Interventions to Improve Body Composition, Upper and Lower Extremity Muscle Strength, and Balance Ability of Older Female Adults: An Intervention Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Research Subjects
2.2. Research Materials
2.3. Testing Method
2.3.1. Body Composition
2.3.2. Fitness Test
2.3.3. Sarcopenia Test
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Body Composition Testing
3.2. Performance of Upper and Lower Extremity Muscle Strength
3.3. Performance of Balance Ability
3.4. Analysis of Upper Limb Handgrip Strength and Lower Limb Gait Speed
3.5. Evaluated Analysis of Sarcopenia
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | CG (n = 15) M ± SD | EG (n = 15) M ± SD | t | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 72.1 ± 5.7 | 71.8 ± 6.1 | −0.74 | 0.591 |
Height (cm) | 157.1 ± 8.2 | 157.8 ± 7.0 | 0.61 | 0.623 |
Weight (kg) | 68.0 ± 13.5 | 68.5 ± 10.4 | 0.83 | 0.477 |
Course | Posture and Motions | Operation Method |
---|---|---|
Cardiopulmonary function | Step-ups 20 (times) × 3 (set) | 30 cm high steps: go up the steps with one foot, stand with both feet together, go down the steps with one foot, stand with both feet together and repeat. |
Lower body strength | Chair squats 15 (times) × 3(set) | Place a chair behind you and start in the standing position; squat down and raise your hands horizontally, and then squat down and touch the chair with your buttocks and immediately rise into a standing position. Do this once. |
Pistol squat 10 (times) × 3 (set) | Stand on one foot and leave the other foot off the ground (you can hold a support) and perform 10 deep squats on the left and right feet. | |
Standing lunges 20 (times) × 3 (set) | Start in a standing position; put your feet together. Step on one foot (with a stride of more than 60 cm), retract the leg that has been stepped out, and step out with the other foot. Repeat the motion with your left and right feet 20 times. | |
Walk in place with high legs 20 (times) × 3 (set) | Start a standing position, raise the leg in place up to thigh-level, and repeat the operation with the left and right feet 20 times. | |
Upper body strength | 5-pound dumbbell arm curls 12 (times) × 3(set) | Stand vertically with dumbbells in hand and perform flexion movements with both hands at the same time. |
5-pound dumbbell flyers 12 (times) × 3(set) | Stand vertically with dumbbells in your hands and abduct your hands to a horizontal level at the same time. | |
5-pound dumbbell shoulder raises 12 (times) × 3(set) | Hold the dumbbells at shoulder height as the starting point, raise both hands vertically at the same time, and then return to the starting point. |
Assessment Category | Test Item | Test Description |
---|---|---|
Lower body strength | 30 s chair stand | Number of full stands in 30 s with arms folded across chest |
Upper body strength | 30 s arm curl | Number of bicep curls in 30 s holding a hand weight (women’s 5 lb) |
Aerobic endurance | 2 min step | Number of full steps completed by raising each knee to point midway between the patella and iliac crest (number of times knee reaches target) in 2 min |
Static balance | Single leg (SL) | Participants must lift one leg off the ground and maintain their balance while standing |
Dynamic balance | 8-foot up-and-go | Number of seconds required to get up from a seated position, walk 8 feet (2.44 m), turn around, and return to a seated position on the chair |
Variables | CG (n = 15) | EG (n = 15) | Improvement (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pre | Post | Pre | Post | ||
BMI, kg/m2 | 27.29 ± 2.41 | 27.38 ± 2.48 | 27.30 ± 2.14 | 25.22 ± 2.00 | −8.24 |
BMR, kcal | 1207 ± 66.42 | 1213 ± 72.67 | 1220 ± 94.0 | 1245 ± 101.8 | 2.05 |
BFP, % | 32.19 ± 5.20 | 32.43 ± 5.56 | 32.30 ± 5.25 | 28.95 ± 4.01 | −11.57 |
SMM, kg | 26.23 ± 2.52 | 26.01 ± 2.50 | 26.69 ± 2.00 | 28.35 ± 2.25 | 6.23 |
BFM, kg | 21.79 ± 1.99 | 21.64 ± 1.97 | 21.80 ± 2.08 | 19.18 ± 2.07 | −13.66 |
Sit to stand, times | 18.93 ± 2.89 | 19.00 ± 3.05 | 18.93 ± 3.13 | 21.87 ± 2.90 | 15.53 |
Dominant arm curl, times | 20.4 ± 3.00 | 20.27 ± 2.69 | 20.33 ± 3.17 | 27.13 ± 3.64 | 33.45 |
2 min step, times | 113.2 ± 7.55 | 112.87 ± 6.25 | 113.13 ± 6.92 | 127.27 ±8.55 | 12.50 |
Single left leg, sec | 15.76 ± 7.36 | 15.51 ± 6.58 | 15.67 ± 9.39 | 21.47 ± 8.99 | 37.01 |
Single right leg, sec | 12.91 ± 6.91 | 12.95 ± 6.49 | 12.85 ± 7.76 | 18.24 ± 7.47 | 41.79 |
Up-and-go, sec | 6.19 ± 0.99 | 6.24 ± 0.94 | 6.29 ± 1.63 | 5.37 ± 0.90 | −17.13 |
HS, kg | 9.66 ± 0.71 | 9.65 ± 0.69 | 9.64 ± 0.61 | 13.35 ± 1.16 | 38.49 |
GS, m/s | 0.74 ± 0.05 | 0.73 ± 0.05 | 0.73 ± 0.05 | 0.87 ± 0.09 | 19.18 |
Variables | CG-Pre | EG-Pre | EG-Pre | EG-Post |
---|---|---|---|---|
CG-Post | CG-Pre | EG-Post | CG-Post | |
BMI, kg/m2 | −1.40 | 0.64 | 6.29 * | −6.50 * |
BMR, kcal | −1.57 | 1.01 | −5.06 * | 2.44 * |
BFP, % | −1.51 | 0.383 | 8.48 * | −7.63 * |
SMM, kg | 1.78 | 1.03 | −8.03 * | 7.93 * |
BFM, kg | 1.01 | 0.42 | 5.12 * | −5.27 * |
Sit to stand, times | 0.24 | 0.01 | −3.87 * | 4.01 * |
Dominant arm curl, times | −0.20 | −0.20 | −6.58 * | 6.15 * |
2 min step, times | 0.53 | −0.04 | −3.34 * | 3.04 * |
Single left leg, sec | −0.11 | −0.08 | −6.65 * | 6.21 * |
Single right leg, sec | 0.54 | −0.05 | −7.51 * | 5.50 * |
Up-and-go, sec | −1.48 | 1.03 | 7.09 * | −7.70 * |
HS, kg | 0.135 | −0.11 | −20.03 * | 8.64 * |
GS, m/s | 2.18 | −0.32 | −16.55 * | 9.43 * |
Model | R | R2 | Adjusted R2 | Estimated Standard Error | R2 Change | F Change | Sig |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 0.879 (a) | 0.773 | 0.716 | 0.945 | 0.773 | 53.905 * | 0.003 |
Model | Unstandardized Coefficients | Standardized Coefficients | t | Sig | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | Std. Error | Beta | |||
(Constant) | 5.513 | 0.613 | - | 7.342 * | 0.000 |
BMI | 0.224 | 0.030 | 0.413 | 6.718 * | 0.000 |
BMR | 0.212 | 0.006 | 0.399 | 6.289 * | 0.000 |
BFP | 0.318 | 0.001 | 0.532 | 7.163 * | 0.000 |
SMM | 0.244 | 0.060 | 0.364 | 5.898 * | 0.008 |
BFM | 0.242 | 0.055 | 0.353 | 4.914 * | 0.017 |
Dominant arm curl | 0.329 | 0.082 | 0.541 | 7.329 * | 0.000 |
Model | R | R2 | Adjusted R2 | Estimated Standard Error | R2 Change | F Change | Sig |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2 | 0.984 (a) | 0.969 | 0.905 | 0.029 | 0.969 | 36.699 * | 0.001 |
Model | Unstandardized Coefficients | Standardized Coefficients | t | Sig | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | Std. Error | Beta | |||
(Constant) | 6.637 | 0.715 | 6.058 * | 0.000 | |
BMI | 0.218 | 0.034 | 0.352 | 4.039 * | 0.016 |
BMR | 0.203 | 0.046 | 0.316 | 3.221 * | 0.037 |
BFP | 0.212 | 0.038 | 0.340 | 3.791 * | 0.029 |
SMM | 0.248 | 0.022 | 0.540 | 7.048 * | 0.000 |
BFM | 0.232 | 0.027 | 0.398 | 5.093 * | 0.003 |
Sit to stand | 0.225 | 0.031 | 0.377 | 4.757 * | 0.007 |
2 min step | 0.233 | 0.025 | 0.415 | 6.831 * | 0.000 |
Single left leg | 0.209 | 0.039 | 0.338 | 3.824 * | 0.025 |
Single right leg | 0.213 | 0.036 | 0.342 | 3.833 * | 0.019 |
Up-and-go | 0.216 | 0.029 | 0.357 | 4.229 * | 0.011 |
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Huang, W.-Y.; Wu, C.-E. Interventions to Improve Body Composition, Upper and Lower Extremity Muscle Strength, and Balance Ability of Older Female Adults: An Intervention Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 4765. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084765
Huang W-Y, Wu C-E. Interventions to Improve Body Composition, Upper and Lower Extremity Muscle Strength, and Balance Ability of Older Female Adults: An Intervention Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(8):4765. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084765
Chicago/Turabian StyleHuang, Wei-Yang, and Cheng-En Wu. 2022. "Interventions to Improve Body Composition, Upper and Lower Extremity Muscle Strength, and Balance Ability of Older Female Adults: An Intervention Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 8: 4765. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084765