The Geography of Mental Health, Urbanicity, and Affluence
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data
2.1.1. PLACES
2.1.2. Claritas PRIZM Premier Social Groups
2.2. Methods
3. Results
3.1. Hotspot Analysis
3.2. Bivariate Choropleth Maps
3.3. Multiscale Geographically Weighted Regressions
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Definition |
---|---|
Mental Health Not Good For ≥14 Days Among Adults Aged ≥18 Years | Respondents aged ≥18 years who reported 14 or more days during the past 30 days during which their mental health was not good. |
Annual Prevalence of Current Lack Of Health Insurance Among Adults Aged 18–64 Years | Respondents aged 18–64 years who report having no current health insurance coverage |
Annual Prevalence of No Leisure-Time Physical Activity Among Adults Aged ≥18 Years | During the past month, other than your regular job, did you participate in any physical activities or exercises such as running, calisthenics, golf, gardening, or walking for exercise? |
Physical Health Not Good For ≥14 Days Among Adults Aged ≥18 Years | Respondents aged ≥18 years who reported 14 or more days during the past 30 days during which their physical health was not good. |
Social Group | Definition |
---|---|
Urban Uptown (U1) | Home to the most affluent individuals living in the city core, who are able to purchase luxury goods and vacation abroad regularly |
Midtown Mix (U2) | Home to those who are younger and have active social lives within the city, leading them to spend money frequently at bars and restaurants while also having the ability to purchase new consumer electronics |
Urban Core (U3) | Contains individuals with more modest incomes; therefore, they are more likely to live in apartments within the city and have less disposable income for eating out and purchasing goods |
Elite Suburbs (S1) | Where individuals with six-figure incomes and large homes reside; these individuals spend their money on expensive clothes, cars, and vacations |
The Affluentials (S2) | Enjoy comfortable living in the suburbs and have white-collar jobs; they consistently buy healthier foods and computer equipment |
Middleburbs (S3) | Consist of individuals who are homeowners in the suburbs that shop at midscale department stores and regularly eat at casual-dining restaurants |
Inner Suburbs (S4) | Home to a mix of young and retired individuals who can be homeowners or renters; these individuals have downscale lifestyles and do not have the ability to eat out or shop regularly |
Second City Society (C1) | Comprises individuals who live outside of the urban core, with large homes and holding executive jobs; residents also spend more on casual dining and upscale retailers |
City Centers (C2) | Home to those in satellite cities who are middle class and regularly go to movie theaters and bowling alleys |
Micro-City Mix (C3) | Consists of downscale, blue-collar residents who do not have readily available disposable income for dining, activities, and goods |
Landed Gentry (T1) | Residents live in smaller towns but have large homes, college degrees, and professional jobs; these individuals spend their disposable incomes on cars and recreational equipment (e.g., powerboats and four-wheelers) |
Country Comfort (T2) | Home to upper-middle-class individuals who regularly participate in outdoor activities, woodworking, and crafting and prefer to own larger trucks and SUVs |
Middle America (T3) | Residents are middle to lower-class individuals who prefer fishing, hunting, and meeting at civic clubs; in these remote areas, high school football is a main source of entertainment |
Rustic Living (T4) | Residents live in the most remote towns and have modest incomes; these individuals spend their leisure time participating in small-town activities, such as social groups at local churches, veterans’ clubs, and car racing |
Variable | Definition |
---|---|
Household Average Expenditures on Drugs | The household average cost of drugs, which includes prescription and nonprescription drugs |
Percent Poverty Status | The percentage of the population living in poverty |
Percent Unemployed Civilian Labor Force | The percentage of the population that is unemployed |
Intercept | Total Pop. | Lack of Health Insurance | Physical Inactivity | Physical Health Not Good | Household Avg. Expenditures on Drugs | % Poverty Status | % Unemployed Civilian Labor Force | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Urban Uptown (U1) | −0.06 (0.38) | 0.03 (0.09) | 0.55 (0.33) | −0.74 (0.47) | 0.44 (0.29) | −0.52 (0.26) | −0.17 (0.21) | 0.07 (0.12) |
Midtown Mix (U2) | 0.003 (0.20) | 0.004 (0.09) | 0.33 (0.40) | −0.44 (0.31) | 0.28 (0.28) | −0.37 (0.30) | 0.38 (0.15) | 0.13 (0.19) |
Urban Core (U3) | 0.13 (0.48) | 0.09 (0.12) | 0.41 (0.56) | −0.29 (0.85) | 0.36 (0.71) | −0.27 (0.23) | 0.31 (0.19) | 0.11 (0.15) |
Elite Suburbs (S1) | 0.32 (0.65) | 0.004 (0.08) | 1.25 (0.67) | −0.78 (0.41) | 0.36 (0.20) | −0.40 (0.17) | 0.06 (0.16) | 0.10 (0.13) |
The Affluentials (S2) | −0.09 (0.49) | 0.04 (0.10) | 0.61 (0.47) | −0.18 (0.27) | 0.20 (0.22) | −0.38 (0.23) | 0.10 (0.16) | 0.03 (0.17) |
Middleburbs (S3) | 0.15 (0.33) | −0.01 (0.12) | 0.27 (0.26) | 0.06 (0.39) | 0.03 (0.39) | −0.51 (0.17) | 0.13 (0.13) | 0.06 (0.11) |
Inner Suburbs (S4) | 0.23 (0.33) | 0.002 (0.17) | 0.49 (0.45) | 0.17 (0.46) | −0.37 (0.60) | −0.13 (0.45) | 0.27 (0.40) | 0.06 (0.19) |
Second City (C1) | 0.05 (0.10) | −0.01 (−0.01) | 0.29 (0.11) | −0.58 (0.13) | 0.93 (0.23) | −0.85 (0.19) | −0.07 (0.04) | 0.02 (0.19) |
City Centers (C2) | 0.08 (0.39) | 0.04 (0.10) | 0.20 (0.37) | −0.06 (0.43) | 0.10 (0.37) | −0.62 (0.26) | 0.34 (0.16) | 0.04 (0.12) |
Micro-City Mix (C3) | 0.08 (0.43) | −0.05 (0.16) | 0.16 (0.43) | 0.21 (0.67) | 0.08 (0.52) | −0.32 (0.30) | 0.20 (0.24) | 0.05 (0.12) |
Landed Gentry (T1) | 0.18 (0.59) | 0.004 (0.11) | 0.82 (0.64) | −0.01 (0.34) | 0.12 (0.28) | −0.21 (0.23) | 0.05 (0.13) | 0.03 (0.10) |
Country Comfort (T2) | 0.22 (0.81) | 0.06 (0.19) | 1.03 (0.64) | −0.08 (.45) | 0.06 (0.31) | −0.02 (0.13) | 0.02 (0.09) | 0.01 (0.09) |
Middle America (T3) | 0.28 (0.93) | 0.05 (0.13) | 1.11 (0.74) | −0.23 (0.56) | 0.19 (0.40) | −0.02 (0.13) | 0.04 (0.09) | 0.04 (0.10) |
Rustic Living (T4) | 0.21 (1.06) | 0.04 (0.13) | 0.84 (0.66) | −0.12 (0.51) | 0.23 (0.42) | −0.05 (0.16) | 0.06 (0.11) | 0.03 (0.11) |
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Cortina, J.; Hardin, S. The Geography of Mental Health, Urbanicity, and Affluence. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 5440. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20085440
Cortina J, Hardin S. The Geography of Mental Health, Urbanicity, and Affluence. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(8):5440. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20085440
Chicago/Turabian StyleCortina, Jeronimo, and Shana Hardin. 2023. "The Geography of Mental Health, Urbanicity, and Affluence" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 8: 5440. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20085440
APA StyleCortina, J., & Hardin, S. (2023). The Geography of Mental Health, Urbanicity, and Affluence. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(8), 5440. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20085440