Associations between Drug Use and Sexual Risk Behaviours among Men Who Have Sex with Men in Japan: Results from the Cross-Sectional LASH Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Overall Respondent Characteristics
3.2. Characteristics of Those Who Used Drugs
3.3. Sexual Behaviours of Respondents
3.4. Types of Drugs Used
3.5. Associations between Drug Use and Sexual Behaviours
4. Discussion
4.1. Characteristics of Those Who Used Drugs
4.2. Associations between Drug Use and Sexual Risk Behaviours
4.3. Limitations and Strengths
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic | Total (n = 6921) | Those Who Did Not Use Drugs (n = 6141) | Those Who Used Drugs a (n = 780) | Statistics | p-Value b | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | 95% CI | n | % | 95% CI | n | % | 95% CI | |||
Age | |||||||||||
Mean | 33.8 | (95% CI: 33.6–34.0) | 33.3 | (95% CI: 33.1–33.5) | 37.8 | (95% CI: 37.1–38.4) | 13.398 | <0.001 | |||
Median | 33 | (IQR: 26–41) | 33 | (IQR: 25–41) | 39 | (IQR: 31–44) | |||||
<19 | 111 | 1.6% | (1.3–1.9) | 107 | 1.7% | (1.4–2.0) | 4 | 0.5% | (0.1–1.0) | 131.936 | <0.001 |
19–34 | 3722 | 53.8% | (52.6–55.0) | 3441 | 56.0% | (54.8–57.2) | 281 | 36.0% | (32.7–39.4) | ||
35–49 | 2695 | 38.9% | (37.8–40.2) | 2273 | 37.0% | (35.8–38.2) | 422 | 54.1% | (50.6–57.4) | ||
50–64 | 382 | 5.5% | (5.0–6.1) | 310 | 5.0% | (4.4–5.6) | 72 | 9.2% | (7.2–11.2) | ||
65+ | 11 | 0.2% | (0.1–0.3) | 10 | 0.2% | (0.1–0.3) | 1 | 0.1% | (0.0–0.4) | ||
Nationality | |||||||||||
Japanese | 6782 | 98.0% | (97.6–98.3) | 6019 | 98.0% | (97.7–98.4) | 763 | 97.8% | (96.7–98.7) | 0.131 | 0.718 |
non-Japanese | 139 | 2.0% | (1.7–2.4) | 122 | 2.0% | (1.7–2.3) | 17 | 2.2% | (1.3–3.2) | ||
University Education | |||||||||||
No | 3242 | 46.8% | (45.6–48.0) | 2822 | 46.0% | (44.7–47.1) | 420 | 53.8% | (50.6–57.4) | 17.315 | <0.001 |
Yes | 3679 | 53.2% | (51.9–54.3) | 3319 | 54.0% | (52.8–55.3) | 360 | 46.2% | (42.7–49.9) | ||
Gender Identity | |||||||||||
Male | 6824 | 98.6% | (98.3–98.6) | 6051 | 98.5% | (98.2–98.8) | 773 | 99.1% | (98.3–99.7) | 2.007 | 0.553 |
Transgender man | 23 | 0.3% | (0.2–0.5) | 21 | 0.3% | (0.2–0.5) | 2 | 0.3% | (0.0–0.6) | ||
Transgender woman | 41 | 0.6% | (0.4–0.8) | 39 | 0.6% | (0.4–0.8) | 2 | 0.3% | (0.0–0.6) | ||
Others | 33 | 0.5% | (0.3–0.7) | 30 | 0.5% | (0.3–0.7) | 3 | 0.4% | (0.0–0.9) | ||
Sexual orientation | |||||||||||
Homosexual | 5503 | 79.5% | (78.6–80.4) | 4820 | 78.5% | (77.5–79.5) | 683 | 87.6% | (85.3–89.9) | 36.993 | 0.001 |
Bisexual | 1126 | 16.3% | (15.4–17.2) | 1046 | 17.0% | (16.1–17.9) | 80 | 10.3% | (8.2–12.3) | ||
Heterosexual | 21 | 0.3% | (0.2–0.4) | 18 | 0.3% | (0.2–0.4) | 3 | 0.4% | (0.0–0.9) | ||
Others | 271 | 3.9% | (3.5–4.4) | 257 | 4.2% | (3.7–4.7) | 14 | 1.8% | (0.9–2.7) |
Characteristic | Total (n = 6921) | Those Who Did Not Use Drugs (n = 6141) | Those Who Used Drugs a (n = 780) | Statistics | p-Value b | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | 95% CI | n | % | 95% CI | n | % | 95% CI | |||
HIV status | |||||||||||
Negative | 3767 | 54.4% | (53.2–55.6) | 3281 | 53.4% | (52.1–54.6) | 486 | 62.3% | (58.6–65.8) | 358.242 | <0.001 |
Unknown | 2641 | 38.2% | (37.0–39.4) | 2515 | 41.0% | (39.8–42.1) | 126 | 16.2% | (13.8–18.7) | ||
Positive | 513 | 7.4% | (6.8–8.0) | 345 | 5.6% | (5.0–6.2) | 168 | 21.5% | (18.6–24.2) | ||
HIV/STI knowledge | |||||||||||
Mean | 7.8 | (95% CI: 7.8–7.9) | 7.8 | (95% CI: 7.7–7.8) | 8.4 | (95% CI: 8.3–8.5) | 10.895 | <0.001 | |||
Median | 8 | (IQR: 7–9) | 8 | (IQR: 7–9) | 9 | (IQR: 7–10) | |||||
Low (0–7) | 2761 | 39.9% | (38.8–41.0) | 2553 | 41.6% | (40.4–42.7) | 208 | 26.7% | (23.6–29.9) | 64.134 | <0.001 |
High (8+) | 4160 | 60.1% | (59.0–61.3) | 3588 | 58.4% | (57.2–59.6) | 572 | 73.3% | (70.3–76.5) | ||
K6 score | |||||||||||
Mean | 6.6 | (95% CI: 6.4–6.7) | 6.6 | (95% CI: 6.4–6.7) | 6.8 | (95% CI: 6.4–7.3) | 1.176 | 0.240 | |||
Median | 5 | (IQR: 2–10) | 5 | (IQR: 2–10) | 6 | (IQR: 2–10) | |||||
Low (0–12) | 5832 | 84.3% | (83.4–85.0) | 5187 | 84.5% | (83.6–85.4) | 645 | 82.7% | (80.0–85.3) | 1.640 | 0.200 |
High (13+) | 1089 | 15.7% | (14.9–16.6) | 954 | 15.5% | (14.7–16.5) | 135 | 17.3% | (14.7–20.1) | ||
Alcohol-drinking habit in the past six months | |||||||||||
Almost every day | 1089 | 15.7% | (14.8–16.6) | 907 | 14.8% | (13.9–15.6) | 182 | 23.3% | (20.6–26.2) | 38.480 | <0.001 |
Sometimes | 4807 | 69.5% | (68.4–70.5) | 4310 | 70.2% | (69.0–71.3) | 497 | 63.7% | (60.3–67.2) | ||
Not at all | 1025 | 14.8% | (14.0–15.6) | 924 | 15.0% | (14.2–16.0) | 101 | 12.9% | (10.5–15.5) | ||
Lifetime experience of drug use | |||||||||||
No | 5165 | 74.6% | (73.6–75.7) | ||||||||
Yes | 1756 | 25.4% | (24.4–26.4) | ||||||||
Experience of drug use in the past six months | |||||||||||
No | 6141 | 88.7% | (87.9–89.5) | ||||||||
Yes | 780 | 11.3% | (10.6–12.0) |
Behaviour | Total (n = 6921) | Those Who Did Not Use Drugs (n = 6141) | Those Who Used Drugs a (n = 780) | Statistics | p-Value b | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | 95% CI | n | % | 95% CI | n | % | 95% CI | |||
No. of male sexual partners in the past six months | |||||||||||
0 | 613 | 8.9% | (8.2–9.6) | 603 | 9.8% | (9.0–10.6) | 10 | 1.3% | (0.6–2.2) | 335.508 | <0.001 |
1 | 815 | 11.8% | (11.0–12.6) | 778 | 12.7% | (11.8–13.5) | 37 | 4.7% | (3.3–6.5) | ||
2–5 | 3015 | 43.6% | (42.3–44.8) | 2753 | 44.8% | (43.6–46.0) | 262 | 33.6% | (30.3–37.1) | ||
6–10 | 1178 | 17.0% | (16.1–17.9) | 1001 | 16.3% | (15.4–17.2) | 177 | 22.7% | (19.5–25.8) | ||
11–20 | 708 | 10.2% | (9.6–10.9) | 577 | 9.4% | (8.7–10.1) | 131 | 16.8% | (14.1–19.5) | ||
21–50 | 417 | 6.0% | (5.5–6.6) | 314 | 5.1% | (4.6–5.7) | 103 | 13.2% | (10.8–15.6) | ||
51+ | 175 | 2.5% | (2.2–2.9) | 115 | 1.9% | (1.5–2.2) | 60 | 7.7% | (5.8–9.6) | ||
Experience of CLAI in the past six months | |||||||||||
No | 3557 | 51.4% | (50.2–52.5) | 3346 | 54.5% | (53.2–55.7) | 211 | 27.1% | (23.8–30.1) | 208.531 | <0.001 |
Yes | 3364 | 48.6% | (47.4–49.8) | 2795 | 45.5% | (44.3–46.7) | 569 | 72.9% | (69.9–75.9) | ||
Experience of group sex in the past six months | |||||||||||
No | 4795 | 69.3% | (68.2–70.3) | 4443 | 72.3% | (71.2–73.5) | 352 | 45.1% | (41.5–48.6) | 240.978 | <0.001 |
Yes | 2126 | 30.7% | (29.7–31.8) | 1698 | 27.7% | (26.6–28.8) | 428 | 54.9% | (51.4–58.2) | ||
Experience of sex work in the past six months | |||||||||||
No | 6636 | 95.9% | (95.4–96.4) | 5915 | 96.3% | (95.9–96.8) | 721 | 92.4% | (90.6–94.1) | 26.442 | <0.001 |
Yes | 285 | 4.1% | (3.6–4.6) | 226 | 3.7% | (3.2–4.1) | 59 | 7.6% | (5.9–9.6) | ||
Ever tested for HIV | |||||||||||
No | 2609 | 37.7% | (36.5–38.8) | 2489 | 40.5% | (39.3–41.7) | 120 | 15.4% | (12.8–18.2) | 186.336 | <0.001 |
Yes | 4312 | 62.3% | (61.2–63.5) | 3652 | 59.5% | (58.3–60.7) | 660 | 84.6% | (81.9–87.1) |
Sexual Behaviours in the Past Six Months | Drug Use b | Prevalence (%) | Simple | Multivariable a | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | p-Value | aOR | 95% CI | p-Value | ||||
Six or more sexual partners | No | 2007/6141 | 32.70% | Ref | Ref | ||||
(0: No, 1: Yes) | Yes | 471/780 | 60.40% | 3.14 | (2.69–3.66) | <0.001 | 2.70 | (2.30–3.17) | <0.001 |
Experience of CLAI | No | 2795/6141 | 45.50% | Ref | Ref | ||||
(0: No, 1: Yes) | Yes | 569/780 | 72.90% | 3.23 | (2.74–3.81) | <0.001 | 2.88 | (2.43–3.42) | <0.001 |
Experience of group sex | No | 1698/6141 | 27.70% | Ref | Ref | ||||
(0: No, 1: Yes) | Yes | 428/780 | 54.90% | 3.18 | (2.73–3.70) | <0.001 | 2.60 | (2.22–3.05) | <0.001 |
Experience of sex work | No | 226/6141 | 3.70% | Ref | Ref | ||||
(0: No, 1: Yes) | Yes | 59/780 | 7.60% | 2.14 | (1.59–2.88) | <0.001 | 2.30 | (1.67–3.16) | <0.001 |
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Miwa, T.; Yamaguchi, M.; Ohtsuki, T.; Oshima, G.; Wakabayashi, C.; Nosaka, S.; Hayashi, K.; Ikushima, Y.; Tarui, M. Associations between Drug Use and Sexual Risk Behaviours among Men Who Have Sex with Men in Japan: Results from the Cross-Sectional LASH Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 6275. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20136275
Miwa T, Yamaguchi M, Ohtsuki T, Oshima G, Wakabayashi C, Nosaka S, Hayashi K, Ikushima Y, Tarui M. Associations between Drug Use and Sexual Risk Behaviours among Men Who Have Sex with Men in Japan: Results from the Cross-Sectional LASH Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(13):6275. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20136275
Chicago/Turabian StyleMiwa, Takeshi, Masazumi Yamaguchi, Tomoko Ohtsuki, Gaku Oshima, Chihiro Wakabayashi, Sachiko Nosaka, Kanna Hayashi, Yuzuru Ikushima, and Masayoshi Tarui. 2023. "Associations between Drug Use and Sexual Risk Behaviours among Men Who Have Sex with Men in Japan: Results from the Cross-Sectional LASH Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 13: 6275. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20136275