Avoidant/Restrictive Food Disorder (ARFID), Food Neophobia, Other Eating-Related Behaviours and Feeding Practices among Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and in Non-Clinical Sample: A Preliminary Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants and Procedure
2.2. Measures
2.2.1. The Autism Spectrum Rating Scales (ASRS)
2.2.2. The Eating Disorders in Youth-Questionnaire (EDY-Q)
2.2.3. The Children Food Neophobia Scale (CFNS)
2.2.4. The Child Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (CEBQ)
2.2.5. The Child Feeding Questionnaire (CFQ)
2.2.6. Socio-Demographic Survey and Additional Questions
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Comparison Analyses
3.2. Regression Analyses
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Clinical Sample N = 54 | Non-Clinical Sample N = 51 | |
---|---|---|
M (SD) | ||
Children’s age | 7.44 (3.06) | 6.71 (3.22) |
Parents’ age | 37.28 (6.05) | 34.90 (5.06) |
Children’s body mass index (BMI) (kg/m2) | 17.08 (4.08) | 16.74 (3.32) |
Parents’ body mass index (BMI) (kg/m2) | 26.31 (4.87) | 24.32 (4.06) |
N (%) | N (%) | |
Education level | ||
Elementary | 1 (1.85%) | 0 |
Lower secondary | 3 (5.56%) | 0 |
Vocational | 13 (24.07%) | 2 (3.92%) |
Secondary | 22 (40.74%) | 14 (27.45%) |
Higher | 15 (27.78%) | 35 (68.63%) |
Financial status | ||
Definitely good | 5 (9.26%) | 11 (21.57%) |
Rather good | 49 (90.74%) | 38 (74.51%) |
Rather bad | 0 | 2 (3.92%) |
Definitely bad | 0 | 0 |
Marital status | ||
Single | 8 (14.82%) | 6 (11.77%) |
Cohabitation | 6 (11.11%) | 3 (5.88%) |
Married | 32 (59.26%) | 37 (72.55%) |
Divorced | 7 (12.96%) | 5 (9.80%) |
Widowed | 1 (1.85%) | 0 |
Number of children in the family | ||
1 | 19 (35.19%) | 13 (25.49%) |
2 | 24 (44.44%) | 29 (56.86%) |
3 | 8 (14.82%) | 9 (17.65%) |
4 | 2 (3.70%) | 0 |
5 | 1 (1.85%) | 0 |
Diagnosis | ||
autism | 48 (88.89%) | 0 |
Asperger’s syndrome | 6 (11.11%) | 0 |
Clinical Sample | Non−Clinical Sample | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
M (SD) [95% CI 1] | M (SD) [95% CI 1] | Student’s t−Test | p | Cohen’s d | |
Hypothesis 1a—avoidant/restrictive food disorder (EDY−Q) | |||||
ARFID | 34.77 (12.93) [31.32–38.22] | 26.61 (9.05) [24.13–29.09] | t(103) = 3.73 | <0.001 | 0.73 |
Hypothesis 1b—food neophobia (CFNS) | |||||
Food neophobia | 17.57 (4.29) [16.43–18.71] | 14.18 (3.64) [13.18–15.18] | t(101) = 4.30 | <0.001 | 0.85 |
Hypothesis 1c—other eating-related behaviours (CEBQ) | |||||
Food responsiveness | 11.91 (4.67) [10.66–13.16] | 11.96 (4.62) [10.69–13.23] | t(103) = −0.06 | >0.05 | 0.01 |
Emotional under−eating | 10.87 (2.85) [10.11–11.63] | 9.55 (3.27) [8.65–10.45] | t(103) = 2.21 | <0.05 | 0.43 |
Enjoyment of food | 12.65 (3.48) [11.72–13.58] | 13.57 (3.20) [12.69–14.45] | t(103) = −1.41 | >0.05 | 0.28 |
Satiety responsiveness | 14.67 (3.07) [13.85–15.49] | 13.82 (3.16) [12.95–14.69] | t(103) = 1.38 | >0.05 | 0.27 |
Desire to drink | 10.07 (2.91) [9.29–10.85] | 8.73 (2.61) [8.01–9.45] | t(103) = 2.49 | <0.05 | 0.49 |
Slowness in eating | 12.11 (3.80) [11.10–13.12] | 11.18 (2.78) [10.42–11.94] | t(103) = 1.43 | >0.05 | 0.30 |
Emotional over−eating | 7.60 (3.06) [6.78–8.42] | 7.90 (3.95) [6.82–8.98] | t(102) = −0.43 | >0.05 | 0.08 |
Food fussiness | 21.74 (5.02) [20.40–23.08] | 17.75 (5.30) [16.30–19.20] | t(102) = 3.94 | <0.001 | 0.77 |
Hypothesis 1d—feeding practices (CFQ) | |||||
Pressure to eat | 10.20 (4.82) [8.91–11.49] | 7.54 (3.24) [6.65–8.43] | t(103) = 3.29 | <0.001 | 0.65 |
Perceived responsibility | 12.72 (1.84) [12.23–13.21] | 12.20 (2.23) [11.59–12.81] | t(103) = 1.32 | >0.05 | 0.25 |
Parents’ concerns about child weight | 5.26 (2.98) [4.47–6.05] | 4.78 (2.89) [3.99–5.57] | t(103) = 0.83 | >0.05 | 0.16 |
Restriction | 26.98 (1.68) [26.53–27.43] | 24.57 (1.73) [24.10–25.04] | t(103) = 1.76 | >0.05 | 1.41 |
Monitoring | 11.37 (2.47) [10.71–12.03] | 11.88 (2.55) [11.18–12.58] | t(103) = −1.04 | >0.05 | 0.20 |
Dependent Variable: Food Neophobia (CFNS) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
F(7, 45) = 17.74; p < 0.001; R2adj. = 0.69 | |||||
Predictors: | B | SE | β | t | p |
Sensory sensitivity (ASRS) | −0.08 | 0.09 | −0.06 | −0.92 | >0.05 |
Food fussiness (CEBQ) | 0.53 | 0.16 | 0.45 | 3.41 | <0.001 |
Enjoyment of food (CEBQ) | 0.12 | 0.10 | 0.15 | 1.23 | >0.05 |
Concern about child weight (CFQ) | −0.14 | 0.08 | −0.20 | −1.76 | >0.05 |
Pressure to eat (CFQ) | 0.08 | 0.09 | 0.07 | 0.88 | >0.05 |
Monitoring (CFQ) | 0.12 | 0.09 | 0.19 | 1.28 | >0.05 |
Selective eating (EDY-Q) | 0.35 | 0.15 | 0.25 | 2.27 | <0.05 |
Dependent Variable: Food Neophobia (CFNS) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
F(7, 41) = 0.60; p > 0.05; R2adj. = −0.06 | |||||
Predictors: | B | SE | β | t | p |
Sensory sensitivity (ASRS) | 0.05 | 0.19 | 0.04 | 0.24 | >0.05 |
Food fussiness (CEBQ) | 0.03 | 0.29 | 0.02 | 0.09 | >0.05 |
Enjoyment of food (CEBQ) | 0.11 | 0.26 | 0.13 | 0.43 | >0.05 |
Concern about child weight (CFQ) | −0.31 | 0.21 | −0.39 | −1.50 | >0.05 |
Pressure to eat (CFQ) | −0.16 | 0.18 | −0.18 | −0.90 | >0.05 |
Monitoring (CFQ) | −0.06 | 0.19 | −0.09 | −0.33 | >0.05 |
Selective eating (EDY-Q) | 0.07 | 0.24 | 0.05 | 0.30 | >0.05 |
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Kozak, A.; Czepczor-Bernat, K.; Modrzejewska, J.; Modrzejewska, A.; Matusik, E.; Matusik, P. Avoidant/Restrictive Food Disorder (ARFID), Food Neophobia, Other Eating-Related Behaviours and Feeding Practices among Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and in Non-Clinical Sample: A Preliminary Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 5822. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20105822
Kozak A, Czepczor-Bernat K, Modrzejewska J, Modrzejewska A, Matusik E, Matusik P. Avoidant/Restrictive Food Disorder (ARFID), Food Neophobia, Other Eating-Related Behaviours and Feeding Practices among Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and in Non-Clinical Sample: A Preliminary Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(10):5822. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20105822
Chicago/Turabian StyleKozak, Agata, Kamila Czepczor-Bernat, Justyna Modrzejewska, Adriana Modrzejewska, Edyta Matusik, and Paweł Matusik. 2023. "Avoidant/Restrictive Food Disorder (ARFID), Food Neophobia, Other Eating-Related Behaviours and Feeding Practices among Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and in Non-Clinical Sample: A Preliminary Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 10: 5822. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20105822