Changes in Upper-Body Muscular Strength and Power in Paralympic Swimmers: Effects of Training Confinement during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Procedures
2.3. Muscular Strength and Power Assessment
2.4. Experimental Protocol
2.5. Data Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Athlete | Outcome | T0 | T1 | T2 | Percent Chances of | Qualitative Inference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Substantial Increase/Trivial/Substantial Decrease | ||||||
(T0 vs. T1); (T1 vs. T2) | (T0 vs. T1); (T1 vs. T2) | |||||
A1 | Lat pull-down | |||||
1RMLoad (kg) | 88.7 | 78.1 | 88.4 | 0/0/100; 100/0/0 | Very likely; Very likely | |
1RMMPV (m·s−1) | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.44 | 35/18/47; 45/18/37 | Unclear; Unclear | |
MPPrel (W·kg−1) | 6.68 | 4.10 | 5.03 | 3/3/94; 68/13/18 | Very likely; Unclear | |
Bench Press | ||||||
1RMLoad (kg) | 47.7 | 44.4 | 47.2 | 1/1/98; 97/1/2 | Very likely; Very likely | |
1RMMPV (m·s−1) | 0.34 | 0.22 | 0.33 | 43/13/44; 44/13/43 | Unclear; Unclear | |
MPPrel (W·kg−1) | 4.69 | 2.56 | 2.82 | 4/3/93; 52/13/35 | Very likely; Unclear | |
A2 | Lat pull-down | |||||
1RM (kg) | 60.7 | 49.3 | 52.7 | 0/0/100; 100/0/0 | Very likely; Very likely | |
1RMMPV (m·s−1) | 0.58 | 0.39 | 0.22 | 33/17/50; 34/17/49 | Unclear; Unclear | |
MPPrel (W·kg−1) | 5.35 | 3.62 | 4.00 | 3/3/94; 58/16/26 | Very likely; Unclear | |
Bench Press | ||||||
1RM (kg) | 56.0 | 51.8 | 54.9 | 0/0/100; 100/0/0 | Very likely; Very likely | |
1RMMPV (m·s−1) | 0.28 | 0.25 | 0.26 | 38/18/44; 42/18/40 | Unclear; Unclear | |
MPPrel (W·kg−1) | 3.01 | 2.27 | 2.61 | 5/4/91; 71/12/17 | Very likely; Unclear | |
A3 | Lat pulldown | |||||
1RM (kg) | 129.8 | 111.3 | 128.4 | 0/0/100; 100/0/0 | Very likely; Very likely | |
1RMMPV (m·s−1) | 0.55 | 0.53 | 0.44 | 34/26/39; 26/25/49 | Unclear; Unclear | |
MPPrel (W·kg−1) | 8.61 | 8.08 | 8.10 | 3/5/91; 40/26/33 | Very likely; Unclear | |
Bench Press | ||||||
1RM (kg) | 78.1 | 70.0 | 77.4 | 0/0/100; 100/0/0 | Very likely; Very likely | |
1RMMPV (m·s−1) | 0.57 | 0.32 | 0.47 | 32/10/58; 53/11/37 | Unclear; Unclear | |
MPPrel (W·kg−1) | 5.85 | 4.47 | 4.99 | 4/2/94; 71/8/21 | Very likely; Unclear | |
A4 | Lat pull-down | |||||
1RM (kg) | 84.9 | 79.3 | 82.9 | 0/0/100; 100/0/0 | Very likely; Very likely | |
1RMMPV (m·s−1) | 0.30 | 0.15 | 0.20 | 3/3/94; 67/16/17 | Very likely; Unclear | |
MPPrel (W·kg−1) | 9.17 | 6.45 | 7.49 | 0/0/100; 90/1/9 | Very likely; Very likely | |
Bench Press | ||||||
1RM (kg) | 54.0 | 50.9 | 53.0 | 0/0/100; 100/0/0 | Very likely; Very likely | |
1RMMPV (m·s−1) | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.24 | 39/21/39; 66/16/18 | Unclear; Unclear | |
MPPrel (W·kg−1) | 3.59 | 2.95 | 3.37 | 0/0/100; 100/0/0 | Very likely; Very likely |
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Cavaggioni, L.; Rossi, A.; Tosin, M.; Scurati, R.; Michielon, G.; Alberti, G.; Merati, G.; Formenti, D.; Trecroci, A. Changes in Upper-Body Muscular Strength and Power in Paralympic Swimmers: Effects of Training Confinement during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 5382. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095382
Cavaggioni L, Rossi A, Tosin M, Scurati R, Michielon G, Alberti G, Merati G, Formenti D, Trecroci A. Changes in Upper-Body Muscular Strength and Power in Paralympic Swimmers: Effects of Training Confinement during the COVID-19 Pandemic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(9):5382. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095382
Chicago/Turabian StyleCavaggioni, Luca, Alessio Rossi, Massimiliano Tosin, Raffaele Scurati, Giovanni Michielon, Giampietro Alberti, Giampiero Merati, Damiano Formenti, and Athos Trecroci. 2022. "Changes in Upper-Body Muscular Strength and Power in Paralympic Swimmers: Effects of Training Confinement during the COVID-19 Pandemic" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 9: 5382. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095382