Modelling Maternal Depression: An Agent-Based Model to Examine the Complex Relationship between Relative Income and Depression
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Model Overview
2.2. Sample Characteristics
2.3. Interventions
2.4. Modelling
2.5. Measures
2.5.1. Exposure
2.5.2. Outcome
2.5.3. Covariates
3. Results
4. Discussion
Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Mean (Std Dev) | Range (Min, Max) | |
---|---|---|---|
Age | Years | 30.60 (4.55) | 18, 47 |
n | % | ||
Education | High school or less | 367 | 10.94 |
Some or completed university, college | 2458 | 73.29 | |
Some or completed graduate school | 529 | 15.77 | |
Nativity | Born in Canada | 2628 | 78.26 |
Not born in Canada | 730 | 21.74 | |
Ethnicity | White | 2636 | 78.64 |
Non-white | 716 | 21.36 | |
Income (annual, before taxes) | $39,999 or less | 298 | 9.17 |
$40,000 to $79,999 | 717 | 22.06 | |
$80,000 or more | 2235 | 68.77 | |
Received government income support | Yes | 180 | 5.38 |
No | 3163 | 94.62 |
Intervention | n | Baseline Depressed | Baseline % Depressed | Follow-Up Depressed | Follow-Up % Depressed | % Reduction in the Prevalence of Depression | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Minimum Wage Increase | 17,874 | 6154 | 34.43% | 5974 | 33.42% | 2.92 | 0.005 |
Alberta Child Benefit | 17,881 | 6157 | 34.43% | 6132 | 34.29% | 0.41 | 0.694 |
Canada Child Benefit | 17,866 | 6151 | 34.43% | 5846 | 32.72% | 4.96 | <0.001 |
Ontario’s Universal Basic Income | 17,874 | 6154 | 34.43% | 5807 | 32.49% | 5.64 | <0.001 |
Model | n | Baseline Depressed | Follow-Up Depressed | Incident Cases of Depression over Follow-Up a | Reduced Cases of Depression over Follow-Up b | % Change in the Prevalence of Depression c | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Income only | 17,874 | 6154 | 5974 | 0 | 180 | 2.92 | 0.005 |
Income + presence of social networks | 17,873 | 6154 | 6022 | 0 | 132 | 2.14 | 0.038 |
Income + reduced depressed persons in the social networks | 17,882 | 6157 | 6944 | 838 | 51 | −12.78 | <0.001 |
Income + increase in social networks | 17,865 | 6151 | 3318 | 0 | 2833 | 46.06 | <0.001 |
Income + reduced depressed persons in the social networks + increase in social networks | 17,863 | 6150 | 4744 | 24 | 1430 | 22.86 | <0.001 |
Reduced depressed persons in the social networks | 17,879 | 6156 | 7062 | 906 | 0 | −14.72 | <0.001 |
Reduced depressed persons in the social networks + increase in social networks | 17,881 | 6157 | 4880 | 18 | 1295 | 20.74 | <0.001 |
Increase in social networks | 17,862 | 6150 | 3508 | 0 | 2642 | 42.96 | <0.001 |
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Benny, C.; Yamamoto, S.; McDonald, S.; Chari, R.; Pabayo, R. Modelling Maternal Depression: An Agent-Based Model to Examine the Complex Relationship between Relative Income and Depression. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 4208. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074208
Benny C, Yamamoto S, McDonald S, Chari R, Pabayo R. Modelling Maternal Depression: An Agent-Based Model to Examine the Complex Relationship between Relative Income and Depression. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(7):4208. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074208
Chicago/Turabian StyleBenny, Claire, Shelby Yamamoto, Sheila McDonald, Radha Chari, and Roman Pabayo. 2022. "Modelling Maternal Depression: An Agent-Based Model to Examine the Complex Relationship between Relative Income and Depression" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 7: 4208. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074208