | 135.6 ± 17.9 | 137.1 ± 14.9 | 1.5 | 0.09 | 0.05 * |
DBP (mmHg) | 79.4 ± 9.7 | 78.6 ± 9.4 | 0.8 | 0.08 | 78.3 ± 12.3 | 78.2 ± 9.8 | 0.1 | 0.01 | 0.41 |
FBG (mmol/L) | 8.3 ± 1.9 | 5.9 ± 0.6 | 2.4 | 0.22 | 8.3 ± 2.6 | 7.9 ± 1.8 | 0.4 | 1.66 | 0.01 * |
MetS Z-score | 211.2 ± 23.6 | 202.4 ± 16.4 | 8.8 | 0.43 | 211.3 ± 14.2 | 211.8 ± 14.9 | 0.5 | 0.03 | 0.001 * |
Intervention Group | Control Group | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Before | After | ES | Before | After | ES | p-Value | |
n = 44 | n = 43 | n = 44 | n = 36 | ||||
Physical functioning | 67.4 ± 15.6 | 87.5 ± 7.6 | 1.63 | 64.7 ± 9.9 | 67.8 ± 8.4 | 0.34 | 0.000 * |
Role—physical | 72.4 ± 10.6 | 78.4 ± 9.0 | 0.60 | 60.7 ± 10.0 | 63.8 ± 8.4 | 0.33 | 0.343 |
Bodily pain | 62.1 ± 10.2 | 59.1 ± 11.0 | 0.29 | 55.9 ± 9.6 | 56.1 ± 10.9 | 0.01 | 0.318 |
General health | 72.1 ± 9.6 | 69.4 ± 11.0 | 0.25 | 66.7 ± 8.3 | 66.9 ± 11.6 | 0.21 | 0.359 |
Vitality | 70.3 ± 7.7 | 75.8 ± 8.9 | 0.66 | 72.0 ± 7.9 | 71.3 ± 7.6 | 0.09 | 0.008 * |
Social functioning | 55.11 ± 10.2 | 54.2 ± 11.1 | 0.09 | 49.2 ± 9.8 | 49.1 ± 10.9 | 0.01 | 0.787 |
Role—emotional | 67.1 ± 10.1 | 69.0 ± 11.6 | 0.18 | 60.9 ± 9.6 | 61.1 ± 11.6 | 0.12 | 0.577 |
Mental health | 54.9 ± 8.3 | 58.1 ± 10.2 | 0.29 | 55.0 ± 7.4 | 55.1 ± 9.6 | 0.21 | 0.138 |
Physical component summary | 56.4 ± 15.6 | 76.5 ± 7.6 | 1.63 | 53.7 ± 9.9 | 56.8 ± 8.4 | 0.34 | 0.000 * |
Mental component summary | 56.4 ± 15.6 | 56.4 ± 15.6 | 0.01 | 56.4 ± 15.6 | 56.4 ± 15.6 | 0.29 | 0.318 |
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Amin, M.; Kerr, D.; Atiase, Y.; Samir, M.M.; Driscoll, A. Improving Metabolic Syndrome in Ghanaian Adults with Type 2 Diabetes through a Home-Based Physical Activity Program: A Feasibility Randomised Controlled Trial. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 5518. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20085518
Amin M, Kerr D, Atiase Y, Samir MM, Driscoll A. Improving Metabolic Syndrome in Ghanaian Adults with Type 2 Diabetes through a Home-Based Physical Activity Program: A Feasibility Randomised Controlled Trial. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(8):5518. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20085518
Chicago/Turabian StyleAmin, Mohammed, Debra Kerr, Yacoba Atiase, Misbah Muhammad Samir, and Andrea Driscoll. 2023. "Improving Metabolic Syndrome in Ghanaian Adults with Type 2 Diabetes through a Home-Based Physical Activity Program: A Feasibility Randomised Controlled Trial" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 8: 5518. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20085518
APA StyleAmin, M., Kerr, D., Atiase, Y., Samir, M. M., & Driscoll, A. (2023). Improving Metabolic Syndrome in Ghanaian Adults with Type 2 Diabetes through a Home-Based Physical Activity Program: A Feasibility Randomised Controlled Trial. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(8), 5518. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20085518