Integrating Health into Local Plans: A Comparative Review of Health Requirements for Urban Development in Seven Local Planning Authorities in England
Abstract
:1. Introduction
“A positive vision for the future of each area; a framework for addressing housing needs and other economic, social and environmental priorities; and a platform for local people to shape their surroundings.”(para 15, chapter 3, NPPF [2].)
- Health is not systematically integrated and prioritised in local plans (including requirements to reflect local health and wellbeing strategic priorities and local health evidence);
- Local plans lack incentives for developers to prioritise health outcomes;
- Developers lack sufficient understanding about the form healthy urban development should take;
- Local plans lack requirements (including evaluation) to strengthen implementation by developers.
2. Methods
2.1. Co-Production of the Health in Local Plans Review Framework
2.2. Structure of Health in Local Plans Review Framework
- Definitions of health: How is health broadly defined and characterised in the local plan, including in terms of local strategic priorities and evidence?
- Health requirements for developers: What are the specific health-related requirements and determinants of health that developers are expected to address?
- Implementation of health requirements: How does the plan encourage delivery of the developer requirements?
2.2.1. Review Area 1: Definitions of Health
2.2.2. Review Area 2: Health Requirements for Developers
- Healthy neighbourhood design;
- Healthy housing;
- Healthier food environments;
- Natural and sustainable environments;
- Healthy transport.
“While poor-quality and unaffordable housing damages health and worsens health inequalities, good-quality and affordable housing contributes to improving health and wellbeing and reducing inequalities.”(“The Marmot Review Ten Years On”, 2020 [31].)
2.2.3. Review Area 3: Implementation of Policy Requirements
2.3. Sampling of Local Planning Authorities
- Local plans that were recently revised or are in the process of revision and therefore reflective of more recent national regulatory, policy and health-related requirements;
- Predominantly unitary or metropolitan borough councils were included to align with our partner LPA, which is a unitary council;
- Whether the local plan included HIA of the policy, including examples with and without an HIA.
2.4. Conducting and Refining the Health in Local Plan Review
- To check that the review framework was understandable and applicable by other users and reviewers;
- To check that other reviewers produce a similar score using the framework, ensuring that there is a degree of consistency, and addressing potential areas of bias, such as selective attention bias or confirmation bias by the original reviewer;
- To identify areas for review and/or refinement: whether attributes should be added or removed, whether they could be better defined or require further explanation for both reviewers and other users.
3. Results
3.1. HLP Review Area 1: Definitions of Health
3.1.1. Health Definitions: NCDs, Mental Health, Life Expectancy, Inequalities, Planetary Health
“Development will be expected to achieve: A minimum 10% reduction in regulated CO2 emissions through energy efficiency measures; and A minimum 35% reduction in regulated CO2 emissions through a combination of energy efficiency measures and on-site renewable energy generation”(Towards zero carbon development policy, LPA 1)
3.1.2. Local Health and Wellbeing Strategies
3.1.3. Health Impact Assessment of Local Plans
“The HIA assesses the potential effects of the Local Plan policies on the health of [LPA 4]’s residents and recommends actions to mitigate any negative impacts”(London HUDU, 2019).
3.1.4. Local Health Evidence
3.1.5. Signposting to Health Standards and National Guidance
3.2. HLP Review Area 2: Health Requirements for Developers
3.2.1. Determinants of Health Score
3.2.2. Healthy Development Policies
3.2.3. Planning Validation Checklists
3.2.4. Partner LPA Priority Determinants of Health
3.3. HLP Review Area 3: Implementation of Health Requirements
3.3.1. Funding Requirements
3.3.2. Viability Appraisal
“At the inception of development proposals, developers should build achieving zero carbon into their consideration of scheme viability”(“Towards zero carbon development”, LPA 1 local plan).
3.3.3. Monitoring
3.3.4. Planning, Management and Maintenance
3.3.5. Community Ownership
3.3.6. Statement of Community Involvement
4. Discussion
4.1. Comparing Health References and Gaps in Different Local Plans
4.1.1. Broad Opportunities to Strengthen the Integration of Health in Local Plans
- (i)
- Specification of local health priorities: The local plans could take greater account of local health priorities, as outlined in local health and wellbeing policies and evidence, and signpost developers to these.
- (ii)
- Signposting guidance and standards: The local plans need to point developers towards national publications and voluntary standards that clarify expectations regarding good-quality development that delivers health outcomes, e.g., Building for a Healthy Life and Lifetime Homes.
- (iii)
- Clarifying specific health-related requirements for developers: The local plans should consistently incorporate policies, including cross-referencing to planning validation checklists regarding HIAs. They should specify definite health requirements regarding indoor air quality, access to daylight, fuel poverty, security of tenure, access to healthy food in schools and retail outlets and enabling public transport to recreational spaces.
- (iv)
- Strengthening implementation requirements: In order to ensure that local plan requirements better impact development practice and outcomes, they need to embed policies that encourage developers to adopt health management plans, monitoring, as well as improve opportunities for community ownership and engagement, such as through community-led housing trusts.
4.1.2. LPA Type and Integration of Health in Local Plan
4.1.3. Application of HIA and Integration of Health in Local Plan
4.1.4. Strength of Policy Language in Local Plans
“The council will seek that all new development incorporate sustainable design features to avoid expansion of the city’s ecological footprint…Unless it can be demonstrated that doing so is not technically feasible and/or would make the scheme unviable”.
4.2. Strengths and Limitations
4.3. Further Research Opportunities
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix
Section | Review Attributes | Rationale for Inclusion | Word Searches Used to Identify Attribute/Feature |
---|---|---|---|
Background | Local plan title | To record a clear reference for each local plan. | - |
When adopted | To ensure the local plans are reasonably current and therefore more comparable with the partner LPA’s local plan, as well as in terms of current national policy. | - | |
Rational for inclusion in review | To explain why a local plan has been included in the sample. Linked to timing of adoption (see above) and local authority type (see below). | - | |
Local authority type | To ensure some of the sample local plans are from similar local authorities (i.e., unitary, urban metropolitan authorities). | - | |
1. Definitions of health | Health definitions | To understand how health is conceptualised and communicated in the local plan, notably in relation to local priorities regarding Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs), health inequalities, mental health and planetary health. | Local priorities regarding specific non-communicable diseases, e.g., cancer, heart/cardiac, lung/respiratory, kidney disease, asthma, diabetes, dementia); health inequalities; life expectancy; mental health: anxiety, depression, dementia, substance abuse; planetary health: targets relating to biodiversity, carbon reduction/zero carbon |
Health and Wellbeing Strategy (local) | To view whether and how the local plan refers to the local health strategy, in order to (i) to understand how planning policies are shaped by the strategy and its aims and (ii) whether those strategy priorities are being clearly communicated to developers and the wider public (as per other strategies, e.g., transport, biodiversity, open spaces, air quality, etc.) [18]. | Local health strategy; health and wellbeing strategy | |
Evidence base: JSNA, IMD, stats; evidence regarding other determinants of health | Similar to the health and wellbeing strategy, references to the local health evidence base is (i) to understand how the policies are shaped by that evidence base and (ii) how it is communicated to developers and the wider public in terms of local priorities that need to be addressed through development [18]. | Joint Strategic Needs Assessment/JSNA; Indices of Multiple Deprivation/IMD; local health data references regarding specific NCDs, health inequalities, planetary health; assessment requirements regarding other determinants of health | |
HIA of local plan, Strategic Environmental Appraisal/Sustainability Appraisal | In support of the Health in All Policies model [27], the review examines how a local authority seeks to evaluate the health priorities and targeted outcomes within their local plan. | HIA/Health Impact Assessment (of local plan); SEA/Strategic Environmental Appraisal; Sustainability Appraisal/SA | |
PHE/OHID key guidance refs | To understand whether and how the local plans are providing developers clear guidance about healthy development principles and practices that they expect developers to apply. | PHE/Public Health England; OHID; national design guide | |
Standards | To understand whether and how the local plans are providing developers clear guidance about healthy development principles and practices that they expect developers to apply. | Building for a Healthy Life/Lifetime Homes; BREEAM; WELL; standard; One Planet; building with nature | |
2. Health requirements for developers | Healthy development policies, HIA of development | In support of the Health in All Policies model [27], the review seeks to understand how a local authority promotes the evaluation of the quality of development in terms of the health priorities and targeted outcomes outlined in development proposals. Cross-referring to HIA in planning validation checklists. | Health Impact Assessment/HIA requirements for different development types; healthy building/healthy development/healthy neighbourhoods/healthy place |
Determinants of Health score and key text | LPAs need to be clear about developer/landlord responsibilities to incorporate key determinants of health as a part of development proposals [7,8,9,10]. | See Table 2 | |
Affordable homes | Partner LPA priority: See Determinants of Health, Table 2 | Affordable housing/dwellings/accommodation/rental | |
Fuel poverty/energy efficiency | Partner LPA priority: Energy efficiency measures and insulation was linked to less morbidities related to cold morbidity, reduced respiratory and allergic symptoms, e.g., asthma and eczema, sick building syndrome (SBS), reduced blood pressure, sinusitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) [29]. Energy insecurity can increase heat/cold stress; impact the quality of sleep; exacerbate arthritic and mobility issues; respiratory, cardiovascular diseases; mental health stress [30]. | Fuel poverty/energy efficiencyInsulation | |
Air quality (outdoor and indoor) | Partner LPA priority: See Determinants of Health, Table 2 | Outdoor Indoor Ventilation Damp proofing Air quality/pollution, particulates | |
Security of tenure (NEW) | More recent systematic review on the evidence links between secure tenure for rental tenants and physical and mental health outcomes [32,33]. As the Build to Rent market grows, local authorities need to be clear about developer/landlord responsibilities to consider tenancy rights. | Tenure, tenant, tenancy, secure/security | |
3. Implementation of developer requirements | Funding (S106, CIL, developer contributions) | New development and intensified sites will involve long-term management and maintenance costs, as well as incur an additional burden on public services and amenities, e.g., GP surgeries, transport infrastructure, schools, and natural spaces (green/blue infrastructure). As such, developer contributions, through Section 106 agreements, Community Infrastructure Levy (CIL) and other funding mechanisms are important to resource the ongoing delivery of planning requirements that seek to protect against harms and promote health benefits [66,69]. | Developer contribution/s Financial S106/Section 106 CIL/Community Infrastructure Levy |
Viability appraisal | To ensure that viability appraisal and negotiations are transparent and not applied as a means to reduce and constrain health requirements [40,41]. | Viable/viability | |
Monitoring | Post-construction/occupancy evaluation can be an important means to increase accountability and ensure that requirements are being tracked at the delivery and in-use stages [36,37,38,69]. | Post occupancy/construction Evaluation/evaluate Assess/ment Monitor/s/ing Survey | |
Ongoing health management plans/strategies, management/maintenance | Similar to monitoring, obligations to prepare management and maintenance plans aim to encourage longer-term accountability regarding the delivery of planning requirements [19,20,42]. | Manage/managing Maintain/ Strategy/ies Plan/s | |
Community ownership/leadership/self build/community land trust/co-housing | Various reports describe the importance of community ownership and leadership in development processes, to help improve the quality and sense of place, benefitting mental and physical health outcomes (e.g., [35,36,37,38,39]). Some models of development are particularly highlighted help to promote ownership, such as community land trusts, cooperative, co-housing and self-build projects [48,49,50,51,52]. Clear signposting to self-build register of interest to encourage developers to consider integrating this option within their proposals. | Community ownership/leadership/self-build/community land trust/co-housing Self-build register of interest | |
Statement of Community involvement | Early and effective community engagement and dialogue is important to help improve the long-term quality and sense of place, benefitting both mental and physical health outcomes [43,44,45,46]. Models reported to promote ownership include community land trusts, cooperative, co-housing and self-build projects [47,48,49,50,51,52]. Statements of Community Involvement indicate how developers gather and respond to public views about development proposals, which also contribute to building community ownership [53]. | Reference to Statement of Community Involvement guidance, local engagement in planning process |
Theme | Principles | Determinants of Health Feature | Reported Health Outcome |
---|---|---|---|
1. Healthy neighbourhood design | 1. Neighbourhood walkability | Increase walkability—transparency (decluttering, active frontages), legibility (landmarks, wayfinding, decluttering), permeability (connectivity), natural surveillance, safety, public realm and landscaping enhancements, character and distinctiveness, signposting to related design principles | Increased physical activity Increased social engagement Increased mobility |
Improve infrastructure to support walking and cycling | Increased physical activity Increased mobility amongst older adults Improved weight status | ||
2. Complete and compact neighbourhoods | Compact communities, e.g., spatial proximity, optimal densities to context, intensive development, mixed use provisions, 15/20 min neighbourhoods. Note: There is recognition that with increased densities is the need to mitigate potential negative health impacts of intensification in a neighbourhood, including mental health and social stress arising from issues of noise pollution, overcrowding [60,61]. | Increased physical activity | |
Proximity to economic and social amenities—local plan spatial/site allocations and developer requirements regarding access to amenities and services, mixed use provisions, access to public transport, 15/20 min neighbourhoods | Increased mobility amongst older adults Increased social participation among older adults Improved mental health | ||
3. Connectivity with safe and efficient infrastructure | Street connectivity (e.g., provision of walking and cycling infrastructure, access to public transport) | Increased physical activity | |
Good quality public realm, e.g., legibility, transparency, permeability, resilience, landmarks, cultural heritage, character, green infrastructure, investment, management and maintenance, street lighting | Increased physical activity Reduced fear of crime Reduced road traffic collisions | ||
2. Healthy housing | 1. Improve quality of housing | Insulated and energy-efficient homes, addressing fuel poverty, energy security and ventilation—targets beyond Building Regs Part L [30]. | Improved general and mental health outcomes—including for low-income groups Reduced mortality from extreme temperatures Reduced allergic, respiratory and cardiac diseases and symptoms Sick building syndrome Improved sleep |
Remove home hazards, e.g., install smoke alarms, set safe temperatures on hot water heaters. Targets beyond building regulation requirements, including Part A: Structure; Part B: Fire safety; Part C: Site preparation and resistance to contaminants and moisture; Part D: Toxic substances; Part E: Resistance to the passage of sound; Part F: Ventilation; Part G: Sanitation, hygiene and water efficiency; Part H: Drainage and waste disposal; Part J: Combustion appliances and fuel storage systems; Part K: Protection from falling, collision and impact; Part L: Conservation of fuel and power; Part L new requirements; Part M: Access to and use of buildings; Part N: Glazing—safety in relation to impact, opening and cleaning; Part P: Electrical safety—dwellings; Part Q: Security; | Improved social outcomes among older adults Reduced fall rates Reduced unintentional injury | ||
Housing refurbishment and retrofitting, management and maintenance | Improved general health Reduced fear of crime | ||
Indoor access to daylight/natural light (NEW), e.g., dual aspect, signposting developer to SPD design guide, BRE guidance or local design guide | Protective for various health outcomes: Prevention of tuberculosis, leprosy, and other infectious diseases Improving depression and mood Reducing risk of falls Sleep quality [70] | ||
Ventilation/indoor air quality (NEW)—dual aspect and damp proofing, signposting developer to SPD design guide or local design guide, Building Regulation Part F on ventilation | Improving respiratory health Reducing asthma morbidity in children [71] | ||
2. Increase provision of affordable and diverse housing | Diverse housing (forms and types) | Increase physical activity | |
Mixed use (commercial, residential, land uses) | Increase perceptions of safety among low-income groups | ||
Affordable housing (including rental, secure tenure?) | Improved mental health | ||
3. Increase provision of affordable housing for groups with specific needs | Affordable provision for vulnerable groups (older people, disabilities, substance abuse, mental health) | Improved social outcomes Improved behavioural outcomes Improved health-related outcomes Reduced substance misuse and co-occurring mental disorders Improve psychiatric outcomes Increased quality of life | |
Affordable housing provision for those with chronic conditions (NCDs) | Increased engagement with HIV/AIDS services Reduced engagement with risky sexual behaviours amongst those with HIV/AIDS Improved HIV/AIDS outcomes | ||
Affordable housing for homeless | Increased engagement with healthcare servicesIncrease quality of life Increased employment Improved mental health | ||
3. Healthier food environments | 1. Healthy, affordable food for the general population | Access to healthy and affordable food—spatial policies about food retail distribution | Reduced dietary fat intake Improved dietary behaviour Increased fruit and vegetable intake Improved weight status Healthier food purchasing |
Decrease access to unhealthier food retail outlets and in the workplace (fast food take aways) | Reduced dietary fat intake Improved dietary behaviour Increased fruit and vegetable intake Improved weight status Healthier food purchasing | ||
Increase access to healthy food in schools | Reduced dietary fat intake Improved dietary behaviour Increased fruit and vegetable intake Improved weight status | ||
Increase healthy food in retail outlets | Reduced dietary fat intake Improved dietary behaviour Increased fruit and vegetable intake Improved weight status Healthier food purchasing | ||
2. Enhance community food infrastructure | Opportunities for urban agriculture, e.g., community farms | Improved attitudes towards healthier eating Increased opportunities for fruit and vegetables consumption Increased opportunities for social connectivity Increased opportunities for physical activity | |
Provision/access to allotments and garden space—on- and offsite provisions | Improved attitudes towards healthier eating Increased opportunities for fruit and vegetables consumption Increased opportunities for social connectivity Increased opportunities for physical activity | ||
4. Natural and sustainable environments | 1. Reduce exposure to environmental hazards | Improve air quality (outdoor)—air quality management areas, CAZ, mitigation and enhancement from developments | Increased physical activity among older adults |
Reduce exposure to air pollution—spatial plan, developer requirements for assessment, mitigation, promote GI barriers | Reduced risk of chronic conditions Improved birth outcomes Reduced infant mortality Improved cognitive function | ||
Reduce exposure to excessive noise—developer requirements for noise assessment, mitigations, spatial planning, promote GI barriers | Improved mental health outcomes Reduced risk of ischemic heart disease | ||
Flood risk—developer requirements to address flood risks including through green infrastructure (SuDS) and water efficiency. Reduce impact of flooding—spatial plan, flood risk appraisal and developer contributions to mitigation | Reduced risk of carbon monoxide poisoning Improved mental and physical health outcomes | ||
2. Access to and engagement with the natural environment | Increase access to nature, green/blue infrastructure—local plan link to local green infrastructure and local nature recovery strategies | Increased physical activity Reduced risk of cardiovascular disease Increases motivation to engage in physical activity Reduced obesity among adolescents Improved mental health outcomes | |
Park improvements—aesthetic, biodiversity conservation, developer contributions and requirements to preserve or enhance existing local parks and gardens | Increased first-time park users Increased physical activity | ||
Provision of outdoor physical activities—spatial plan/site allocation, developer requirements include provision of outdoor amenity space and/or developer contributions to nearby recreational provisions | Increased physical activity | ||
3. Adaptation to climate change | Neighbourhood tree and GI planting—also need to think about the resilience of soft landscaping to climate change in species selection | Improved health outcomes | |
Extreme weather (previously “Tackle Climate change”)—developer requirements to address extreme weather conditions including overheating, excessive cold, drought | Improved health outcomes Improved mental health Reduced excess winter deaths | ||
5. Healthy transport | 1. Provision of active travel infrastructure | Provision of walking, cycling infrastructure—development requirements regarding site provisions, public realm/green infrastructure enhancements including street trees to increase shading for pedestrians, etc. | Increased physical activity Increased mobility Improved weight status |
2. Prioritisation of public transport | Promote public transport—site allocations close to public transport connections, site-specific allocations regarding accessibility and developer contributions to public transport infrastructure | Increased physical activity Improved cardiovascular outcomes Reduced fear of social isolation Improved mental health | |
3. Prioritise connectivity with safe and efficient infrastructure | Prioritise pedestrians and cyclists—modal hierarchy (pedestrian, cycle, motor vehicle prioritisation), reducing travel severance, set limits on car parking provisions, site-specific allocations and developer requirements to promote walking and cycling routes, cycle parking, separate cycle lanes | Increased physical activity Improved cardiovascular outcomes | |
Traffic calming measures—includes referring to traffic calming and transport safety measures in new developments, e.g., 20MPH, separate cycling lanes, public realm improvements, e.g., rain garden street islands, incentivising public transport/active travel, use of home zones and shared workspaces (to reduce commute rate). Local plan references to transport policies/strategies that relate to this. | Increased physical activity Reduced risk of pedestrian injury Reduced risk of road traffic collision Increased pedestrian activity | ||
Public realm improvements, e.g., green/blue infrastructure/landscaping, street lighting, key design principles (e.g., legibility, transparency, natural surveillance, resilience) | Increased physical activity Reduced fear of crime Reduced risk of road traffic collision | ||
4. Enable mobility for all ages and activities (including monitoring of travel plans which schools are required to have and workplaces may be required to have through a travel planner) | Promote public transport to recreational spaces—link to park and green space strategy access requirements, links to local bus routes, cycling route and parking provisions | Increased physical activity Improved pedestrian safety among adolescents Improved mental health | |
Promote active travel to work and school—site allocations, reducing travel severance, also promote monitoring travel plans which schools are required to have, and workplaces can be required to have a travel planner | Increased physical activity Improved pedestrian safety among adolescents Improved mental health |
Themes | Feature | Policy Text |
---|---|---|
Neighbourhood Design | Complete and compact neighbourhoods | Homes in multiple occupation and other shared housing policy, LPA 1 local plan “Proposals for the development or intensification of homes in multiple occupation or other forms of shared housing will not be permitted where the development would:
|
Healthy Homes | Insulated, energy-efficient homes addressing fuel poverty and energy security | Fuel poverty strategy paragraph, LPA 2 local plan “In [LPA 2] fuel poverty was estimated to affect 11.9% of households, higher than national and regional averages… To protect tenants from fuel poverty, an EPC ‘C’ rating is expected of all development associated with existing development.” |
Housing refurbishment and retrofitting | Vacant Housing, Refurbishment and Housing Renewal policy, LPA 5 local plan “Vacant Housing: Planning permission will be granted for proposals which achieve a reduction in the level of vacant housing through the refurbishment and alteration of the internal dwelling layout subject to other policies in this Local Plan….Planning Permission will be granted for large-scale refurbishment/redevelopment proposals in order to secure major regenerative benefits for existing neighbourhoods provided that such proposals are supported by a masterplan or framework document” | |
Indoor access to daylight/natural light | Residential design and amenity policy, LPA 4 local plan “Dual aspect accommodation offers a range of benefits such as better daylight, a greater chance of direct sunlight for longer periods, natural cross ventilation, mitigating pollution, offering a choice of views, greater flexibility and adaptability…the Council will support residential developments that:…Maximises the provision of dual aspect accommodation unless exceptional circumstances are demonstrated” | |
Indoor/outdoor air quality | Indoor air quality policy, LPA 2 local plan “Where a development includes new residential premises in a known area of poor air quality, remedial measures will be required such as: the provision of passive or hybrid ventilation systems; appropriate amendments to uses and design; alternatives to the provision of, or a set-back in balconies and living quarters at roadside; provision of charging infrastructure for electric vehicles, or passive provision to allow conversion at a later date; and also travel plans to encourage reduced car use… Indoor environmental quality is dependent on air quality (passive/mechanical ventilation), thermal comfort and acoustic comfort. These factors are interdependent. When considering the mitigation of noise impact on new development, particularly residential development, the interdependence between acoustics, ventilation and overheating should be carefully considered…” | |
Affordable housing | Supported Accommodation (Specialist and Vulnerable Needs) policy, LPA 2 local plan “Such development may offer accommodation on a temporary or long term/permanent basis, to meet the needs of people who are:
| |
Security of tenure | Build to Rent Housing policy, LPA 7 local plan “Build to Rent Schemes will require a legal agreement setting out that:
| |
Healthier Food Environments | Healthy, affordable food for the general population | Health City policy, LPA 2 local plan “the strategy seek to secure investment in local parades/centres and ensure a healthy mix of uses is maintained. These centres should allow local communities and neighbourhoods to access fresh, locally produced food and key services” |
Enhance community food infrastructure | Sustainable Neighbourhoods policy, LPA 2 local plan “Recognise, safeguard and encourage the role of allotments; garden plots within developments; small scale agriculture and farmers markets in providing access to healthy, affordable locally produced food options.” | |
Healthy Transport | Connectivity | Transport Connectivity policy, LPA 4 local plan “The Council will work with its partners, including developers, the Mayor of London and central government to improve transport infrastructure and the connectivity of the borough by:... …vi. Enhancing strategic transport links across the borough; vii. Improving road safety in the borough, especially in the vicinity of schools and KSI “hotspots”; viii. Providing residents with options to travel sustainably and enabling walking and cycling ix. Working with partners to provide sustainable access to key employment areas across the borough …; x. Requiring new development to recognize sustainable access and other future transport connections, wherever applicable; xi. Supporting new developments that include shared use routes for people walking and cycling which lead to public open spaces and parks to promote active recreational activities…” |
Healthy Development Policy | Healthy Communities policy, LPA 4 local plan “…The Council will support development in {LPA 4] that provides opportunities for healthy lifestyles, contribute to the creation of healthier communities and helps reduce health inequalities. The Council will seek to maximise the potential health gains from development proposals and ensure that any negative impacts are mitigated. All major development proposals must be supported by a Health Impact Assessment (HIA) to demonstrate that full consideration has been given to health and wellbeing and the principles of active design. The Local Plan will promote health and wellbeing by:
|
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Local Plan | Council Type 1 | Indices of Multiple Deprivation (Decile Ranking, Comparing 333 LPAs) 2 | Date Local Plan Adopted | HIA of Local Plan |
---|---|---|---|---|
LPA 1 | Unitary | 3 | Draft (2019) | Yes, proposed |
LPA 2 | Unitary | 5 | Part 1—2016 Part 2—2022 | No (part 1) Yes, partially (part 2) |
LPA 3 | Unitary | 3 | 2016 Updated 2021 | No |
LPA 4 | Metropolitan borough | 6 | 2021 | Yes |
LPA 5 | Metropolitan district | 1 | 2022 | No |
LPA 6 | Unitary | 3 | 2019 | No |
LPA 7 | Metropolitan district | 2 | Draft | No |
Attributes | Health Definition (NCDs, Mental Health, Life Expectancy, Inequalities, Planetary Health) | Local Health & Wellbeing Strategy | HIA of Local Plan, Sustainability Appraisal | Evidence Base (JSNA, IMD) | National Standards (BfHL, Plus Other Standards, e.g., BREEAM, WELL, Building with Nature) | National Health Guidance/References | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Local Plan | |||||||
LPA1 | |||||||
LPA2 | |||||||
LPA3 | |||||||
LPA4 | |||||||
LPA5 | |||||||
LPA6 | |||||||
LPA7 |
Attributes | Determinants of Health Score | Healthy Development Policies (HIA, Promotion, Mitigation) | Validation Check Lists (Referring to HIA) | Fuel Poverty/ Energy Security | Outdoor Air Quality | Indoor Air Quality/Ventilation | Secure Tenure | Affordability Housing Provisions | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Local Plan | |||||||||
LPA1 | 76% (29/39) | ||||||||
LPA2 | 81% (31.5/39) | ||||||||
LPA3 | 64% (25/39) | ||||||||
LPA4 | 76% (29.5/39) | ||||||||
LPA5 | 73% (30/39) | ||||||||
LPA6 | 76% (29.5/39) | ||||||||
LPA7 | 77% (30/39) |
Attributes | Funding Requirements | Viability | Monitoring | Management & Maintenance Plans | Community Ownership | Statement of Community Involvement Guidance | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Local Plan | |||||||
LPA1 | |||||||
LPA2 | |||||||
LPA3 | |||||||
LPA4 | |||||||
LPA5 | |||||||
LPA6 | |||||||
LPA7 |
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Callway, R.; Le Gouais, A.; Bird, E.L.; Chang, M.; Kidger, J. Integrating Health into Local Plans: A Comparative Review of Health Requirements for Urban Development in Seven Local Planning Authorities in England. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 4079. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20054079
Callway R, Le Gouais A, Bird EL, Chang M, Kidger J. Integrating Health into Local Plans: A Comparative Review of Health Requirements for Urban Development in Seven Local Planning Authorities in England. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(5):4079. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20054079
Chicago/Turabian StyleCallway, Rosalie, Anna Le Gouais, Emma L. Bird, Michael Chang, and Judi Kidger. 2023. "Integrating Health into Local Plans: A Comparative Review of Health Requirements for Urban Development in Seven Local Planning Authorities in England" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 5: 4079. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20054079