Social Support, Identity Affirmation, and Psychological Well-Being: A Developmental and Intersectional Comparison between Italian Cisgender and Non-Binary People with Bisexual Orientation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Minority Stress and Health in Bisexual People
1.2. Integrating Positive Psychology, Intersectionality, and Life Course Perspective into the Minority Stress Framework
1.2.1. Positive Psychology
1.2.2. Intersectionality
1.2.3. Life Course
1.3. The Current Study
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Procedures
2.2. Participants
2.3. Measures
2.3.1. Sociodemographic Characteristics
2.3.2. Perceived Social Support
2.3.3. Identity Affirmation
2.3.4. Psychological Well-Being
2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Statistics and Partial Correlations
3.2. Associations of Perceived Social Support, Identity Affirmation, and Psychological Well-Being with Gender Identity and Age Groups
3.3. Multiple-Group Mediation Models
3.3.1. Gender Identity as Grouping Variable
3.3.2. Age Groups as Grouping Variable
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Total Sample (n = 483) | Cisgender (n = 354) | Non-Binary (n = 129) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | χ2 | |
Age | ||||
18–25 years | 213 (44.1) | 150 (42.4) | 63 (48.8) | 1.63 |
26–34 years | 219 (45.3) | 165 (46.6) | 54 (41.9) | |
35–49 years | 51 (10.6) | 39 (11) | 12 (9.3) | |
Sex assigned at birth | ||||
Male | 81 (16.8) | 55 (15.5) | 26 (20.2) | 1.44 |
Female | 402 (83.2) | 299 (84.5) | 103 (79.8) | |
Ethnicity | ||||
Caucasian | 476 (98.6) | 349 (98.6) | 127 (98.4) | 0.01 |
Non-Caucasian | 7 (1.4) | 5 (1.4) | 2 (1.6) | |
Education | ||||
≤High school | 201 (41.6) | 143 (40.4) | 58 (45) | 0.81 |
≥College | 282 (58.4) | 211 (59.6) | 71 (55) | |
Stable partner | ||||
No | 209 (43.3) | 152 (42.9) | 57 (44.2) | 0.06 |
One or more | 274 (56.7) | 202 (57.1) | 72 (55.8) |
1 | 2 | 3 | M ± SD | Ranges | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Perceived social support | — | 0.10 | 0.51 *** | 5.27 ± 1.13 | 1–7 |
2. Identity affirmation | 0.18 ** | — | 0.38 *** | 6.06 ± 1.05 | 1–7 |
3. Psychological well-being | 0.42 *** | 0.19 *** | — | 56.47 ± 9.39 | 14–84 |
Gender Identity | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cisgender (n = 354) | Non-Binary (n = 129) | |||||
M | SD | M | SD | F | η2 | |
Perceived social support | 5.36 | 1.09 | 5.02 | 1.17 | 8.79 ** | 0.02 |
Identity affirmation | 5.98 | 1.09 | 6.27 | 0.87 | 7.20 ** | 0.01 |
Psychological well-being | 57.34 | 9.14 | 54.09 | 9.68 | 11.54 ** | 0.02 |
Age Cohorts | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Young Adults (18–25 Years) (n = 213) | Early Adults (26–34 Years) (n = 219) | Middle Adults (35–49 Years) (n = 51) | ||||||
M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | F | η2 | |
Perceived social support | 5.21 | 1.14 | 5.33 | 1.10 | 5.26 | 1.19 | 0.55 | <0.01 |
Identity affirmation | 6.17 | 0.99 | 5.95 | 1.07 | 6.07 | 1.12 | 2.46 | 0.01 |
Psychological well-being | 54.96 a | 9.49 | 57.39 b | 8.71 | 58.88 b | 10.88 | 5.59 ** | 0.02 |
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Share and Cite
Scandurra, C.; Esposito, C.; Fantacci, F.; Borrello, L.; Bochicchio, V.; Giunti, D.; Antonelli, P. Social Support, Identity Affirmation, and Psychological Well-Being: A Developmental and Intersectional Comparison between Italian Cisgender and Non-Binary People with Bisexual Orientation. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 3237. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043237
Scandurra C, Esposito C, Fantacci F, Borrello L, Bochicchio V, Giunti D, Antonelli P. Social Support, Identity Affirmation, and Psychological Well-Being: A Developmental and Intersectional Comparison between Italian Cisgender and Non-Binary People with Bisexual Orientation. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(4):3237. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043237
Chicago/Turabian StyleScandurra, Cristiano, Concetta Esposito, Francesco Fantacci, Lorenzo Borrello, Vincenzo Bochicchio, Daniel Giunti, and Paolo Antonelli. 2023. "Social Support, Identity Affirmation, and Psychological Well-Being: A Developmental and Intersectional Comparison between Italian Cisgender and Non-Binary People with Bisexual Orientation" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 4: 3237. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043237