The Happy Home: Ageing, Migration, and Housing in Relation to Older Migrants’ Subjective Wellbeing
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Recruitment, Participants, and Data Collection
2.2. Researcher–Participant Positionality
2.3. Interview Guide
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Research Context: Age(ing) and Migration
3.1.1. The Dynamic Nature of Age(ing)
“When you are young, you still have a future, a goal. But at my old age, what am I going to achieve?”—Antonia, 66, Spanish migration background
“I have no more goals. Look, I am done with my job. I am happily married. I had two children, and three grandchildren. That is fulfilled for me. Finito. There’s nothing more to add.”—Giacomo, 75, Italian migration background
LOTKA: “If I want to have breakfast outside, and I do, I drag everything downstairs, seven times, and then I have breakfast outside. If only I didn’t have to climb the stairs. That’s something you realise with age.”JAN: “Now, now, now… with her illness.”LOTKA: “Yes, but Jan, there will come a time when you won’t be able to march up the stairs cheerfully either.”JAN: “I don’t have to be cheerful. At 80, I can still get up the stairs. It’s only five stairs. If it were twenty stairs, it would be a sport. As long as I can still get up the stairs here. If it were possible, I would do that for her, ground flour, and she’d get a pool as well.”—Jan (75, Polish migration background); Lotka (72, Polish migration background)
“We used to have all kinds of things here too. We had a bank here, a chip shop, and several shops. That used to be a shop there, an alternative has come there, but it is not the same as that shop. All that has fallen away. Then when you are a bit older, like my parents, they had nowhere to go to withdraw money, for example, then they depended on me.”—Piero, 66, Italian migration background
“Because I have had two serious illnesses. The first was breast cancer, which was seven years ago now. Thank God I am well now. Two years after that, I had a heart attack. And you start thinking like, if you are healthy, then you can do anything. If you have experienced that, twice, death before your eyes, if you have seen that, you think, let me be healthy, and the rest will come naturally.”—Paola, 65, Italian migration background
3.1.2. The Influence of Migration Background
“What I regret is that our parents didn’t know about education, for example, which schools to send us to. Now, we say, ‘those schools are better’, or ‘this is how we can help our children’. We didn’t have that. So we did miss those chances.”—Fatma, 62, Turkish migration background
“I only went to school until I was fourteen, while I really liked going to school, and I really liked studying. I always was first or second in class. I really liked doing it, but financially at home, we were hungry, so I thought, I’m going to work so my mother would have a little more money.”—Antonia, 66, Spanish migration background
3.2. Material Influences on Subjective Wellbeing: The Built Environment
3.2.1. Housing: Staying Put
“I sometimes visit a residential care home. Then when I return home, I think ‘no’. I don’t like that people living there are addressed with: ‘granny, do you want to drink?’. Granny! That person is not their grandma. That person has a name! It’s all good but those are the kind of things that offend me.”—Krysia, 85, Polish migration background
“Your parents, when they are old, you don’t send them to a residential care facility. With us in Islam, the parents get tremendous respect and certainly the mother […] When you grow up, 40 or 50, you can’t leave them behind. You have to take them with you […] No. I don’t have my freedom there, and when I am with the family, I am happy. For example, in the residential care home, you have to eat what they serve, then the food is not hot, and the meat is cooked with alcohol. Then I would have to ask my son to take me to the mosque. I hope he keeps me here, really.”—Marouan, 65, Moroccan migration background
“We have that support in Belgium. If you cannot live at home anymore, you have to go there because you have more comfort … A residential care facility is comfortable to the end. We are going there anyway, all of us. That is a place where you meet your end. You know that. Okay, we can stay alive longer there, in comfort, but I am not happy anymore.”—Massimo, 64, Italian migration background
3.2.2. Environmental Mastery
“I like being independent. I don’t like to ask or delegate. I’m starting to learn because of those stairs […] Now I ask him to get me some potatoes from downstairs, but before that, I was exhausted and still went to fetch them myself. My husband says I should just ask. When I was lying here with my [broken] foot, I felt terrible. I was thirsty, but I was too proud to ask. He has to ask me that because I am help-dependent.”—Lotka, 72, Polish migration background
“For me, happiness is not being a burden to anyone for now. I think that is a bliss. Look, I don’t like driving at night anymore. I can’t see properly anymore. That’s old age. When I go to the eye doctor, he says I have old eyes. Then I am happy when I don’t have to drive and when someone drives. Small things make you happy, those little things. My granddaughter comes and helps me with the computer, little things like that. Then I do depend on them a little bit, but I don’t experience it in that way yet.”—Krysia, 85, Polish migration background
“I saw my mother. My mother got washed by my eldest daughter. Often, I think when I am washing myself that I am not ready for that yet. How lucky am I not to be faced with that yet! Who will wash me?”—Krysia, 85, Polish migration background
“I couldn’t walk to the toilet on the first floor. So, I dragged myself upstairs on my butt and got up and went to the toilet.”—Lotka, 72, Polish migration background
“I wouldn’t want my life to be determined by people practising a profession. Because exercising a profession, that is compulsory […] They don’t do it out of their free will or love towards you. Their work rhythm determines what you have to do […] Personally, I would see it differently. For example, if I have to pay 2200 euros a month in a residential care home, and then when I see the wages of my daughters, who work eight hours a day, I think I can perfectly pay someone to take care of me here with that same money.”—Theo, 70, Greek migration background
“I can’t do anything on my own anymore, and that’s my biggest enemy. I have to walk with my rollator. I used to go without […] I am already exhausted after only passing two houses, and my friend lives in the third. I used to visit her three times a week to have a coffee chat, but now, I only go once a week because it stops me. I don’t like going down the street with the rollator, and it is too far on foot. Then I’m exhausted. Then I can put myself down in the middle of the street and cry because I’m in pain.”—Lotka, 72, Polish migration background
“The bathroom should be different, with a walk-in shower.”—Krysia, 85, Polish migration background
“The stairs to the basement are the house’s handicap […] There is no other way. I won’t go to the children because they have their own lives [...] If I have to move, I will only go to a residential care facility [...] I wouldn’t know where else to go.”—Elena, 71, Italian migration background
3.3. Beyond the Built Environment: A Sense of Home
“I like living here. I have placed and organised everything here. I know ‘how’ and ‘what’. I go to the shops and I know these people, that’s a bond. I have been here for so many years, that’s very special. You know every stone in the street, and you don’t like change. That’s maybe the age. I see young people now […] that’s a different mindset. As you grow older, you don’t want to come out of your shell. You say, ‘I know that’ and you don’t want to lose that.”—Fatma, 62, Turkish migration background
“Last year, my wife received bad news from the hospital. That was a very unhappy period. But still, I am happy that we could open the door and enter our home. That’s moving on. I’m home. I have a home to return to, where we can discuss the problems. That is a sense of home.”—Nico, 69, Italian migration background
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. Interview Guide
- -
- Can you tell me a bit about yourself?
- -
- What do you think of when you hear the word ‘happiness’?
- -
- What do you need to be happy?
- -
- What does ‘being happy’ mean to you?
- o
- Alternative/additional question: How would you define happiness for yourself?
- -
- What do you consider your ‘home’?
- -
- Can you tell me what a typical day in your life looks like?
- -
- Do you experience a sense of control over your own home?
- o
- If yes/no, can you give a specific example of this?
- o
- Side question/alternative question: What do you have a lot/little control over in your own home?
- o
- How do you feel about this feeling of/lack of control?
- -
- How would you react if someone made a (negative) comment about your home (e.g., garden, household)?
- o
- How much do you value the opinions of others?
- -
- Can you tell me a little about the most important people in your life?
- o
- How would you describe your relationship with …?
- -
- What place do(es) … *person mentioned before* have in your idea of home?
- o
- Prompt: ask about close (e.g., partner, children) and wider network (e.g., neighbours)
- o
- How would you feel if … *person mentioned before* did not live here/close by?
- -
- Can you tell me in what way you would make an important decision about your home?
- o
- Can you give an example of such a decision?
- -
- How do you feel about moving?
- o
- What would you think or do if you would consider moving?
- -
- Have you ever experienced a major change in terms of your home?
- o
- If yes, can you tell me more about this?
- o
- If not, what does a major change in terms of your home entail to you?
- o
- How do you feel about changes to your home in the future?
- o
- Can you imagine a home in a different environment in the future?
- -
- How do you feel about the life you have led so far?
- o
- How do you feel about the things you have already achieved in your life?
- o
- Can you give me a specific example of this?
- o
- What role did your home play in this?
- -
- What are your (most important) life goals?
- o
- Do you feel you have achieved them?
- o
- Are there any other goals you would like to achieve in your life?
- o
- Does your home play a role in the extent to which you could/can fulfill these life goals?
- -
- What do you need to be completely yourself?
- o
- Can you give me a specific example of this?
- o
- What role does your home play in this?
- -
- In what way does your home play a role in your happiness?
- -
- When you think about your home, what do you get pleasure, joy from?
- -
- If you were allowed to design your ideal home now, what should definitely be present?
- o
- Thinking about your current home now, is there any difference from this ideal home? And if so, which difference(s)?
- -
- Do you think migration background plays a role in the issues we have discussed today (i.e., happiness and home)?
- -
- Is there anything else you would like to add?
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Participant (Age) | Migration Background and Generation | Housing Type | Renter or Owner |
---|---|---|---|
Nico (69) | Italian | House | Owner |
1.5 generation | |||
Renata (69) | Italian | Apartment | Renter (social housing) |
1st generation | |||
Marouan (65) | Moroccan | House | Owner |
1st generation | |||
Aicha (around 60 1) | Moroccan | Apartment | Renter (social housing) |
1st generation | |||
Vera (62) | Russian | Apartment | Renter (social housing) |
1st generation | |||
Fatma (62) | Turkish | House | Owner |
1st generation | |||
Elena (71) | Italian | House | Owner |
1.5 generation | |||
Rietje (75) | Dutch | House (ground floor) | Renter (social housing) |
1st generation | |||
Giacomo (75) | Italian | House | Owner |
1.5 generation | |||
Krysia (85) | Polish | Apartment | Renter |
2nd generation | |||
Jan (75) | Polish | House | Owner |
1.5 generation | |||
Lotka (72) | Polish | House | Owner |
2nd generation | |||
Massimo (64) | Italian | House | Owner |
1st generation | |||
Isabella (59 2) | Italian | House | Owner |
2nd generation | |||
Halina (71) | Polish | House | Owner |
1st generation | |||
Liliana (76) | Polish | Apartment | Renter (social housing) |
2nd generation | |||
Paola (65) | Italian | House | Renter (social housing) |
2nd generation | |||
Inge (63) | Dutch-Indonesian | House | Owner |
1st–2nd generation | |||
Mauro (65) | Italian | House | Owner |
1.5 generation | |||
Piero (66) | Italian | House | Owner |
1.5 generation | |||
Antonia (66) | Spanish | House | Owner |
1.5 generation | |||
Theo (70) | Greek | House | Owner |
1.5 generation |
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Phlix, M.; Petermans, A.; Smetcoren, A.-S.; Vanrie, J. The Happy Home: Ageing, Migration, and Housing in Relation to Older Migrants’ Subjective Wellbeing. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 106. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20010106
Phlix M, Petermans A, Smetcoren A-S, Vanrie J. The Happy Home: Ageing, Migration, and Housing in Relation to Older Migrants’ Subjective Wellbeing. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(1):106. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20010106
Chicago/Turabian StylePhlix, Micheline, Ann Petermans, An-Sofie Smetcoren, and Jan Vanrie. 2023. "The Happy Home: Ageing, Migration, and Housing in Relation to Older Migrants’ Subjective Wellbeing" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 1: 106. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20010106