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Article

Causal Model Analysis of the Effect of Formalism, Fear of Infection, COVID-19 Stress on Firefighters’ Post-Traumatic Stress Syndrome and Insomnia

by
Yun-Ming Tang
1,
Tsung-Lin Wu
2 and
Hsiang-Te Liu
3,*
1
Asia Pacific Society of Fire Engineering, Kaohsiung City 825, Taiwan
2
Department of Leisure Management, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City 84001, Taiwan
3
Department of Public Affairs and Administration, Ming Chuan University, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20(2), 1097; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20021097
Submission received: 28 November 2022 / Revised: 30 December 2022 / Accepted: 5 January 2023 / Published: 8 January 2023
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Abstract

As the front line of epidemic prevention, firefighters are responsible for the transportation of infected cases. Firefighters are under a lot of stress from the new COVID-19, especially the fear that they may contract the virus at work and spread the virus to their families. In particular, the framework of this study incorporates Riggs’ formalism variables. When firefighters think that the epidemic prevention regulations are inconsistent with the actual epidemic prevention, it will increase their work pressure on COVID-19. In this study, firefighters from all over Taiwan were used as the respondents, and a total of 453 respondents were obtained. This study uses confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling to test the established hypotheses. The findings confirm that formalism, fear of self and family infection are positively influencing COVID-19 stress. COVID-19 stress positively affects PTSD and insomnia. COVID-19 stress negatively affects problem-focused strategies. Problem-focused strategies negatively affect post-traumatic stress disorder.
Keywords: formalism; fear of family infection; COVID-19 stress; post-traumatic stress disorder; problem-focused strategies; insomnia formalism; fear of family infection; COVID-19 stress; post-traumatic stress disorder; problem-focused strategies; insomnia

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MDPI and ACS Style

Tang, Y.-M.; Wu, T.-L.; Liu, H.-T. Causal Model Analysis of the Effect of Formalism, Fear of Infection, COVID-19 Stress on Firefighters’ Post-Traumatic Stress Syndrome and Insomnia. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 1097. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20021097

AMA Style

Tang Y-M, Wu T-L, Liu H-T. Causal Model Analysis of the Effect of Formalism, Fear of Infection, COVID-19 Stress on Firefighters’ Post-Traumatic Stress Syndrome and Insomnia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(2):1097. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20021097

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tang, Yun-Ming, Tsung-Lin Wu, and Hsiang-Te Liu. 2023. "Causal Model Analysis of the Effect of Formalism, Fear of Infection, COVID-19 Stress on Firefighters’ Post-Traumatic Stress Syndrome and Insomnia" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 2: 1097. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20021097

APA Style

Tang, Y.-M., Wu, T.-L., & Liu, H.-T. (2023). Causal Model Analysis of the Effect of Formalism, Fear of Infection, COVID-19 Stress on Firefighters’ Post-Traumatic Stress Syndrome and Insomnia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(2), 1097. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20021097

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