Secular Trends in Physical Fitness of Peruvian Children Living at High-Altitude
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design and Participants
2.2. The City of Junín
2.3. Measurements and Tests
2.3.1. Physical Fitness
2.3.2. Anthropometry
2.4. Data Quality Control
2.5. Statistical Procedures
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Age * | 2009 | 2019 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(Years) | Girls | Boys | Total | Girls | Boys | Total |
6 | 38 | 48 | 86 | 50 | 50 | 100 |
7 | 55 | 47 | 102 | 72 | 72 | 144 |
8 | 47 | 62 | 109 | 75 | 88 | 163 |
9 | 66 | 74 | 140 | 78 | 84 | 162 |
10 | 69 | 70 | 139 | 89 | 71 | 160 |
11 | 74 | 57 | 131 | 87 | 67 | 154 |
TOTAL | 349 | 358 | 707 | 451 | 432 | 883 |
Characteristics | 2009 | 2019 |
---|---|---|
Geographic | ||
Geographical area (km2) | 883.8 | |
Demographic | ||
Total population (inhabitants) | 11,242 | 6833 |
Socioeconomic | ||
Human Development Index | 0.42 | 0.49 |
Per capita family income (SOL per month) | 434.15 | 707.32 |
Primary production | Stockbreeding/Agriculture | |
Sportive features | ||
Number of clubs | 12 | 08 |
Number of practitioners | 260 | 150 |
Sports practiced | Soccer, volleyball, athletics, basketball | Soccer, volleyball, athletics, basketball, handball |
Infrastructure for physical activity and sports | ||
Parks | Yes | Yes |
Kids’ playground | No | Yes |
Pool | No | No |
Multisport indoor | Yes | Yes |
Multisport outdoor | Yes | Yes |
Gymnastics complex | No | No |
Physical Education (PE) classes | ||
Total population (schoolchildren) | 3560 | 2649 |
PE frequency (p/week) | 1 | 1 |
PE duration (hours) | Primary and Secondary (2 h) | Primary (3 h); Secondary (2 h) |
Equipment available (type) | Balls, cones, chess game | Balls, cones, chess game, gymnastic mats, banks |
Extracurricular activities (type) | Folk dances | Folk dances, rhythmic gymnastics |
Number of participants in the school sports program | 450 | 400 |
Girls | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Handgrip (kgf) | Standing Long Jump (cm) | Sit and Reach (cm) | Shuttle-Run (s) | |||||||||||||
Age (y) | 2009 | 2019 | Diff. | 95%CI | 2009 | 2019 | Diff. | 95%CI | 2009 | 2019 | Diff. | 95%CI | 2009 | 2019 | Diff. | 95%CI |
6 | 6.2 ± 0.4 | 7.0 ± 0.4 | 0.8 ns | −0.44; 1.86 | 93.3 ± 2.8 | 80.4 ± 2.4 | −12.9 ** | −20.08; −5.69 | 20.9 ± 0.8 | 24.2 ± 0.7 | 3.3 ** | 1.32; 5.35 | 28.8 ± 0.4 | 31.5 ± 0.3 | 2.7 ** | 1.68; 3.77 |
7 | 7.1 ± 0.4 | 8.0 ± 0.3 | 0.9 ns | −0.13; 1.78 | 91.7 ± 2.3 | 89.4 ± 2.0 | −2.3 ns | −8.25; 3.73 | 21.3 ± 0.6 | 23.0 ± 0.6 | 1.7 * | −0.06; 3.29 | 29.4 ± 0.3 | 30.1 ± 0.3 | 0.7 ns | −0.15; 1.59 |
8 | 8.4 ± 0.4 | 9.1 ± 0.3 | 0.7 ns | −0.32; 1.67 | 104.5 ± 2.5 | 92.4 ± 2.0 | −12.1 ** | −18.26; −5.82 | 20.0 ± 0.7 | 22.5 ± 0.6 | 2.5 ** | 0.67; 4.15 | 29.1 ± 0.4 | 29.2 ± 0.3 | 0.1 ns | −0.83; 0.97 |
9 | 9.3 ± 0.3 | 10.5 ± 0.3 | 1.2 ns | 0.24; 2.02 | 105.0 ± 2.1 | 98.8 ± 1.9 | −6.2 * | −11.87; −0.68 | 20.3 ± 0.6 | 22.0 ± 0.5 | 1.7 * | 0.11; 3.24 | 28.9 ± 0.3 | 28.7 ± 0.3 | −0.2 ns | −0.97; 0.65 |
10 | 11.5 ± 0.3 | 11.9 ± 0.3 | 0.4 ns | −0.51; 1.20 | 110.8 ± 2.0 | 104.9 ± 1.8 | −5.9 * | −11.25; −0.52 | 20.2 ± 0.6 | 22.4 ± 0.5 | 2.2 ** | 0.68; 3.68 | 28.9 ± 0.3 | 27.9 ± 2.3 | −1.0 ** | −1.79; −0.23 |
11 | 14.6 ± 0.3 | 14.7 ± 0.3 | 0.1 ns | −0.71; 0.98 | 116.2 ± 2.0 | 109.1 ± 1.8 | −7.1 ** | −12.39; −1.82 | 21.2 ± 0.5 | 23.0 ± 0.5 | 1.8 * | 0.28; 3.24 | 27.9 ± 2.4 | 26.9 ± 2.4 | −1.0 ** | −1.78; −0.24 |
Two-Factor ANOVA Model Results | ||||||||||||||||
Age | F = 156.06, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.497 | F = 41.91, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.210 | F = 1.84, p = 0.103, η2 = 0.012 | F = 20.01, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.112 | ||||||||||||
Year | F = 10.33, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.012 | F = 38.77, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.047 | F = 38.76, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.047 | F = 1.52, p = 0.217, η2 = 0.002 | ||||||||||||
Age-by-Year | F = 0.63, p = 0.679, η2 = 0.003 | F = 1.54, p = 0.175, η2 = 0.009 | F = 0.48, p = 0.792, η2 = 0.003 | F = 8.46, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.509 |
Boys | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Handgrip (kgf) | Standing Long Jump (cm) | Sit and Reach (cm) | Shuttle-Run (s) | |||||||||||||
Age (y) | 2009 | 2019 | Diff. | 95%CI | 2009 | 2019 | Diff. | 95%CI | 2009 | 2019 | Diff. | 95%CI | 2009 | 2019 | Diff. | 95%CI |
6 | 6.9 ± 0.4 | 7.2 ± 0.4 | 0.3 ns | −0.75; 1.45 | 99.9 ± 2.3 | 87.9 ± 2.3 | −12.0 ** | −18.47; −5.74 | 22.2 ± 0.7 | 22.7 ± 0.7 | 0.5 ns | −1.42; 2.30 | 28.3 ± 0.4 | 30.1 ± 0.4 | 1.8 ** | 0.74; 2.90 |
7 | 7.8 ± 0.4 | 8.4 ± 0.3 | 0.6 ns | −0.44; 1.61 | 101.1 ± 2.3 | 92.3 ± 1.9 | −8.8 ** | −14.67; −2.85 | 22.5 ± 0.7 | 22.2 ± 0.6 | −0.3 ns | −2.07; 1.37 | 28.0 ± 0.4 | 29.4 ± 0.3 | 1.4 ** | 0.36; 2.38 |
8 | 9.3 ± 0.3 | 9.7 ± 0.3 | 0.4 ns | −0.55; 1.26 | 106.7 ± 2.0 | 103.1 ± 1.7 | −3.6 ns | −8.76; 1.69 | 21.4 ± 0.6 | 21.2 ± 0.5 | −0.2 ns | −1.76; 1.29 | 28.2 ± 0.3 | 27.5 ± 0.3 | −0.7 ns | −1.52; 0.27 |
9 | 10.8 ± 0.3 | 11.0 ± 0.3 | 0.2 ns | −0.59; 1.15 | 113.1 ± 1.9 | 112.0 ± 1.8 | −1.1 ns | −6.14; 3.90 | 20.6 ± 0.5 | 20.1 ± 0.5 | −0.5 ns | −1.98; 0.95 | 27.6 ± 0.3 | 27.2 ± 0.3 | −0.4 ns | −1.26; 0.46 |
10 | 12.4 ± 0.3 | 13.0 ± 0.3 | 0.6 ns | −0.38; 1.45 | 120.4 ± 1.9 | 115.5 ± 1.9 | −4.9 ns | −10.17; 0.44 | 19.2 ± 0.6 | 19.6 ± 0.6 | 0.4 ns | −1.11; 1.99 | 27.5 ± 0.3 | 27.2 ± 0.3 | −0.3 ns | −1.24; 0.57 |
11 | 14.5 ± 0.4 | 14.4 ± 0.3 | −0.1 ns | −1.10; 0.86 | 124.8 ± 2.1 | 121.4 ± 2.0 | −3.4 ns | −9.10; 2.25 | 20.3 ± 0.6 | 20.0 ± 0.6 | −0.3 ns | −2.01; 1.31 | 26.9 ± 0.4 | 25.8 ± 0.3 | −1.1 * | −2.01; −0.07 |
Two-Factor ANOVA Model Results | ||||||||||||||||
Age | F = 118.88, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.433 | F = 62.02, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.285 | F = 8.35, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.051 | F = 15.67, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.091 | ||||||||||||
Year | F = 2.70, p = 0.101, η2 = 0.003 | F = 23.40, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.029 | F = 0.08, p = 0.775, η2 = 0.001 | F = 0.45, p = 0.504, η2 = 0.001 | ||||||||||||
Age-by-Year | F = 0.25, p = 0.939, η2 = 0.002 | F = 1.85, p = 0.101, η2 = 0.118 | F = 0.26, p = 0.936, η2 = 0.002 | F = 5.13, p < 0001, η2 = 0.032 |
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Santos, C.; Pereira, S.; Vasconcelos, O.; Tani, G.; Hedeker, D.; Katzmarzyk, P.T.; Maia, J.; Bustamante, A. Secular Trends in Physical Fitness of Peruvian Children Living at High-Altitude. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 3236. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043236
Santos C, Pereira S, Vasconcelos O, Tani G, Hedeker D, Katzmarzyk PT, Maia J, Bustamante A. Secular Trends in Physical Fitness of Peruvian Children Living at High-Altitude. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(4):3236. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043236
Chicago/Turabian StyleSantos, Carla, Sara Pereira, Olga Vasconcelos, Go Tani, Donald Hedeker, Peter T. Katzmarzyk, José Maia, and Alcibíades Bustamante. 2023. "Secular Trends in Physical Fitness of Peruvian Children Living at High-Altitude" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 4: 3236. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043236