The Coach–Athlete–Parent Relationship: The Importance of the Sex, Sport Type, and Family Composition
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Procedure
2.3. Instruments
2.4. Data Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Overview of PNPCAP Items, Subscales, and MANOVA Results
3.2. Group Analysis Statistics for the Positive and Negative PNPCAP Subscale
3.3. Group Interactions for the Negative PNPCAP Subscale
4. Discussion
5. Limitations and Ideas for Future Research
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | M | SD | 95% LL | 95% UL | Min | Max | Kurtosis | Skewness |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q1: Reliable during hardship | 3.94 | 0.98 | 3.86 | 4.01 | 1.00 | 5.00 | 0.39 | −0.87 |
Q2: Are a team | 4.00 | 0.89 | 3.93 | 4.06 | 1.00 | 5.00 | 0.77 | −0.83 |
Q3: Is positive | 4.04 | 0.81 | 3.98 | 4.11 | 1.00 | 5.00 | 1.29 | −0.89 |
Q4: Works together | 3.94 | 0.90 | 3.87 | 4.01 | 1.00 | 5.00 | 0.59 | −0.80 |
Q5: Mutual respect | 4.06 | 0.83 | 4.00 | 4.12 | 1.00 | 5.00 | 1.10 | −0.90 |
Q6: Is supportive | 4.10 | 0.76 | 4.04 | 4.16 | 1.00 | 5.00 | 1.08 | −0.77 |
Q7: Listens to each other | 3.99 | 0.85 | 3.93 | 4.06 | 1.00 | 5.00 | 0.67 | −0.75 |
Q8: Expects too much | 2.62 | 1.10 | 2.53 | 2.71 | 1.00 | 5.00 | −0.63 | 0.26 |
Q9: Oversteps boundaries | 2.54 | 1.13 | 2.45 | 2.62 | 1.00 | 5.00 | −0.57 | 0.42 |
Q10: Too demanding | 2.86 | 1.19 | 2.76 | 2.95 | 1.00 | 5.00 | −1.01 | 0.07 |
Q11: Over involved | 2.82 | 1.17 | 2.73 | 2.91 | 1.00 | 5.00 | −0.80 | 0.16 |
Positive CAP subscale | 4.01 | 0.63 | 3.96 | 4.06 | 2.00 | 5.00 | −0.32 | −0.25 |
Negative CAP subscale | 2.71 | 0.92 | 2.64 | 2.78 | 1.00 | 5.00 | −0.46 | 0.11 |
Categorical Variable | Groups | n | M | SE | 95% CI | Difference Statistics | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LL | UL | Univariate F | p | η2 | |||||
Sex | Girl | 343 | 4.01 | 0.03 | 3.94 | 4.08 | |||
Boy | 289 | 4.01 | 0.04 | 3.93 | 4.08 | F(1, 631) = 0.01 | 0.94 | 0.00 | |
Sport type | Individual | 313 | 4.04 | 0.04 | 3.97 | 4.11 | |||
Team sport | 319 | 3.97 | 0.04 | 3.91 | 4.04 | F(1, 631) = 1.94 | 0.17 | 0.00 | |
Family Makeup | No parents | 70 | 4.11 | 0.08 | 3.96 | 4.26 | |||
One parent | 57 | 3.93 | 0.09 | 3.76 | 4.10 | ||||
Both parents | 199 | 3.95 | 0.05 | 3.86 | 4.04 | F(2, 323) = 1.81 | 0.17 | 0.01 | |
Age group | 11–13 yrs. | 220 | 3.97 | 0.04 | 3.88 | 4.05 | |||
14–16 yrs. | 255 | 4.00 | 0.04 | 3.92 | 4.07 | ||||
17–19 yrs. | 157 | 4.09 | 0.05 | 3.99 | 4.19 | F(2, 629) = 1.88 | 0.15 | 0.01 | |
Sport experience | 2–3 yrs. | 216 | 3.95 | 0.04 | 3.86 | 4.03 | |||
3–4 yrs. | 163 | 4.00 | 0.05 | 3.90 | 4.10 | ||||
5–6+ yrs. | 253 | 4.07 | 0.04 | 3.99 | 4.14 | F(2, 629) = 2.05 | 0.13 | 0.01 |
95% CI | Difference Statistics | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Categorical Variable | Groups | n | M | SE | LL | UL | Univariate F | p | η2 |
Sex | Girl | 343 | 2.70 | 0.05 | 2.60 | 2.80 | |||
Boy | 289 | 2.72 | 0.05 | 2.61 | 2.82 | F(1, 631) = 0.04 | 0.84 | 0.00 | |
Sport type | Individual | 313 | 2.78 | 0.05 | 2.68 | 2.88 | |||
Team sport | 319 | 2.64 | 0.05 | 2.53 | 2.74 | F(1, 631) = 4.13 | 0.04 | 0.01 | |
Family makeup | Both parents | 199 | 3.95 | 0.05 | 3.86 | 4.04 | |||
No parents | 70 | 2.85 | 0.12 | 2.62 | 3.08 | ||||
One parent | 57 | 2.43 | 0.13 | 2.18 | 2.69 | ||||
Both parents | 199 | 2.72 | 0.07 | 2.59 | 2.86 | F(2, 323) = 2.98 | 0.05 | 0.02 | |
Age group | 11–13 yrs. | 220 | 2.63 | 0.06 | 2.51 | 2.75 | |||
14–16 yrs. | 255 | 2.74 | 0.06 | 2.63 | 2.86 | ||||
17–19 yrs. | 157 | 2.76 | 0.07 | 2.61 | 2.90 | F(2, 629) = 1.18 | 0.31 | 0.00 | |
Sport experience | 2–3 yrs. | 216 | 2.75 | 0.06 | 2.63 | 2.87 | |||
3–4 yrs. | 163 | 2.78 | 0.07 | 2.64 | 2.92 | ||||
5–6+ yrs. | 253 | 2.63 | 0.06 | 2.51 | 2.74 | F(2, 629) = 1.72 | 0.18 | 0.01 |
Interaction Groups | n | M | SE | 95% CI | Difference Statistics | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LL | UL | Univariate F | p | η2 | |||||
Girl | Individual sport | 166 | 2.64 | 0.13 | 2.39 | 2.90 | |||
Team sport | 177 | 2.64 | 0.11 | 2.42 | 2.85 | ||||
Boy | Individual sport | 147 | 3.17 | 0.19 | 2.80 | 3.55 | |||
Team sport | 142 | 2.57 | 0.12 | 2.34 | 2.81 | F(1, 314) = 4.47 | 0.03 | 0.01 | |
Girl | Without parents | 40 | 2.69 | 0.15 | 2.39 | 2.99 | |||
With one of the parents | 36 | 2.41 | 0.17 | 2.07 | 2.76 | ||||
With both parents | 107 | 2.81 | 0.10 | 2.62 | 3.01 | ||||
Boy | Without parents | 30 | 3.10 | 0.18 | 2.75 | 3.45 | |||
With one of the parents | 21 | 2.92 | 0.27 | 2.39 | 3.45 | ||||
With both parents | 92 | 2.59 | 0.11 | 2.39 | 2.80 | F(2, 314) = 3.89 | 0.02 | 0.02 | |
Individual sport | Without parents | 37 | 3.04 | 0.16 | 2.71 | 3.36 | |||
With one of the parents | 15 | 3.02 | 0.28 | 2.47 | 3.58 | ||||
With both parents | 66 | 2.66 | 0.12 | 2.43 | 2.90 | ||||
Team sport | Without parents | 33 | 2.76 | 0.17 | 2.43 | 3.09 | |||
With one of the parents | 42 | 2.31 | 0.15 | 2.01 | 2.61 | ||||
With both parents | 133 | 2.74 | 0.08 | 2.58 | 2.91 | F(2, 314) = 2.91 | 0.05 | 0.02 |
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Lisinskiene, A.; Lochbaum, M. The Coach–Athlete–Parent Relationship: The Importance of the Sex, Sport Type, and Family Composition. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 4821. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084821
Lisinskiene A, Lochbaum M. The Coach–Athlete–Parent Relationship: The Importance of the Sex, Sport Type, and Family Composition. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(8):4821. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084821
Chicago/Turabian StyleLisinskiene, Ausra, and Marc Lochbaum. 2022. "The Coach–Athlete–Parent Relationship: The Importance of the Sex, Sport Type, and Family Composition" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 8: 4821. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084821