Disability among Women and Men Who Married in Childhood: Evidence from Cross-Sectional Nationally Representative Surveys Undertaken in 37 Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Disabilities
2.2. Child Marriage Status
2.3. Country Characteristics
2.4. Household Wealth
2.5. Highest Level of Education
2.6. Approach to Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Prevalence and Predictors of Disability
3.2. Prevalence and Predictors of Child Marriage
3.3. Disability and Marriage
3.4. Disability and Child Marriage
3.5. Analyses Stratified by Age Group
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Country | Year of Survey | pcGNI (2018) | Response Rate for Women | Sample Size a | Response Rate for Men | Sample Size a |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Upper-middle Income | ||||||
Costa Rica | 2018 | USD 11,590 | 82.5% | 6902 | n/a | n/a |
Montenegro | 2018/19 | USD 8430 | 54.9% | 2107 | 39.3% | 757 |
Dominican Republic | 2019 | USD 7760 | 97.0% | 20,029 | n/a | n/a |
Cuba | 2019 | USD 7480 | 97.7% | 8401 | 95.6% | 3456 |
Turkmenistan | 2019 | USD 6740 | 96.0% | 6973 | n/a | n/a |
Guyana | 2019/20 | USD 6290 | 84.2% | 5290 | 71.4% | 1973 |
Belarus | 2019 | USD 5700 | 93.4% | 5270 | 84.5% | 2171 |
North Macedonia | 2018/19 | USD 5470 | 83.8% | 2967 | n/a | n/a |
Tuvalu | 2019/20 | USD 5430 | 94.6% | 762 | 94.6% | 271 |
Suriname | 2018 | USD 5210 | 74.0% | 6261 | 63.4% | 2449 |
Iraq | 2018 | USD 5040 | 98.2% | 26,752 | n/a | n/a |
Georgia | 2018 | USD 4450 | 75.4% | 6461 | 57.2% | 2476 |
Kosovo | 2019/20 | USD 4340 | 73.6% | 4750 | 59.5% | 1850 |
Tonga | 2019 | USD 4300 | 90.3% | 2493 | 83.3% | 1048 |
Lower-middle Income | ||||||
Palestine | 2019/20 | USD 4190 | 92.9% | 9794 | n/a | n/a |
Samoa | 2019/20 | USD 4020 | 93.0% | 3659 | 79.9% | 1047 |
Algeria | 2018 | USD 3980 | 91.2% | 32,015 | n/a | n/a |
Mongolia | 2018 | USD 3660 | 90.4% | 9872 | 79.8% | 4042 |
Tunisia | 2018 | USD 3500 | 93.8% | 9788 | 89.5% | 2243 |
Kiribati | 2018/19 | USD 3140 | 96.7% | 3806 | 95.4% | 1866 |
Honduras | 2019 | USD 2320 | 86.0% | 17,137 | 77.9% | 7933 |
Ghana | 2017/18 | USD 2130 | 97.8% | 12,528 | 96.7% | 4309 |
Sao Tome and Principe | 2019 | USD 1870 | 94.8% | 2638 | 87.8% | 1160 |
Zimbabwe | 2018/19 | USD 1790 | 92.8% | 8888 | 87.6% | 3440 |
Bangladesh | 2019 | USD 1750 | 93.1% | 57,699 | n/a | n/a |
Lesotho | 2018 | USD 1390 | 86.0% | 5630 | 80.6% | 2425 |
Kyrgyz Republic | 2018 | USD 1220 | 97.2% | 5164 | n/a | n/a |
Nepal | 2019 | USD 970 | 98.3% | 13,320 | 97.9% | 4856 |
Low-income | ||||||
Guinea-Bissau | 2018/19 | USD 750 | 97.6% | 9597 | 92.4% | 2391 |
The Gambia | 2018 | USD 710 | 94.0% | 11,790 | 85.3% | 3745 |
Chad | 2019 | USD 680 | 98.6% | 19,266 | 97.6% | 5674 |
Togo | 2017 | USD 660 | 93.9% | 6411 | 91.4% | 1960 |
Madagascar | 2018 | USD 510 | 89.1% | 14,872 | 82.9% | 6470 |
DR Congo | 2017/18 | USD 490 | 99.6% | 18,978 | 99.2% | 5191 |
Sierra Leone | 2017 | USD 490 | 98.9% | 15,649 | 98.1% | 6379 |
Central African Republic | 2018/19 | USD 490 | 92.2% | 8122 | 86.9% | 3362 |
Malawi | 2019/20 | USD 430 | 94.6% | 21,124 | 86.5% | 5611 |
Women | Men | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Country | Prevalence of Disability | Prevalence of Child Marriage (Under Age 18) | Prevalence of Child Marriage (Under Age 16) | Prevalence of Disability | Prevalence of Child Marriage (Under Age 18) | Prevalence of Child Marriage (Under Age 16) |
Upper-middle Income | ||||||
Costa Rica | 25.3% (23.7–27.1) | 18.7% (17.1–20.4) | 7.5% (6.5–8.6) | n/a | n/a | n/a |
Montenegro | 6.8% (5.4–8.6) | 7.3% (5.6–9.3) | 1.9% (1.0–3.6) | 6.6% (4.3–10.0) | 1.1% (0.4–3.3) | 0.2% (0.1–0.9) |
Dominican Republic | 14.4% (13.5–15.2) | 34.7% (33.5–35.9) | 18.5% (17.6–19.4) | n/a | n/a | n/a |
Cuba | 5.9% (4.9–7.0) | 28.4% (26.5–30.3) | 12.3% (11.1–13.6) | 3.9% (3.0–5.2) | 8.3% (6.7–9.6) | 2.8% (2.2–3.6) |
Turkmenistan | 4.9% (4.2–5.6) | 5.9% (5.2–6.6) | 0.8% (0.6–1.0) | n/a | n/a | n/a |
Guyana | 19.0% (17.3–20.9) | 29.3% (27.4–31.3) | 12.3% (10.8–13.9) | 18.9% (15.9–22.3) | 8.9% (7.1–11.0) | 3.9% (2.8–5.5) |
Belarus | 8.2% (7.0–9.4) | 5.9% (5/0–7.0) | 0.4% (0.2–0.7) | 5.5% (4.2–7.2) | 1.5% (1.0–2.2) | 0.4% (0.2–0.8) |
North Macedonia | 13.1% (10.6–16.0) | 9.7% (7.4–12.6) | 3.2% (2.1–4.9) | n/a | n/a | n/a |
Tuvalu | 14.8% (13.6–16.1) | 8.1% (4.9–13.0) | 0.7% (0.6–0.7) | 15.0% (12.7–17.7) | 1.5% (1.2–1.9) | 1.5% (1.2–1.9) |
Suriname | 16.8% (15.8–17.6) | 30.2% (29.1–31.3) | 12.6% (11.8–13.4) | 8.8% (7.7–10.0) | 11.2% (10.0–12.5) | 3.7% (3.0–4.5) |
Iraq | 15.6% (14.7–16.6) | 24.9% (24.0–25.8) | 11.4% (10.6–12/3) | n/a | n/a | n/a |
Georgia | 21.0% (19.6–22.5) | 17.1% (15.7–18.5) | 4.3% (3.6–5.0) | 12.9% (11.0–15.2) | 2.6% (1.9–3.6) | 0.5% (0.2–1.0) |
Kosovo | 17.5% (16.2–18.9) | 8.3% (7.2–9.5) | 2.4% (1.9–3.2) | 9.2% (7.8–10.7) | 2.0% (1.3–2.9) | 0.5% (0.3–1.0) |
Tonga | 8.9% (6.8–11.6) | 6.4% (5.1–7.9) | 1.2% (0.8–1.8) | 7.3% (5.1–10.3) | 2.3% (1.4–3.7) | 0.7% (0.3–1.8) |
Lower-middle Income | ||||||
Palestine | 8.1% (7.3–9.1) | 20.6% (19.4–21.8) | 5.8% (5.2–6.5) | n/a | n/a | n/a |
Samoa | 7.4% (6.3–8.8) | 8.9% (7.8–10.2) | 2.2% (1.7–3.0) | 7.4% (5.5–9.8) | 2.8% (1.7–4.5) | 1.5% (0.9–2.5) |
Algeria | 15.8% (14.8–16.8) | 3.9% (3.6–4.3) | 0.8% (0.7–0.9) | n/a | n/a | n/a |
Mongolia | 22.2% (20.7–23.7) | 8.1% (7.3–9.1) | 1.1% (0.8–1.4) | 17.4% (15.4–19.6) | 3.9% (3.1–5.0) | 1.4% (0.9–2.2) |
Tunisia | 25.9% (25.0–26.8) | 3.1% (2.8–3.5) | 0.5% (0.4–0.7) | 11.0% (9.8–12.4) | 0.2% (0.1–0.5) | 0.1% (0.0–0.3) |
Kiribati | 20.1% (18.2–22.3) | 19.9% (18.3–21.7) | 7.7% (6.9–8.8) | 17.6% (15.2–20.3) | 8.6% (7.4–10.1) | 3.0% (2.3–4.0) |
Honduras | 23.7% (22.8–24.6) | 34.1% (33.0–35.2) | 16.2% (15.5–17.0) | 18.9% (17.9–20.1) | 10.9% (10.1–11.7) | 3.5% (3.1–4.1) |
Ghana | 21.8% (20.6–23.1) | 24.1% (22.8–25.6) | 11.6% (10.7–12.6) | 15.5% (13.7–17.5) | 5.8% (4.9–6.9) | 2.4% (1.8–3.1) |
Sao Tome and Principe | 24.0% (21.7–26.5) | 30.7% (27.8–33.8) | 11.8% (10.1–13.6) | 10.9% (9.0–13.2) | 5.3% (4.0–6.9) | 2.7% (1.8–4.0) |
Zimbabwe | 11.5% (10.8–12.2) | 32.2% (30.5–34.0) | 11.3% (10.3–12.3) | 9.0% (7.9–10.2) | 3.6% (2.9–4.4) | 1.3% (0.9–1.8) |
Bangladesh | 10.5% (10.2–10.9) | 58.6% (58.0–59.1) | 33.7% (33.2–34.2) | n/a | n/a | n/a |
Lesotho | 12.2% (11.1–13.5) | 19.1% (17.7–20.7) | 5.0% (4.3–5.8) | 10.1% (8.7–11.8) | 2.3% (1.7–3.0) | 0.7% (0.4–1.2) |
Kyrgyz Republic | 12.1% (11.2–13.0) | 13.1% (12.2–14.0) | 1.1% (0.8–1.4) | n/a | n/a | n/a |
Nepal | 8.1% (7.3–9.0) | 37.3% (35.9–38.7) | 18.0% (16.9–19.2) | 6.1% (4.7–8.0) | 13.4% (10.8–16.4) | 5.3% (4.0–6.8) |
Low-income | ||||||
Guinea-Bissau | 7.5% (6.3–8.8) | 29.0% (26.9–31.1) | 15.1% (13.7–16.5) | 2.6% (1.8–3.6) | 3.8% (2.9–4.9) | 2.0% (1.4–2.7) |
The Gambia | 8.5% (7.7–9.3) | 33.1% (31.3–35.0) | 17.8% (16.6–19.1) | 8.9% (7.6–10.3) | 1.4% (1.0–2.0) | 0.6% (0.4–1.1) |
Chad | 16.7% (15.4–18.0) | 53.7% (52.5–54.9) | 32.9% (31.8–34.0) | 7.8% (6.7–9.1) | 9.4% (8.3–10.6) | 4.4% (3.6–5.2) |
Togo | 21.4% (19.6–23.3) | 24.7% (23.0–26.5) | 11.3% (10.1–12.5) | 12.2% (10.4–14.4) | 5.4% (4.3–6.9) | 2.8% (2.0–4.0) |
Madagascar | 21.5% (20.5–22.6) | 37.5% (36.1–39.0) | 19.4% (18.4–20.6) | 10.7% (9.6–11.9) | 11.8% (10.8–12.9) | 4.6% (3.9–5.3) |
DR Congo | 12.5% (11.0–14.1) | 30.8% (28.9–32.9) | 15.0% (13.8–16.2) | 8.1% (6.7–9.9) | 6.8% (5.7–8.1) | 3.1% (2.4–4.0) |
Sierra Leone | 5.4% (5.1–5.8) | 34.6% (33.9–35.3) | 22.3% (21.7–23.0) | 3.2% (2.8–3.7) | 12.0% (11.2–12.8) | 8.5% (7.8–9.2) |
Central African Republic | 30.2% (28.5–32.0) | 56.9% (55.2–58.5) | 37.5% (35.8–39.2) | 12.1% (10.5–13.9) | 18.0% (16.4–19.8) | 9.0% (7.9–10.2) |
Malawi | 11.5% (10.8–12.3) | 42.1% (41.0–43.1) | 17.8% (17.0–18.6) | 13.0% (11.7–14.4) | 8.1% (7.2–9.1) | 3.5% (2.9–4.1) |
Country | Child Marriage Under 18 | Child Marriage Under 16 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Women with Disability | Women with no Disability | APRR | Women with Disability | Women with no Disability | APRR | |
Upper-middle Income | ||||||
Costa Rica | 25.0% (22.0–28.1) | 16.6% (14.8–18.5) | 1.48 *** (1.25–1.75) | 10.4% (8.6–12.6) | 6.5% (5.4–7.7) | 1.58 ** (1.21–2.06) |
Montenegro | 15.1% (8.8–24.8) | 6.7% (5.0–8.9) | 2.00 * (1.09–3.67) | 1.5% (0.5–4.7) | 1.9% (0.9–3.8) | 0.95 (0.27–3.39) |
Dominican Republic | 36.4% (33.8–39.1) | 34.4% (33.2–35.6) | 1.04 (0.96–1.13) | 19.8% (17.9–22.0) | 18.2% (17.3–19.2) | 1.07 (0.96–1.20) |
Cuba | 38.7% (31.1–47.0) | 27.7% (25.9–29.6) | 1.37 ** (1.11–1.69) | 21.5% (15.1–29.7) | 11.7% (10.6–13.0) | 1.79 ** (1.29–2.48) |
Turkmenistan | 8.8% (6.0–12.8) | 5.7% (5.1–6.5) | 1.57 * (1.04–2.37) | 1.5% (0.5–3.9) | 0.7% (0.6–1.0) | 2.18 (0.70–6.80 |
Guyana | 31.9% (27.7–36.4) | 28.7% (26.7–30.9) | 1.14 (0.98–1.33) | 13.9% (10.9–17.5) | 11.9% (10.3–13.7) | 1.20 (0.92–1.58) |
Belarus | 6.1% (3.7–10.0) | 5.9% (5.0–7.0) | 0.87 (0.51–1.49) | 0.0% (0.0–0.4) | 0.5% (0.3–0.8) | 0.20 (0.04–1.02) |
North Macedonia | 25.5% (18.9–33.4) | 7.3% (5.4–9.8) | 3.01 *** (2.13–4.26) | 8.5% (5.1–13.7) | 2.4% (1.5–3.8) | 3.29 ** (1.90–5.69) |
Tuvalu | 8.4% (4.0–16.9) | 8.0% (5.0–12.5) | 0.80 (0.40–1.59) | 0.0% (0.0–11.7) | 0.8% (0.7–0.8) | n/a |
Suriname | 37.5 (34.6–40.5) | 30.1% (28.9–31.4) | 1.28 *** (1.15–1.43) | 16.7% (14.6–19.1) | 13.3% (12.4–14.2) | 1.33 ** (1.13–1.57) |
Iraq | 29.7% (24.8–31.6) | 24.0% (23.0–25.0) | 1.34 *** (1.23–1.45) | 15.1% (13.4–17.1) | 10.8% (10.0–11.6) | 1.53 *** (1.35–1.73) |
Georgia | 20.1% (17.3–23.3) | 16.3% (14.8–17.8) | 1.16 (0.97–1.39) | 5.3% (3.9–7.2) | 4.0% (3.3–4.8) | 1.24 (0.87–1.77) |
Kosovo | 13.8% (11.3–16.9) | 7.1% (6.1–8.2) | 1.54 *** (1.22–1.94) | 5.9% (4.3–8.1) | 1.7% (1.2–2.4) | 2.84 *** (1.69–4.76) |
Tonga | 5.5% (2.8–10.6) | 6.5% (5.1–8.1) | 0.88 (0.42–1.86) | 0.4% (0.0–1.9) | 1.2% (0.8–1.9) | 0.35 (0.07–1.69) |
Lower-middle Income | ||||||
Palestine | 34.2% (29.4–39.5) | 19.4% (18.3–20.5) | 1.34 *** (1.15–1.58) | 11.3% (8.2–15.4) | 5.3% (4.8–5.9) | 1.42 * (1.02–1.99) |
Samoa | 9.8% (6.7–14.0) | 8.9% (7.8–10.1) | 1.07 (0.75–1.53) | 1.5% (0.5–4.8) | 2.3% (1.7–3.1) | 0.65 (0.20–2.15) |
Algeria | 5.8% (5.0–6.6) | 3.6% (3.2–3.9) | 1.42 *** (1.22–1.65) | 1.4% (1.0–1.8) | 0.7% (0.6–0.8) | 1.54 * (1.07–2.22) |
Mongolia | 9.4% (7.7–11.5) | 7.8% (6.8–8.9) | 1.28 (1.00–1.65) | 1.9% (1.2–3.1) | 0.8% (0.6–1.1) | 2.51 ** (1.39–4.51) |
Tunisia | 5.0% (4.2–5.9) | 2.5% (2.2–2.9) | 1.50 ** (1.19–1.90) | 0.8% (0.5–1.2) | 0.4% (0.3–0.6) | 1.33 (0.73–2.42) |
Kiribati | 24.1% (21.0–27.5) | 18.9% (17.1–20.8) | 1.22 * (1.04–1.43) | 10.4% (8.2–13.0) | 7.0% (6.0–8.2) | 1.28 (0.98–1.67) |
Honduras | 35.8% (34.0–37.6) | 33.5% (32.3–34.8) | 1.06 * (1.00–1.12) | 16.8% (15.5–18.2) | 16.0% (15.2–16.9) | 1.06 (0.96–1.16) |
Ghana | 28.2% (25.9–30.7) | 23.0% (21.6–24.5) | 1.15 ** (1.05–1.26) | 14.1% (12.3–16.1) | 11.0% (10.0–12.0) | 1.20 * (1.03–1.39) |
Sao Tome and Principe | 29.4% (24.7–34.5) | 31.1% (28.2–34.2) | 0.92 (0.78–1.08) | 11.7% (9.0–15.0) | 11.8% (10.1–13.8) | 0.95 (0.72–1.24) |
Zimbabwe | 34.2% (30.9–37.7) | 32.0% (30.2–33.8) | 1.08 (0.98–1.19) | 14.0% (11.5–16.9) | 10.9% (10.0–11.9) | 1.22 * (1.01–1.48) |
Bangladesh | 70.5% (69.1–71.8) | 57.2% (56.6–57.7) | 1.13 *** (1.11–1.16) | 45.8% (44.4–47.3) | 32.3% (31.8–32.8) | 1.21 *** (1.17–1.25) |
Lesotho | 18.3% (15.2–21.9) | 19.2% (17.7–20.9) | 0.88 (0.72–1.07) | 4.4% (3.0–6.3) | 5.1% (4.4–6.0) | 0.75 (0.50–1.11) |
Kyrgyz Republic | 16.6% (13.9–19.7) | 13.3% (12.3–14.3) | 1.14 (0.93–1.41) | 1.1% (0.5–2.2) | 1.1% (0.8–1.4) | 0.96 (0.43–2.16) |
Nepal | 42.6% (38.9–46.4) | 36.8% (35.4–38.3) | 1.06 (0.96–1.17) | 22.6%/1104 | 18.7%/12216 | 1.11 (0.96–1.29) |
Low-income | ||||||
Guinea-Bissau | 35.6% (30.7–40.8) | 28.4% (26.4–30.6) | 1.23 ** (1.08–1.40) | 22.8% (18.7–27.4) | 14.5% (13.2–15.8) | 1.53 *** (1.28–1.84) |
The Gambia | 34.4% (30.5–38.5) | 33.0% (31.1–34.9) | 0.96 (0.85–1.08) | 18.8% (15.7–22.2) | 17.7% (16.5–19.1) | 0.95 (0.80–1.13) |
Chad | 54.4% (51.8–57.0) | 53.5% (52.2–54.8) | 1.04 (0.99–1.09) | 34.4% (32.1–36.7) | 32.6% (31.5–33.8) | 1.09 * (1.01–1.16) |
Togo | 25.8% (22.5–29.5) | 24.4% (22.5–26.4) | 1.06 (0.91–1.23) | 13.5% (11.2–16.1) | 10.7% (9.4–12.1) | 1.25 * (1.00–1.55) |
Madagascar | 37.3% (34.9–39.8) | 37.5% (36.0–39.1) | 1.06 (0.99–1.13) | 18.5% (16.7–20.3) | 19.7% (18.6–20.9) | 1.02 (0.92–1.13) |
DR Congo | 37.5% (34.1–41.2) | 29.9% (27.9–31.9) | 1.24 *** (1.13–1.36) | 21.5% (18.8–24.4) | 14.1% (12.9–15.3) | 1.48 *** (1.28–1.70) |
Sierra Leone | 44.3% (41.0–47.7) | 36.5% (35.7–37.3) | 1.17 ** (1.05–1.30) | 28.8% (25.8–32.0) | 23.5% (22.8–24.2) | 1.16 * (1.02–1.32) |
Central African Republic | 58.5% (55.8–61.2) | 56.2% (54.3–58.0) | 1.07 * (1.01–1.13) | 39.6% (36.8–42.4) | 36.6% (34.7–38.4) | 1.09 * (1.01–1.18) |
Malawi | 42.3% (39.8–44.9) | 42.0% (40.9–43.2) | 0.97 (0.91–1.04) | 20.6% (18.5–22.7) | 17.4% (16.6–18.3) | 1.08 (0.97–1.21) |
Men with disability | Men with no disability | APRR | Men with disability | Men with no disability | APRR | |
Upper-middle Income | ||||||
Montenegro | 0.0% (0.0–8.6) | 1.1% (0.4–3.6) | n/a | 0.0% (0.0–8.6) | 0.2% (0.0–1.1) | n/a |
Cuba | 6.4% (2.9–13.7) | 8.1% (6.7–9.7) | 0.76 (0.34–1.71)) | 1.5% (0.3–7.4) | 2.9% (2.2–3.7) | 0.50 (0.09–2.62) |
Guyana | 10.0% (6.5–15.2) | 8.6% (6.8–10.9) | 1.26 (0.82–1.96) | 4.5% (2.3–8.7) | 3.8% (2.7–5.4) | 1.20 (0.60–2.40) |
Belarus | 0.0% (0.0–4.4) | 1.5% (1.0–2.3) | n/a | 0.0% (0.0–4.4) | 0.4% (0.2–0.8) | n/a |
Tuvalu | 2.0% (0.2–15.7) | 1.4% (0.6–3.2) | 1.98 (0.20–19.90) | 2.0% (0.2–15.7) | 1.4% (0.6–3.2) | 1.98 (0.20–19.90) |
Suriname | 16.3% (12.1–21.6) | 11.8% (10.5–13.2) | 1.61 ** (1.15–2.27) | 7.3% (4.6–11.4) | 4.3% (3.5–5.2) | 2.01 ** (1.20–3.38) |
Georgia | 5.3% (2.5–11.0) | 2.2% (1.6–3.2) | 1.81 (0.83–3.94) | 1.1% (0.3–4.3) | 0.4% (0.2–1.0) | 2.73 (0.0.47–15.68) |
Kosovo | 1.7% (0.5–5.3) | 2.0% (1.3–3.1) | 0.65 (0.18–2.31) | 0.0% (0.0–2.2) | 0.6% (0.3–1.1) | n/a |
Tonga | 2.0% (0.6–6.6) | 2.3% (1.3–3.9) | 0.78 (0.20–2.92) | 0.8% (0.2–3.5) | 0.7% (0.3–1.9) | 0.97 (0.17–5.50) |
Lower-middle Income | 52 | |||||
Samoa | 4.0% (1.3–11.8) | 2.7% (1.6–4.6) | 1.31 (0.37–4.70) | 0.0% (0.0–4.9) | 1.6% (0.9–2.8) | n/a |
Mongolia | 3.6% (2.0–6.4) | 4.0% (3.0–5.3) | 0.94 (0.47–1.88) | 1.5% (0.6–3.9) | 1.3% (0.8–2.3) | 1.38 (0.46–4.17) |
Tunisia | 0.0% (0.0–1.6) | 0.3% (0.1–0.7) | n/a | 0.0% (0.0–1.6) | 0.2% (0.1–0.5) | n/a |
Kiribati | 11.6% (8.1–16.2) | 8.0% (6.8–9.5) | 1.47 * (1.01–2.15) | 3.8% (2.2–6.4) | 2.9% (2.1–3.9) | 1.34 (0.76–2.39) |
Honduras | 13.8% (11.9–16.0) | 10.2% (9.4–11.1) | 1.37 *** (1.15–1.63) | 4.7% (3.6–6.2) | 3.3% (2.8–3.8) | 1.47 * (1.07–2.04) |
Ghana | 8.6% (5.9–12.4) | 5.3% (4.4–6.4) | 1.52 (1.00–2.33) | 3.4% (2.0–5.8) | 2.2% (1.7–2.9) | 1.49 (0.81–2.74) |
Sao Tome and Principe | 4.0% (1.8–8.6) | 5.4% (4.1–7.1) | 0.68 (0.32–1.45) | 2.4% (0.9–6.2) | 2.8% (1.8–4.2) | 0.86 (0.29–2.55) |
Zimbabwe | 4.5% (2.7–7.5) | 3.5% (2.8–4.3) | 1.02 (0.56–1.85) | 2.5% (1.2–5.1) | 1.2% (0.8–1.7) | 1.45 (0.60–3.53) |
Lesotho | 1.3% (0.5–3.2) | 2.4% (1.7–3.2) | 0.47 (0.17–1.30) | 1.0% (0.3–3.0) | 0.7% (0.4–1.3) | 1.17 (0.0.30–4.27) |
Nepal | 22.7% (19.6–26.1) | 12.8% (12.1–13.5) | 1.60 *** (1.34–1.89) | 11.1% (8.9–13.8) | 5.0% (4.6–5.5) | 1.77 *** (1.37–2.29) |
Low-income | ||||||
Guinea-Bissau | 2.5% (0.6–9.9) | 3.8% (3.0–4.9) | 0.58 (0.14–2.46) | 0.0% (0.0–6.6) | 2.0% (1.4–2.8) | n/a |
The Gambia | 4.4% (2.1–8.9) | 1.1% (0.7–1.6) | 3.52 ** (1.49–8.28) | 1.4% (0.4–4.8) | 0.6% (0.3–1.0) | 2.2 (0.58–8.37) |
Chad | 11.9% (8.4–16.7) | 9.2% (8.0–10.4) | 1.27 ()0.89–1.80) | 6.1% (3.7–9.9) | 4.2% (3.5–5.1) | 1.41 (0.84–2.37 |
Togo | 5.5% (3.1–9.5) | 5.4% (4.2–7.0) | 0.97 (0.52–1.81) | 3.9% (1.9–7.6) | 2.7% (1.8–4.0) | 1.38 (0.62–3.07 |
Madagascar | 15.3% (12.1–19.1) | 11.4% (10.3–12.5) | 1.38 ** (1.08–1.75) | 6.8% (4.9–9.4) | 4.3% (3.7–5.0) | 1.50 * (1.06–2.13) |
DR Congo | 14.1% (8.8–21.8) | 6.2% (5.2–7.3) | 2.19 ** (1.34–3.59) | 7.2% (3.4–14.5) | 2.8% (2.1–3.6) | 2.45 * (1.06–5.69) |
Sierra Leone | 14.7% (10.4–20.3) | 13.7% (12.9–14.6) | 0.99 (0.69–1.44) | 10.7% (7.1–15.8) | 10.0% (9.3–10.8) | 0.96 (0.62–1.48) |
Central African Republic | 19.8% (15.9–24.3) | 17.8% (16.0–19.8) | 1.11 (0.87–1.41) | 10.0% (7.5–13.4) | 8.8% (7.6–10.2) | 1.13 (0.81–1.57) |
Malawi | 9.7% (7.3–12.9) | 7.9% (6.9–8.9) | 1.23 (0.91–1.67) | 4.4% (2.7–7.0) | 3.3% (2.7–4.0) | 1.31 (0.79–2.18) |
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Emerson, E.; Llewellyn, G. Disability among Women and Men Who Married in Childhood: Evidence from Cross-Sectional Nationally Representative Surveys Undertaken in 37 Low- and Middle-Income Countries. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 88. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20010088
Emerson E, Llewellyn G. Disability among Women and Men Who Married in Childhood: Evidence from Cross-Sectional Nationally Representative Surveys Undertaken in 37 Low- and Middle-Income Countries. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(1):88. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20010088
Chicago/Turabian StyleEmerson, Eric, and Gwynnyth Llewellyn. 2023. "Disability among Women and Men Who Married in Childhood: Evidence from Cross-Sectional Nationally Representative Surveys Undertaken in 37 Low- and Middle-Income Countries" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 1: 88. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20010088
APA StyleEmerson, E., & Llewellyn, G. (2023). Disability among Women and Men Who Married in Childhood: Evidence from Cross-Sectional Nationally Representative Surveys Undertaken in 37 Low- and Middle-Income Countries. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(1), 88. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20010088