Myocarditis in Athletes Recovering from COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Search and Selection
2.2. Data Extraction
2.3. Data Analysis
2.4. Assessment of Risk of Bias
3. Results
3.1. Study Selection
3.2. Study Characteristic
4. Discussion
4.1. COVID-19 Myocarditis in General People and in Athletes
4.2. Pathophysiology of the COVID-19 Myocarditis
4.3. Why Is the Diagnosis of Myocarditis in Athletes Important?
4.4. Cardiac Magnetic Resonance’ Abnormalities in Athletes
4.5. Instrumental Abnormalities in Athletes Who Recovered from COVID-19
4.6. SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination and Myocarditis or Myopericarditis
4.7. Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Authors | Study Design | Center | Continent | Athletes Tested COVID-19 Positive (n) | Mean Age | Female (n) | CMR—Mean Days after Infection |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gervasi SF et al. 2020 | Case–control | Single Center | Europe | 18 | 23.2 | 0 | n.a. |
Daniel E Clark et al. 2020 | Cohort study | Single Center | North America | 59 | 20 | 37 | 21.5 |
Hajnalka Vago et al. 2020 | Cohort study | Single Center | North America | 12 | 23 | 10 | 17 |
Giuseppe Mascia et al. 2020 | Cohort study | Single Center | Europe | 13 | n.a. | 0 | n.a. |
Curt J. Daniels et al. 2021 | Cohort study | Multicenter | North America | 2810 | n.a. | 931 | 22.5 |
Daniel Brito et al. 2021 | Cross-sectional observational study | Single Center | North America | 60 | 19 | 8 | 27 |
Benjamin S. Hendrickson et al. 2021 | Cohort study | Single Center | North America | 137 | 20 | 44 | 16.0 |
Jitka Starekova et al. 2021 | Case series | Single Center | North America | 145 | 20 | 37 | 15 |
Matthew W Martinez et al. 2021 | Cross-sectional observational study | Multicenter | North America | 789 | 25 | 12 | 19 |
Nathaniel Moulson et al. 2021 | Cohort study | Multicenter | North America | 3018 | 20 | 966 | 37.7 |
Łukasz A Małek et al. 2021 | Cohort study | Single Center | Europe | 26 | 24 | 21 | 32 |
Cavigli et al. 2021 | Cohort study | Multicenter | Europe | 90 | 24 | 26 | n.a. |
Cavigli et al. 2021 | Cohort study | Multicenter | Europe | 571 | 14.3 | 221 | n.a. |
Liliána Szabó et al. 2021 | Cross-sectional observational study | Single Center | Europe | 147 | 23.0 | 53 | 32 |
Christle C. Guevarra 2022 | Cohort study | Single Center | North America | 99 | 19.9 | 31 | n.a. |
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Modica, G.; Bianco, M.; Sollazzo, F.; Di Murro, E.; Monti, R.; Cammarano, M.; Morra, L.; Nifosì, F.M.; Gervasi, S.F.; Manes Gravina, E.; et al. Myocarditis in Athletes Recovering from COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 4279. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074279
Modica G, Bianco M, Sollazzo F, Di Murro E, Monti R, Cammarano M, Morra L, Nifosì FM, Gervasi SF, Manes Gravina E, et al. Myocarditis in Athletes Recovering from COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(7):4279. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074279
Chicago/Turabian StyleModica, Gloria, Massimiliano Bianco, Fabrizio Sollazzo, Emanuela Di Murro, Riccardo Monti, Michela Cammarano, Lorenzo Morra, Francesco Maria Nifosì, Salvatore Francesco Gervasi, Ester Manes Gravina, and et al. 2022. "Myocarditis in Athletes Recovering from COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 7: 4279. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074279
APA StyleModica, G., Bianco, M., Sollazzo, F., Di Murro, E., Monti, R., Cammarano, M., Morra, L., Nifosì, F. M., Gervasi, S. F., Manes Gravina, E., Zeppilli, P., & Palmieri, V. (2022). Myocarditis in Athletes Recovering from COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(7), 4279. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074279